A RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROL PILOT STUDY OF EPLERENONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY (ECSELSIOR).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effects of oral eplerenone in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-control study at a tertiary referral academic private practice. For a diagnosis of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, patients must have had at least 3 months clinical follow-up demonstrating persistent symptoms, subfoveal fluid on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and <50% reduction in fluid thickness. Patients were randomized 2:1 (treatment:placebo) to receive eplerenone (25 mg daily for 1 week, then up to 50 mg daily for 8 weeks) or placebo once daily. RESULTS: Fifteen patients completed the study. Ten patients (15 eyes) were randomized into the eplerenone treatment arm, while the remaining 5 patients (6 eyes) received placebo. After 9 weeks of eplerenone therapy, mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity improved from 0.394 (Snellen equivalent: 20/50) to 0.330 (20/43, P = 0.04). In the placebo group, the mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity slightly decreased from 0.313 (20/41) to 0.342 (20/44) during the same period (P = 0.21). With respect to anatomic changes, mean maximal subretinal fluid height in the eplerenone group improved from 139.3 µm at baseline to 51.8 µm (P = 0.02), mean subfoveal fluid height improved from 121.4 µm to 29.4 µm (P = 0.01), and mean central subfield thickness improved from 366.2 µm to 283.7 µm (P = 0.02). In comparison with the placebo group, mean maximal subretinal fluid height worsened from 135.9 µm to 172.3 µm (P = 0.32), mean subfoveal fluid height worsened from 92.1 µm to 134.0 µm (P = 0.54), and mean central subfield thickness worsened from 345.0 µm to 380.0 µm (P = 0.37). No patients in either group experienced serious adverse events to result in treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that oral eplerenone therapy is safe and potentially effective in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with persistent subretinal fluid.

MICROBIAL SPECTRUM AND OUTCOMES OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER INTRAVITREAL INJECTION VERSUS PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY.

PURPOSE: To compare infectious organisms and visual outcomes of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection (IVI) with endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). METHODS: Retrospective, comparative, consecutive case series of patients diagnosed with presumed infectious endophthalmitis after IVI of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medication or PPV between January 1, 2009, and October 1, 2012, from one center. Main outcome measures were infectious organism and final visual acuity. RESULTS: Forty-four cases of presumed infectious endophthalmitis (17 culture positive) occurred after IVI and 19 cases (9 culture positive) occurred after PPV. Of note, 56.3% of culture-positive IVI cases were due to bacteria associated with oral flora, primarily Streptococcus species, compared with none in the PPV group (P = 0.01). There was a trend approaching significance for IVI patients to have lost ≥3 lines of visual acuity compared with PPV patients at final follow-up (P = 0.07). Within the IVI group, patients were more likely to have lost ≥6 lines of visual acuity at final follow-up when endophthalmitis was due to an organism associated with oral flora (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Endophthalmitis after IVI has a higher likelihood of being due to oral flora compared with endophthalmitis after PPV. Among IVI patients, worse visual outcomes occurred when endophthalmitis was due to oral flora.

Diabetic tractional retinal detachment repair by vitreoretinal fellows in a county health system.

PURPOSE: To investigate anatomical and functional outcomes of vitreoretinal fellow-performed vitrectomy for tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a county hospital system. METHODS: Consecutive retrospective review of patients surgically treated for diabetic tractional retinal detachment at Olive View-UCLA County Medical Center (Sylmar, CA) during a 2-year training period. RESULTS: Sixty-two eyes of 58 patients met inclusion criteria with a mean age of 48 ± 9 years and preoperative hemoglobin A1c of 8.4 ± 1.9%. Previous panretinal photocoagulation had been performed in 34 eyes (54.8%). Mean surgery duration was 153 ± 54 minutes. There was no significant time difference observed between first-year fellow surgeries (159.5 ± 52.3 minutes) and those performed by second-year fellows (146.8 ± 56.4 minutes, P = 0.35), although there was a trend toward longer first-year surgical times. After a mean follow-up of 11.2 months, successful retinal reattachment was achieved in 56 eyes (90.3%). Overall, mean logMAR visual acuity improved from 2.0 ± 0.5 to 1.4 ± 0.8 (P = 0.0007). Final visual acuity had improved in 33 eyes (53.2%), was unchanged in 11 eyes (17.7%), and decreased in 18 eyes (29%). Postoperative complications encountered included early vitreous hemorrhage in 10 eyes (16.1%), delayed vitreous hemorrhage in 3 eyes (4.8%), secondary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in 11 eyes (17.7%), and neovascular glaucoma in 5 eyes (8%). Second-year fellows had a lower incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment than first-year fellows (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Patients with diabetic tractional retinal detachment present to county hospitals with more complex retinal pathology, yet surgical outcomes as performed by vitreoretinal fellows compare favorably to previously reported series.

