Dressings for Wound Infection Prophylaxis in Colorectal Surgery: A Review.

INTRODUCTION: In patients who require colorectal surgery, the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) is amongst the highest of any surgical specialty. Guided by the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) guidelines for colorectal surgery, there is a large focus on preoperative and intraoperative measures to reduce the risk of bacterial transmission and surgical site inoculation There are many novel and developing dressing types being explored for colorectal surgery. To date, no consensus guidelines for surgical dressings that optimize healing outcomes and reduce infection from postoperative incisions have been established. The purpose of this review is to discuss various dressings used for surgical site wound infection prophylaxis for patients who have colorectal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The database, PubMed, was used for this literature review. Keywords included: colorectal surgery or abdominal surgery or clean-contaminated surgery + surgical site infection prophylaxis or negative-pressure wound therapy or bandages or biological dressings or occlusive dressings + surgical wound infection. RESULTS: Five prophylactic dressings were selected for discussion. This article will review current use and research surrounding the utilization of negative pressure wound therapy devices, silver-containing dressings, mupirocin dressings, gentamicin-c sponge, and vitamin- e and silicon sponges. CONCLUSION: Alternative dressings discussed in this article show significant promise in reducing SSI compared to conventional dressing. Additional studies to assess cost-benefit analysis and integration into general practice are needed to determine practical application.

Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes after Absorbable Strap Fixation for Ventral Hernia Repair.

INTRODUCTION: Various mesh fixation methods are employed by surgeons during ventral hernia repair. These may include tacks, straps, sutures, glue, or a combination of methods. One of these choices is an absorbable fixation device, Securestrap® (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, New Jersey), consisting of an absorbable copolymer barbed U-shaped strap with a spring-loaded deployment system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The International Hernia Mesh Registry is a prospective multi-center registry, designed to collect longitudinal data on hernia repair methods, products, and outcomes. Patients complete the Carolinas Comfort Scale™ (CCS) (The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority, Charlotte, North Carolina) pre-operatively, and at one month, six months, and 12 months post-operatively. Symptomatic patients defined as responding >1 to any CCS™ question. Statistical comparison of symptom frequency was made with the McNemar test and Kaplan Meier methods to determine the recurrence rate up to 365 days. RESULTS: Patients were enrolled at 16 centers. Data was available on 100 of the 203 patients at six months and on 119 patients at 12 months. Demographics: mean age of 52.7 (13.2 standard deviation[ SD]); mean body mass index (BMI) of 33.2 (7.5 SD) kg/m2; 64.3% having a BMI over 30kg/m2; male patients 47.4%; 16.7% for recurrent hernias. Mesh fixation with straps alone in 48.3% of cases or straps and sutures in 51.7% of cases. Percentage of patients with symptomatic pain decreased slightly from baseline to one month (70.0 vs. 60.6, p=0.0782) and significantly from one month to six months (60.6% symptomatic vs. 23.2%; p=0.0004). From six months to twelve months, the change in percentage of symptomatic patients was not significant (23.2% vs. 28.7%; p=0.8084). Similar results were observed with symptomatic CCS™ movement limitations. Overall recurrence rate at 12 months was 4.72% (2.39%-9.22%). CONCLUSION: Mesh fixation with straps with or without additional sutures is associated with significant improvements in patient-reported pain and movement limitation from baseline to six months post-operative.

Reducing Opioid Adverse Events: A Safe Way to Improve Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Opioids are commonly used in the postoperative period to manage postsurgical pain. However, adverse side effects of opioids include respiratory depression, urinary retention, pruritus, vomiting, nausea, constipation, and increased risk of falls. Surgical site infiltration with extended release liposomal bupivacaine is effective in the multimodal care plan of managing postsurgical patients. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possible effects of liposomal bupivacaine on postoperative opioid adverse events following open hernia repair and laparoscopic colon resection surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population comprised 82 patients who had undergone open hernia repair or a laparoscopic colon resection. Forty-five of the 82 patients were treated with liposomal bupivacaine. Data were examined retrospectively from January 1, 2012 to August 31, 2012 in comparison with historical controls. Adverse opioid events measured included constipation, pruritus, vomiting, nausea, urinary retention, respiratory depression and fall risk. Statistical tools used were the Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The addition of liposomal bupivacaine did significantly (p<0.05) reduce urinary retention and respiratory depression. Additionally, from the perspective of hospital safety there was a significant reduction in patients at high risk of falls, from 16% to 8.4% as well as an increase in patients at low risk of falls, from 37.6% to 48.7%. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate that using liposomal bupivacaine can significantly reduce high-risk fall patients, increase low-risk fall patients as well as decrease urinary retention and respiratory depression in the postoperative setting. Given heightened consideration of the impact of sentinel events on hospital reimbursement since health care reforms in 2014, these results are important because they can mitigate complications associated with opioids in postsurgical pain management, and thereby reduce the costs of hospitalization.

