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1.
Undersea Hyperb Med ; 34(6): 407-14, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18251437

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short repeated apneas on breathing pattern and circulatory response in trained (underwater hockey players: UHP) and untrained (controls: CTL) subjects. The subjects performed five apneas (A1-A5) while cycling with the face immersed in thermoneutral water. Respiratory parameters were recorded 1 minute before and after each apnea and venous blood samples were collected before each apnea and at 0, 2, 5 and 10 minutes after the last apnea. Arterial saturation (SaO2) and heart rate were continuously recorded during the experiment. Before the repeated apneas, UHP had lower ventilation, higher P(ET)CO2 (p < 0.05) and lower P(ET)O2 than CTL (p < 0.001). After the apneas, the P(ET)O2 values were always lower in UHP (p < 0.001) than CTL but with no difference for averaged P(ET)CO2 (p = 0.32). The apnea response, i.e., bradycardia and increased mean arterial blood pressure, was observed and it remained unchanged throughout the series in the two groups. The SaO, decreased in both groups during each apnea but the post-exercise SaO2 values were higher in UHP after A2 to A5 than in CTL (p < 0.01). The post-apnea lactate concentrations were lower in UHP than in CTL. These results indicate that more pronounced bradycardia could lead to less oxygen desaturation during repeated apneas in UHP. The UHP show a specific hypoventilatory pattern after repeated apneas, as well as a more pronounced cardiovascular response than CTL. They indeed showed no detraining of the diving response.


Asunto(s)
Apnea/fisiopatología , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Buceo/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Hockey/fisiología , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Apnea/sangre , Bradicardia/sangre , Bradicardia/fisiopatología , Dióxido de Carbono/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , Masculino , Oxígeno/sangre , Respiración , Vasoconstricción/fisiología
2.
Environ Health Perspect ; 23: 283-90, 1978 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-209988

RESUMEN

Two experiments with light breed laying chickens fed polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) as FireMaster FF-1. The first involved feeding PBB at dietary levels of 0.2, 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, and 3125 ppm, the second involved levels of 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120. Each group had 24 hens, and each experiment had a control group of 24 hens. PBB diets were fed for 5 weeks. Feed intake, production, reproduction, tissue residues and viability of offspring were monitored during that time and a subsequent 8 weeks. Production, hatchability, and viability of offspring were significantly affected by feeding PBB at 45 ppm. Marked inanition occurred at levels of 625 and 3125 ppm, and there was some loss of feed intake at 125 ppm. There was a return to normal production and hatchability in 3 to 4 weeks after PBB withdrawal of diets with levels of 125 ppm or less. Dose--response lines are presented for PBB in muscle, liver, kidney, adipose tissue, and eggs. Withdrawal curves for PBB from these tissues are also given.


Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Pollos/metabolismo , Bifenilos Polibrominados/metabolismo , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Huevos/análisis , Femenino , Retardadores de Llama/toxicidad , Bifenilos Polibrominados/toxicidad , Distribución Tisular
3.
Poult Sci ; 63(5): 1013-9, 1984 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6728788

RESUMEN

White Leghorn chicks were reared on diets in which soybean oil at 4% or corn oil at 5 or 10% was substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate calories. The transit time ( TRT ) of diets was determined in these chicks with ferric oxide as a marker. The average TRT for three experiments was 167 min. Overall, there was no significant effect (P greater than .05) for the addition of the vegetable oils to alter TRT . A significant interaction was detected for TRT to be shorter as chicks aged from 7 to 21 days of age when provided with 4 to 5% vegetable oil but not when provided with 10% corn oil. An extra metabolic effect was detected from the isocaloric substitution of lipid calories for carbohydrate calories but not necessarily only when TRT was longer. Thus, the chick was affected differently than the hen in which lipid produced longer TRT .