Retinal injury after inadvertent handheld laser exposure.

PURPOSE: To evaluate acute and long-term clinical and spectral domain optical coherence tomography features after handheld laser exposure to the retina. METHODS: Retrospective case series of three children with retinal injury secondary to inadvertent handheld laser exposure. All individuals underwent ophthalmologic examination and spectral domain optical coherence tomography at presentation and follow-up 11 months to 18 months after exposure. RESULTS: Three male children aged 6 years to 10 years sustained bilateral macular injury after exposure to a handheld green or red laser. Two of the three handheld lasers were ordered from foreign internet retailers and were labeled as Class 3B devices. Acutely, flat yellow deep retinal lesions with pigment irregularity were apparent. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated disruption of the external limiting membrane and outer photoreceptors, a hyperreflective mound extending from the external limiting membrane to the retinal pigment epithelium, and linear opacification in Henle's layer. Over time, there was partial restoration of the external limiting membrane and persistent irregularity of the outer photoreceptor layers. Two individuals with severe vision loss acutely had some improvement of Snellen acuity at a 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Handheld lasers can produce permanent retinal damage with visual sequelae if improperly used. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrates chronic disruption, primarily in the retinal pigment epithelium/photoreceptor region.

Removal of posterior segment retained lens material using the OZil phacoemulsification handpiece versus Fragmatome during pars plana vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To assess the utility of the torsional phacoemulsification handpiece compared to the Fragmatome during pars plana vitrectomy for removal of posterior segment retained lens material. DESIGN: : Retrospective comparative case series. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients at 2 centers who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens material with either torsional phacoemulsification or the Fragmatome were retrospectively reviewed. Lens material was graded by nuclear density and percentage of total nuclear size. The primary outcome measure was mean change in visual acuity. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative or postoperative complications, occurrence of mechanical malfunctions and metric data including the total ultrasound, phacoemulsification, and torsional times. RESULTS: In the torsional ultrasound group (17 eyes), mean nuclear density was 3.6 and mean size was 63%. Mean initial logarithm of minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 1.58 (20/760) and improved to 0.66 (20/80) at postoperative Month 3, a gain of 0.92 (P = 0.003). One eye developed a self-limited, peripheral, serous, choroidal detachment intraoperatively, whereas two eyes developed postoperative cystoid macular edema. Mean total ultrasound, phacoemulsification, and torsional times were 76.7, 13.4, and 63.3 seconds, respectively. Mean total operative time to remove retained lens material (excluding vitreous gel removal) was 111 seconds. All the patients demonstrated excellent followability based on independent observations by the surgeons. In the Fragmatome group (17 eyes), initial logarithm of minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 1.51 (20/640) and improved to 0.6 (20/80) at postoperative Month 3, a gain of 0.91 (P < 0.001). One eye developed a retinal detachment at postoperative Week 2, whereas 3 eyes developed postoperative cystoid macular edema. CONCLUSION: The use of torsional phacoemulsification during pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens material is a novel approach with potential advantages over the standard 20-gauge Fragmatome, including improved followability and purchase of lens material attributable to the addition of torsional movement.

Spontaneous autoimmune dacryoadenitis in aged CD25KO mice.