The Science Behind Mini-Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Mini-laparoscopy (Mini) was pioneered more than 20 years ago. Newer generation mini instruments have recently become available with improved effector tips, a choice of shaft diameters and lengths, better shaft insulation and electrosurgery capability, improved shaft strength and rotation, more ergonomic handles, low-friction trocar options, and improved instrument durability. Whether the use of mini instruments, particularly newer generation instruments, offers advantages for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the subject of this review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature was searched for level I data comparing mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Mini LC) to standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Std LC). Three systematic reviews and 19 randomized clinical trials were identified and these were studied to evaluate the science behind Mini LC. RESULTS: Mini LC requires conversion to Std LC in 12.3% of patients. Mini LC and Std LC require conversion to open cholecystectomy at the same rate (2-3%). As compared to Std LC, Mini LC: (1) takes 3.4-4.9 minutes longer to perform; (2) has the same rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications; (3) may result in slightly less pain in the first 24 hours after surgery; (4) has the same duration of hospital stay, pain scores 1-28 days after surgery, time to return to activity, time to return to work, and postoperative quality of life 10 days after surgery; (5) provides a better early cosmetic result (as graded by patients and by blinded observers); and (6) provides no apparent difference in late cosmesis (as evaluated 6-12 months postop). There are minimal level I data published on the effects of newer mini instruments for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. CONCLUSION: When applied to elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the use of mini-laparoscopic instruments results in a slightly longer operative procedure (3-5 minutes), slightly less immediate postoperative pain (in the first 24 hours), and a better early cosmetic result, with no other apparent significant differences. Additional data are needed from large, well-conducted studies of Mini LC to resolve several unanswered questions, including the role of newer mini instruments.

Mini-Laparoscopy: Instruments and Economics.

Mini-laparoscopy (Mini) was pioneered more than 20 years ago, initially with instruments borrowed from other specialties and subsequently with tools designed specifically for Mini. Early adoption of Mini was inhibited though by the limitations of these first-generation instruments, especially functionality and durability. Newer generation Mini instruments have recently become available with improved effector tips, a choice of shaft diameters and lengths, better shaft insulation and electrosurgery capability, improved shaft strength and rotation, more ergonomic handles, low-friction trocar options, and improved instrument durability. Improvements are also occurring in imaging and advanced energy for Mini. The current status of mini-laparoscopy instruments and economics are presented.

"Big Operations Using Mini Instruments": The Evolution of Mini Laparoscopy in the Surgical Realm.

Laparoscopy using miniature (2-3.5 mm) instruments was introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Though mini laparoscopy (Mini) created new opportunities for surgical diagnosis and therapy, the limitations of early instruments inhibited widespread adoption. This is no longer the case. Mini is enjoying a renaissance, due to several factors: the maturation of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), the failure of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) platforms to achieve early expectations, and the recent significant improvements in Mini instrument functionality and durability. As a result, Mini is being increasingly applied to pediatric and adult procedures across specialties. To assess the current status of Mini laparoscopy, the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons (SLS) and the Florida Hospital Nicholson Center convened an international symposium in February 2015. This report shares highlights from that symposium, "Big Operations Using Mini Instruments."

Boerhaave's Syndrome Presenting in the Setting of Third-Degree Heart Block.

Introduction: Boerhaave's syndrome, or the spontaneous transmural perforation of the esophagus, is typically thought to be due to an increase in esophageal pressure such as that which occurs during vomiting or retching. Another common etiology of esophageal perforation is esophageal instrumentation, such as during esophagogastroduodenoscopy or transesophageal echocardiography. This life-threatening condition requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent patient demise. While a history of vomiting can aid in diagnosis, this history can be difficult to elicit in an unconscious patient or may be altogether absent. Additionally, Boerhaave's syndrome can present similarly to more common upper gastrointestinal or cardiac conditions. Since mortality increases with delays in diagnosis and treatment, it is imperative that clinicians maintain a high level of suspicion for Boerhaave's syndrome and initiate treatment urgently. Case Description: This report presents a 76-year-old man who presented to the emergency department after a history of several syncopal episodes and was found to be in complete heart block. Two days later, he acutely developed abdominal distention and coffee ground emesis. As the medical team was able to gather more history from the patient and his family, it was revealed that he had associated vomiting with his episodes of syncope. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated pneumomediastinum concerning for esophageal perforation. His clinical status subsequently deteriorated. He was intubated and a temporary transvenous pacer was placed before being transferred to our facility for emergent surgery. Discussion: Complete heart block in the setting of Boerhaave's syndrome is exceptionally rare, with only 2 cases reported in the literature. The decision to place a pacemaker in the setting of esophageal perforation/sepsis is complicated and depends on the patient's bacteremia status related to noncardiac comorbidities. Clearly this case represents the need for excellent multidisciplinary decision-making processes with excellent communication between hospital staff and all caretakers. Expeditious diagnosis and treatment of esophageal perforation is essential to prevent leaking of gastric contents into the mediastinum and worsening of cardiac complications and sepsis. Additionally, critical timing of various surgical procedures, especially the need for a permanent pacemaker implant with bacteremia is a complicated process not well described in the surgical literature.