Asunto(s)
Pollos/fisiología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos del Sistema Digestivo , Factores de Edad , Animales , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Compuestos Férricos , Absorción Intestinal , Masculino , Peristaltismo , Factores de Tiempo
4.
Poult Sci ; 55(1): 325-34, 1976 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-934996

RESUMEN

Adult female chickens were force-fed a corn-soy base diet at 150% of the daily amount consumed by those allowed the same diet ad libitum. Other hens were force-fed diets isocaloric to the 150% group just mentioned, but diet composition was adjusted so that 2/3 of the metabolizable energy (M.E.) came from the corn-soy diet and 1/3 from either corn oil or glucose; or force-fed a low energy diet accounting for 2/3 of the M.E. and corn oil 1/3 of M.E., or a purified diet accounting for all M.E. Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was induced in all force-fed groups with only the low energy diet plus corn oil having produced a significantly lower score for FLHS. However, the livers from the hens of the latter group had as much lipid, and the hens gained at least as much weight as those in other force-fed groups. During the third week of the experiment M.E. was determined along with a partition of energy among eggs, basal metabolism, body weight gain, and subsistance plus heat increment (H.I). The data showed that the hens force-fed corn oil had lower H.I. values indicative of associative dynamic action of fats at a plane of nutrition above normal. The data revealed that various types of diets and sources of energy in excess can induce FLHS, and this is discussed in terms of FLHS arising out of a positive energy balance.


Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/efectos adversos , Animales , Metabolismo Energético , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hemorragia/metabolismo , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Hígado/metabolismo , Aceites/metabolismo , Síndrome/veterinaria , Zea mays
5.
Poult Sci ; 55(5): 1946-54, 1976 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-995816

RESUMEN

Within three experiments with broiler-type crossbred chickens, diphenlyhydantoin (DPH) was administered via the diet at levels ranging from 10 to 2500 mg./kg. Feed intake and body weight gain were adversely affected by levels of 100 mg./kg. or higher. A hemorrhagic syndrome occurred in 16 percent of the chickens fed 100-1000 mg./kg. and 33 percent of those fed 2500 mg./kg. Twenty percent of the chickens fed 1000 mg./kg. were anemic; none of those receiving 250 mg./kg. were anemic. Other toxic manifestations included neurological side effects of a lethargic stupor, excitability to a disturbance, or a characteristic condition referred to as "head under." Pair-feeding experiments revealed thatlowered feed intake was not responsible for any of the clinical signs. All of the toxicity signs were reversible in 3 to 4 weeks following withdrawal of DPH. Muscle samples contained 2.5 to 11.4 mcg. DPH/g. at drug levels of 1000 and 2500 mg. DPH/kg. diet. Dose-response curves revealed that plasma, adipose, kidney and liver had levels which were, respectively, 1.05, 1.51, 2.19, and 2.85 times those of muscle.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/metabolismo , Fenitoína/toxicidad , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inducido químicamente , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Hemorragia/inducido químicamente , Hemorragia/mortalidad , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculos/metabolismo , Fenitoína/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/mortalidad
6.
Poult Sci ; 54(4): 981-91, 1975 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-51496

RESUMEN

Egg production, liver lipid, and liver hemorrhagic score were not significantly altered by diets that contained inositol (at 1 or 2 g./kg. diet) and fed ad libitum, or force-fed to S.C. White Leghorn hens to produce fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). FLHS was not prevented by lecithin, iodinated casein alone or with inositol. The vitamins B12, choline and E appeared to reduce FLHS and liver lipid in the one group tested. The dose-response relationship between feed intake, liver hemorrhagic score and liver lipid content was again demonstrated.


Asunto(s)
Caseínas/uso terapéutico , Pollos , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Lipotrópicos/uso terapéutico , Fosfatidilcolinas/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Colina/uso terapéutico , Huevos , Hígado Graso/prevención & control , Femenino , Hemorragia/prevención & control , Inositol/uso terapéutico , Yodo/uso terapéutico , Lípidos/análisis , Hígado/análisis , Oviposición , Síndrome/veterinaria , Vitamina B 12/uso terapéutico , Vitamina E/uso terapéutico
7.
Poult Sci ; 61(10): 2075-82, 1982 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7177998

RESUMEN

Laying hens were fed diets based on either corn-soybean meal (CS) or wheat-soybean meal (WS). The WS diets were formulated to be isocaloric to the CS diet by supplementing with either corn oil, corn starch, or wheat starch. Hens fed the WS diets with either of the starches had significantly (P less than or equal to .01) higher percentages of hepatic lipid than those fed WS diets with corn oil. Values for hepatic lipid of hens fed the CS diets were intermediate to those of the wheat-based diets. The supplementation of fish meal or a selenium salt to supply .4 mg Se per kilogram of diet did not prevent or alleviate the problem of fatty livers caused by feeding diets composed mostly of wheat-soy and starch. The data revealed that wheat does not have an unidentified factor preventing FLS. The indication is that lipid at proper amounts in the diet acts through feed-back mechanisms to prevent excessive hepatic lipid accumulation that starches enhance.