To investigate time-related immunopathological changes in the lacrimal glands (LGs) of CD25KO mice, we examined LGs of C57BL/6 (wild-type) and CD25KO mice at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. T cell infiltration was quantified by flow cytometry, and gland function by tear peroxidase activity and epidermal growth factor mRNA expression. T helper (Th)-1, -2 and -17-associated cytokine expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Epithelial apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay and activated caspase-3 staining. Eight-week-old CD25KO mice demonstrated significantly increased numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells infiltrating the LGs. This peaked at 12 weeks of age. No peroxidase secretion was detected, and epidermal growth factor mRNA expression was barely detected in CD25KO mice. Ductal epithelial apoptosis was noted in CD25KO mice. Young CD25KO LGs had higher Th-17- (interleukin [IL]-23R, transforming growth factor-beta1, IL-17A, CC chemokine attractant ligand-20) and Th-1-associated cytokine transcripts (interferon-gamma, T-bet, IL-12, IL-2, IL-18) than young wild-type LGs. There was also a significant time-related decrease in IL-17A and CC chemokine attractant ligand-20 in CD25KO LGs. Taken together, autoimmune LG infiltration with loss of LG function was observed in CD25KO mice as early as 8 weeks of age. Time-related switch from Th-17 to Th-1 inflammation was noted in CD25KO mice.

Characterization of the fluidic properties of a syringe-based portable vitrectomy device.

PURPOSE: To compare the fluidic properties of the Intrector syringe-based vitrectomy device with other commercially available systems to evaluate its safety in the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases. METHODS: Mean operator comfortable sustainable syringe plunger pull force was determined using a spring-loaded digital scale. Vacuum levels for syringes of different volumes (3, 5, and 10 mL) and pulling forces were quantified with a pressure transducer. Flow rates of water and egg white were measured both with the cutter at 600 cuts per minute and in the off position with the port open. Infusion flow of water was evaluated using a 1-mL syringe. RESULTS: The mean plunger pull force among operators (n = 8) was 0.80 kg (SD, 0.20 kg). Using the 3-mL syringe with 0.91 kg pull force, mean vacuum level was 135.9 mmHg (SD, 4.8 mmHg) and mean cutter-on flow rates of water and egg white were 1.9 mL/min (SD, 0.1 mL/min) and 0.5 mL/min (SD, 0.1 mL/min), respectively. Larger-bore syringes generated lower vacuum levels and liquid flow rates. CONCLUSION: The fluidic parameters of the Intrector vitrectomy device measured in this study suggest that at comfortable sustainable syringe pull forces, vacuum levels and liquid aspiration rates are similar to some other commercially available systems and are likely safe.

Rates of Suspected Endophthalmitis Following Intravitreal Injections in Clinical Practices in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rates of suspected endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections of aflibercept, bevacizumab, ranibizumab (vial and pre-filled), dexamethasone implant, and triamcinolone in clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of aggregated electronic medical records from the Vestrum Health Database. Eyes with a diagnosis of suspected endophthalmitis based on billing codes between January 2013 and June 2019 were included. RESULTS: Total number of injections, suspected endophthalmitis cases, and medication rate, respectively, were: aflibercept (1,412,699; 687; 0.049%); bevacizumab (1,467,722; 379; 0.026%); ranibizumab vial (884,061; 233; 0.026%), ranibizumab pre-filled (427,763; 96; 0.022%); dexamethasone implant (49,464; 53; 0.107%); and triamcinolone (75,038; 110; 0.147%). Rates were lower for bevacizumab and ranibizumab (vial and pre-filled) compared to aflibercept, dexamethasone implant, and triamcinolone (P < .05). Triamcinolone had a higher rate compared to all of the other medications (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Suspected endophthalmitis rates following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections in clinical practice were similar to reported rates in clinical trials. Rates of suspected endophthalmitis following steroid injections trended higher with significantly higher rates with triamcinolone. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:312-318.].

Visual Acuity Outcomes in Patients Receiving Frequent Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Clinical Practice.

Purpose: This work evaluates dosing frequency with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents over 2 years and visual acuity (VA) outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Methods: This retrospective analysis assesses electronic medical record data (Vestrum Health treatment and outcomes database) of newly diagnosed nAMD in patients who were initiated on intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment at US clinical sites. Eyes were divided into 2 injection frequency subcohorts (≤ 6 or > 6 injections/y); treatment frequency and change in mean VA (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) were evaluated. Results: Overall, 8127 of 213 824 eyes met inclusion criteria in year 1 and 4968 in year 2. During year 1, 77% of the eyes received more than 6 injections (n = 6287), the majority of which received injections at the same frequency during year 2. Mean VA gain from baseline at year 1 was lower in the ≤ 6 than > 6 injections/y subcohort (2.2 vs 6.5, P < .001). Decrease in mean VA from the end of year 1 to year 2 was significantly greater for eyes administered 6 or fewer injections in year 2 than those that received more frequent injections, irrespective of the frequency of injections in the first year. Conclusions: In routine clinical practice, most eyes with nAMD that completed at least 1 year of follow-up were treated with more than 6 injections of anti-VEGF agents during the first year of treatment, resulting in better VA gains than eyes treated less frequently during the same period.