Asunto(s)
Pollos , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/metabolismo , Animales , Pollos/fisiología , Dieta , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Femenino , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Hígado/metabolismo , Tamaño de los Órganos , Oviposición , Selenio/farmacología , Síndrome/veterinaria
8.
Poult Sci ; 63(10): 2020-6, 1984 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6494102

RESUMEN

The effect of bile acids on lipid research was examined in meat-type chicks, 8 weeks of age, with cannulated cystic and hepatic ducts. The procedure allowed for biliary collection in free-roving birds. Shams retained 90 to 92% dietary fat and those with cannulated ducts retained 43 to 72%. Addition of .04, .08, or .16% cholic acid or .08% freeze-dried chicken bile did not improve lipid retention significantly. The percentage retained for tallow and corn oil was 57 and 64%, respectively, far less then the 75 and 90% values, respectively, obtained in normal chickens. Neither practical-type nor purified-type diets, saturated (tallow) nor unsaturated (corn oil) fats at 8% of the diet significantly influenced lipid retention in chickens with cannulated ducts. In these chickens, percent dry matter retained of the purified diet was 81%, a significantly higher value than the 62% retained of the practical-type diet.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos y Sales Biliares/fisiología , Pollos/metabolismo , Ácidos Cólicos/farmacología , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Animales , Cateterismo/veterinaria , Ácido Cólico , Heces/análisis , Absorción Intestinal , Masculino
9.
Poult Sci ; 61(12): 2465-72, 1982 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7163122

RESUMEN

At 135% of control, Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens were force fed for 3 weeks, diets based on corn or wheat, the latter made isocaloric to the corn-based diet with either corn oil, corn starch, or wheat starch. The hens fed ad libitum received a corn-based diet. Force feeding the corn-based diet produced fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) with scores averaging 3.3 where 1 = no hemorrhages and 5 = 25 or more hemorrhagic points per liver. Force feeding the wheat-based diet with corn starch, wheat starch, or corn oil resulted in scores of 3.1, 2.7, and 1.9, respectively. Only the latter score was significantly different from the score produced by force feeding the corn-based diet, which when fed ad libitum resulted in an average score of 1.3. Based on these data and the criteria of retained energy, weight gain, percent fat in liver, and plasma estradiol concentrations, we concluded that wheat-based diets with corn- or wheat-starch produce FLHS equivalent to that caused by diets based on corn. Lipid at 4% of the diet had an alleviating effect on FLHS.


Asunto(s)
Pollos , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal , Dieta , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Estradiol/sangre , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Femenino , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Hepatopatías/veterinaria , Aceites/administración & dosificación , Almidón/administración & dosificación , Síndrome/veterinaria , Triticum , Zea mays
10.
Poult Sci ; 60(10): 2278-83, 1981 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7329910

RESUMEN

The relationship of plasma estradiol and progesterone levels to fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was studied with three groups of 9 White Leghorn hens per group. One group was fed ad libitum the other two group were force-fed at 120% and 135% of their own pre-experimental daily feed intake. Force-feeding for 3 weeks produced FLHS. The average FLHS score was 1.6 for control, 3.7 for 120% force-fed, and 4.5 for 135% force-fed. The average liver fat contents were 31.3%, 75.1%, and 76.8% (dry matter basis), respectively. Plasma estradiol averaged 165 pg/ml in the control group and 194 and 247 pg/ml in groups force-fed at 120% and 135%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between plasma estradiol and FLHS was .72 (P less than .01). No significant differences in plasma progesterone were obtained among the control and force-fed groups. The data indicate that high endogenous estrogen levels are associated with FLHS.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/sangre , Estradiol/sangre , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/sangre , Progesterona/sangre , Animales , Hígado Graso/sangre , Femenino , Hemorragia/sangre , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Aves de Corral , Síndrome
11.
Poult Sci ; 68(7): 885-90, 1989 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2506540