Evaluation of Patients Receiving Intravitreal Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Diabetic Macular Edema in Clinical Practice in the United States.

Purpose: We assessed the effect of treatment frequency with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents on visual acuity (VA) in diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: This retrospective analysis assessed electronic medical records of eyes newly diagnosed with DME and treated with an anti-VEGF agent at US clinics using the Vestrum Health (Naperville, Illinois) treatment and outcomes database. Eyes were divided into 2 injection frequency subcohorts (≤ 6 vs > 6 injections/y); treatment frequency and change in mean VA (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) were evaluated. Results: Among 155 240 eyes assessed, 3028 met inclusion criteria for analysis in year 1 and 1292 in year 2. During year 1 of treatment, 57% (n = 1725) received > 6 injections; most continued to receive the same injection frequency during year 2. Mean VA gain from baseline at year 1 was lower in the ≤ 6 than in the > 6 injections/year subcohort (3.7 vs 8.0 letters, respectively; P < .001). Mean VA change from the end of year 1 to year 2 for eyes receiving ≤ 6 injections in year 1 generally remained unchanged, irrespective of year 2 dosing frequency. In eyes that received > 6 injections in year 1, mean VA loss was significantly greater for eyes receiving less-frequent dosing in year 2 than in those maintained on > 6 injections. Conclusions: More than 50% of eyes with DME in routine clinical practice that completed at least 1 year of follow-up received > 6 injections of an anti-VEGF agent during the first year, resulting in better VA gains than eyes treated less frequently.

Age-related T-cell cytokine profile parallels corneal disease severity in Sjogren's syndrome-like keratoconjunctivitis sicca in CD25KO mice.

OBJECTIVES: IL-2ralpha (CD25)(-/-) mice develop autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disorders, including SS-like disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the severity of corneal epithelial disease and T-cell cytokine profile in the ocular surface tissues of CD25KO mice. METHODS: CD25KO mice were evaluated at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age. Corneal epithelial smoothness and corneal permeability were measured. Phenotype of infiltrating lymphocytes was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Th-1, -2 and -17 associated factors were measured by real-time PCR in cornea and conjunctiva and by Luminex immunobead assay in tears. RESULTS: Compared with 8-week-old wild-type (WT) mice, CD25KO mice of the same age had significantly greater corneal irregularity and a significant increase in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells infiltrating the conjunctiva. CD25KO mice had significantly higher levels of IL-6, TGF-beta1, IL-23R, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, CCL20, IL-10, GATA-3 and IFN-gamma mRNA transcripts in their cornea and conjunctiva than WT mice at 8 weeks. IL-17A and IL-17F mRNA transcripts peaked at 12 weeks, whereas IFN-gamma spiked at 16 weeks in CD25KO mice. Increased expression of IL-17A and IL-17F at 12 weeks in CD25KO mice was accompanied by a worsening of corneal surface parameters and an increase of CD4(+) T cell infiltrating the cornea. CONCLUSIONS: Disruption of IL-2 signalling in CD25KO mice results in age-dependent SS-like autoimmune lacrimal-keratoconjunctivitis. A mix of Th-1 and Th-17 cytokines was detected. The peak severity of corneal epithelial disease corresponded to the peak of IL-17 expression.

Rare Dual Lesion: Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Developing Within a Simple Lipoma.

Extraosseous osteosarcoma is a rare malignancy, but simple lipomas are common. This article is the first report of a case of radiation-induced extraosseous osteosarcoma that developed within a simple lipoma in a 72-year-old woman. We correlate the magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and plain radiographic findings. The patient, treated with systemic therapy and wide surgical resection of the neoplasm, remained clinically free of disease during the first 22 months of follow-up.

The Impact of Perioperative Chemotherapy Timing in Conjunction With Postoperative External-Beam Radiation Therapy on Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcomas Outcome.