RESUMEN

Meat type chickens were fed a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254, at 10 ppm for 14 days, then treated for 21 days to hasten the withdrawal of PCB with either mineral oil (MO), petroleum jelly (PJ), propylene glycol (PG), or colestipol (CO) at 5% of the diet, or at 10% of the diet when restricted to 50% of control intake (50% FR). Whole carcass analyses for PCB revealed that MO + 50% FR reduced PCB to 1.91 mg/bird, or 32% of the body burden (5.96 mg) in nontreated chickens previously fed PCB, whereas those restricted in feed intake by 50% (50% FR) had almost no change (6.44 mg/bird) in body burdens. The PJ, PG, and CO in combination with 50% FR reduced body burdens of PCB to 47, 57, and 77%, respectively, of the control value. When treated with MO, PJ, PG, or CO alone (no 50% FR), chickens had body burdens reduced to only 67 to 90% of control, depending on th compound. Thus, feed restriction was necessary for the MO and PJ to have their greatest effect. Carcass lipid values and body weight gains were markedly reduced by the feed restriction. The CO reduced carcass lipid in nonrestricted chickens by 30%.


Asunto(s)
Arocloros/metabolismo , Pollos/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Colestipol/administración & dosificación , Aceite Mineral/administración & dosificación , Vaselina/administración & dosificación , Propilenglicol , Glicoles de Propileno/administración & dosificación
12.
Poult Sci ; 59(12): 2738-43, 1980 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7267520

RESUMEN

White leghorn chicks were fed diets with 4% tallow supplemented with one of the following bile acids at .04%: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, or sodium taurocholate. Cholic acid improved the absorption of tallow but not significantly; chenodeoxycholic acid significantly improved tallow absorption during days 0 to 7 but decreased it during days 14 to 21. The bile acids, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and sodium taurocholate had no significant effect on absorption of tallow. In a 2 x 3 factorial design involving cholic acid and lipase, .04% cholic acid and/or .10% lipase significantly improved the absorption of tallow by 8 and 4% in chicks 1 and 3 weeks of age, respectively. Dry matter digestibility and efficiency appeared to be improved with the improvement of lipid absorption.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos y Sales Biliares/farmacología , Pollos/metabolismo , Grasas/metabolismo , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Lipasa/farmacología , Animales , Masculino
20.
J Nutr ; 107(5): 873-86, 1977 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-859045

RESUMEN

Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), a nutritional disorder previously reported only in laying chickens was induced in immature male and female chickens, 11 weeks of age, of broiler and egg-laying breeds. Force-feeding three times a day for 21 days, amounts of feed equal to 125% and 150% of ad libitum intake, produced a gradient response in hepatic steatosis (measured by percentage of fat in the liver, and the ratio of fat to the fat-free dry weight), but not FLHS. Intramuscular injection of beta-estradiol-17-dipropionate at 2 mg/kg body weight, three times weekly for 21 days, produced a gradient response in hemorrhagic score and an increase in ad libitum feed intake. There was no significant difference between sex or breed in the score values used to evaluate FLHS, but females of both breeds accumulated significantly more fat in the liver than males. Testosterone dipropionate at 25 mg/kg of body weight, injected three times per week in immature females force-fed at the 150% level, produced increases in food intake and liver fat as did estrogen, but no hepatic hemorrhaging. The data implicate estrogen as a factor in the production of FLHS along with the necessity for the chicken to be in a positive energy balance creating sufficient hepatic fat for FLHS to occur.


Asunto(s)
Dieta , Estradiol/efectos adversos , Hígado Graso/etiología , Hemorragia/etiología , Testosterona/efectos adversos , Animales , Pollos , Cresta y Barbas/anatomía & histología , Metabolismo Energético , Hígado Graso/complicaciones , Hígado Graso/patología , Femenino , Hemorragia/complicaciones , Hemorragia/patología , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Oviductos/anatomía & histología , Factores Sexuales , Especificidad de la Especie , Síndrome
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