PURPOSE: The perioperative management of primary extremity soft-tissue sarcomas (ESTS) is multidisciplinary including radiation therapy and chemotherapy (CT). The interplay between these modalities and the relative importance of each remain unclear. Our study aims to determine the relative impact of CT and radiotherapy on the outcome of ESTS patients treated with limb-sparing surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of ESTS registry yielded 97 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) and/or adjuvant CT with or without external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) from January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2009. The cohort comprised 56 males and 41 females whose age at surgery ranged from 17 to 83 years (median, 56 y). Tumor characteristics included the following: 73 lower ESTS; 70 grade 3 lesions; 63 American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III tumors; and 27 lesions with positive microscopic margins. The following outcome parameters were evaluated for the patients' subgroups: overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: EBRT was delivered postoperatively to 81 patients and 49 received CT. Median EBRT dose was 63 Gy (range, 50 to 72 Gy). At median follow-up of 54.6 months, the 5-year OS, LRC, DFS was 68.9%, 87.1%, 66.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, positive surgical margins negatively impacted LRC, DFS, and OS (hazard ratio [HR]=10.43, P=0.004), (HR=2.37, P=0.03), (HR=2.26, P=0.038), respectively. EBRT use improved LRC (HR=0.24, P=0.018) and DFS (HR=0.36, P=0.021). The impact of EBRT on DFS was retained (HR=0.28, P=0.006) in the high-grade ESTS subgroup who received CT. The 5-year local failure rate was 6.5%, 28.6%, and 22.2% (P=0.019) for patient receiving NCT, adjuvant chemotherapy, and no CT, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data support the use of NCT followed by limb-sparing surgery and adjuvant EBRT in ESTS for local failure reduction with a trend toward improved DFS.

Self-Reduction of Displaced Bucket-Handle Medial Meniscal Tear in a 71-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Bucket-handle meniscal tears are rare in geriatric patients. Displaced bucket-handle meniscal tears are usually treated operatively. Due to the rarity of these tears in elderly patients and conflicting evidence regarding the use of arthroscopy versus conservative treatment, it is valuable to report the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of these injuries in elderly patients. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 71-year-old man who presented with an acute, displaced, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-confirmed right medial meniscal bucket-handle tear with mild effusion and no signs of degenerative joint disease. On physical examination, the patient was unable to fully extend the right leg due to locking of the knee. At 2-month follow-up, MRI showed mild degenerative changes and an anatomically reduced tear. At 6-month follow-up, the patient reported normal, pain-free knee function, and MRI showed the tear healing in anatomic position with minimal inferior surface changes and no effusion. He returned to his pain-free baseline level of physical activity. LITERATURE REVIEW: Upon review of the English literature, this 71-year-old patient is an exceptional case and one of the oldest patients reported to have sustained a displaced medial meniscal bucket-handle tear treated successfully with nonoperative means. Two reported cases of spontaneously reduced meniscal bucket-handle tears were found in the English literature, although both cases were seen in much younger males and involved the lateral meniscus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This case suggests that in elderly patients with displaced medial meniscus bucket-handle tears that reduce spontaneously, the physician can safely and efficaciously use conservative, nonoperative management to achieve restoration of baseline knee function and anatomic meniscal healing while avoiding the risks of arthroscopic surgery. Surgical intervention for reduction without repair may be an available option, but no literature is present to direct care; however, complete documentation as in the current case would be instructive. Katz et al have reported that physical therapy was as efficacious as surgical intervention, although the specific displaced bucket-handle tear was not reported.

Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of precursor cell leukemic choroidopathy before and after chemotherapy.

Serous retinal detachment (SRD) can be the initial manifestation of leukemia. Herein, we explore the retinal and choroidal features on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) of SRD in a patient with undiagnosed leukemia. A 23-year-old male developed blurred visual acuity of 20/200 in the right eye oculus dexter (OD) and 20/200 in the left eye oculus sinister (OS). Funduscopically, he manifested serous macular detachment in both eyes oculi uterque (OU) without hemorrhagic retinal abnormalities. EDI-OCT disclosed macular detachment OU and homogeneous, marked choroidal opacification with thickening to 724 µm OD and estimated >600 µm OS and with loss of choroidal detail OU. Peripheral blood smears revealed severe thrombocytopenia and normal leukocyte count. Peripheral cytochemisty, immunophenotyping, and bone marrow aspirate confirmed the presence of atypical lymphoblasts, fulfilling criteria for precursor cell leukemia. Following systemic chemotherapy, the visual acuity improved to 20/25 OD and 20/20 OS. On EDI-OCT, the choroidal thickening resolved to 431 um OD and 443 um OS, leaving a normal choroidal appearance. Massive choroidal infiltration with leukemic cells could be the cause of serous macular detachment found in patients with newly diagnosed leukemia.

A prospective pilot study of intravitreal aflibercept for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the CONTAIN study.

AIM: To evaluate the role of intravitreal aflibercept injection as a treatment for eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). METHODS: This prospective pilot study enrolled 12 patients with chronic CSCR who received a 6-month treatment regimen of intravitreal aflibercept. Patients were followed with monthly Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with enhanced depth imaging. RESULTS: All patients were men between 29 and 64 years (median 55). Subfoveal fluid was present on OCT for a median duration of 6 months (range 4-29 months) prior to treatment. Baseline BCVA ranged from 20/25 to 20/160 (median 20/50) with a mean of 62 (SD=13) ETDRS letters. No patients experienced serious ocular or systemic adverse events over the course of the study. Post-treatment BCVA ranged from 20/20 to 20/200 (median 20/40), with a mean of 64 (SD=16) ETDRS letters (p=0.56). At baseline, three patients (25%) had BCVA of ≥20/40 versus seven patients (58%) at the conclusion of the study. Two patients gained at least 15 ETDRS letters and no patients lost more than 15 ETDRS letters. Six of 12 patients (50%) had complete resolution of subfoveal fluid. Mean central macular thickness decreased from 400 µm (SD=104 µm) to 306 µm (SD=94 µm) (p=0.03), and mean subfoveal fluid decreased from 159 µm (SD=93 µm) to 49 µm (SD=68 µm) (p=0.02). Mean choroidal thickness decreased from 307 µm (SD=72 µm) to 263 µm (SD=63 µm) (p=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal aflibercept was well tolerated over a 6-month treatment course for chronic CSCR. No change was observed in visual acuity metrics. Anatomic trends may suggest some morphological activity, but larger controlled trials are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01710332.

Oral eplerenone for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a case series.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of oral eplerenone on subretinal fluid, visual acuity, and choroidal thickness in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients (14 eyes of 14 patients) monitored for a minimum of 3 months with chronic CSCR who were treated with oral eplerenone in a single multi-physician retina practice. Visual acuity, dilated funduscopic examination, and spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) were obtained at each visit. Measurement of subfoveal fluid (SFF) height and choroidal thickness were performed. Two-tailed paired t test was used to calculate statistical significance of pre- and post-treatment variables. RESULTS: At 1 month, 10 of 14 eyes had decreased SFF height on OCT and two eyes had complete resolution of SFF. Mean SFF height decreased from 130 µm to 62 µm (P = .05). Mean choroidal thickness decreased from 315 µm to 282 µm (P = .07). Mean visual acuity improved from logMAR 0.41 to 0.40. At 3 months, 13 of 14 (93%) had decreased SFF on OCT, and nine eyes (64%) had complete resolution of SFF. Mean SFF height decreased to 21 µm (P = .004). Mean choroidal thickness decreased to 253 µm (P = .10). Mean visual acuity improved to logMAR 0.28 (P = .02). CONCLUSION: Oral eplerenone may be effective in treating patients with chronic CSCR.

Contemporary Management of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Due to Giant Retinal Tears: A Consecutive Case Series.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate outcomes of contemporary surgical techniques for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) associated with giant retinal tears (GRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, consecutive case series including 58 eyes of 58 patients. Mean age was 52 years (range: 16 to 83 years). All patients underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with use of perfluorocarbon liquid and intravitreal tamponade (28 with silicone oil, 25 with octafluoropropane gas, and five with sulfur hexafluoride gas). Scleral buckle (SB) was placed in 30 eyes (52%). RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 17 months, mean visual acuity improved from 20/500 preoperatively to 20/88 at final follow-up. Fifty-one patients (88%) had single-surgery anatomic success, and all patients achieved final retinal reattachment. Use of SB (P = 1.0), silicone oil (P = .1), or 360° endophotocoagulation (P = .7) did not correlate with higher rates of successful repair. CONCLUSION: Contemporary vitreoretinal surgery techniques achieve high rates of primary anatomic success in GRT-related RRDs.