Vacation appendicitis.

OBJECTIVE: When someone plans a vacation, one of the last things taken into consideration is the possibility of contracting an illness while away. Unfortunately, if people develop abdominal pain while planning for a vacation, they usually proceed with the vacation and do not consider getting medical attention for their pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of being on vacation and its association with ruptured appendicitis. METHODS: From January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008, the incidence of ruptured appendicitis cases at Florida Hospital-Celebration Health, located 5 miles from Walt Disney World, was compared with that of Florida Hospital-Orlando, approximately 30 miles away from Walt Disney World. We evaluated whether patients "on vacation" versus residents of Orlando have an increased incidence of ruptured appendicitis. RESULTS: Of patients treated for presumed appendicitis, 60.59% at Florida Hospital-Celebration Health had ruptured appendicitis during this time versus 20.42% at Florida Hospital-Orlando. Of those 266 patients seen at Florida Hospital-Celebration Health, 155 were on vacation versus only 21 at Florida Hospital-Orlando. CONCLUSION: Although there is not a direct cause and effect, it is clear that there is a higher incidence of ruptured appendicitis in patients on vacation versus in the regular community in the Orlando, Florida area.

Jejunal Intussusception Secondary to Pancreatic and Gastric Heterotopia in a 23-Year-Old.

Introduction: Pancreatic and gastric heterotopias are a rare presentation of pancreatic and gastric tissues located outside their expected location. The most common site of heterotopic pancreas is the gastric antrum, and the most common site of heterotopic gastric mucosa is the proximal esophagus. The two tissues rarely present simultaneously. Although lead-point intussusception secondary to simultaneous heterotypic gastric and pancreatic tissue is extremely rare, its management strategy is the same as other pathological lead-point intussusception. Case Description: This report presents a 23-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, vomiting, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography scan revealed features of distal small bowel intussusception secondary to a solid mass lead point. Following laparoscopic assisted small bowel resection and incidental appendectomy, histopathology evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of heterotopic pancreatic and gastric tissue as the lead point. The patient had an uneventful postoperative period and was discharged in stable condition, free of symptoms. Discussion: Lead point intussusception of the jejunum in adults due to combined heterotopic tissue is extremely rare, with no reported cases in the literature. Prompt diagnosis and management are essential, with delays in treatments leading to a risk of perforation and mortality. If diagnosed, minimally invasive surgical approaches can treat obstruction and improve intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.

Computer vision in surgery: from potential to clinical value.

Hundreds of millions of operations are performed worldwide each year, and the rising uptake in minimally invasive surgery has enabled fiber optic cameras and robots to become both important tools to conduct surgery and sensors from which to capture information about surgery. Computer vision (CV), the application of algorithms to analyze and interpret visual data, has become a critical technology through which to study the intraoperative phase of care with the goals of augmenting surgeons' decision-making processes, supporting safer surgery, and expanding access to surgical care. While much work has been performed on potential use cases, there are currently no CV tools widely used for diagnostic or therapeutic applications in surgery. Using laparoscopic cholecystectomy as an example, we reviewed current CV techniques that have been applied to minimally invasive surgery and their clinical applications. Finally, we discuss the challenges and obstacles that remain to be overcome for broader implementation and adoption of CV in surgery.

Don't Fear Adhesions: Safe Approaches for Reoperative Minimally Invasive Surgery.

Experience in minimally invasive surgery has increased at a rapid pace, and previous abdominal surgery with adhesion formation is no longer considered a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery. Therefore, surgeons across all specialties should be well equipped to approach a reoperative abdomen with minimal complications and satisfactory patient outcomes. Previous abdominal scarring and adhesions present distinct challenges for surgeons performing minimally invasive surgery, and postsurgical adhesions are considered one of the main reasons for conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy. In this review article, we present the influence of previous abdominal surgeries and pathogenesis of adhesion formation. Methods of laparoscopic entry and technical aspects of adhesiolysis to the ventral abdominal wall, intestinal, and pelvic adhesions are reviewed. Surgeons should have a keen sense of awareness of adhesion-related complications to reduce the morbidity of laparoscopic reoperations.

Diagnostic laparoscopy and adhesiolysis: does it help with complex abdominal and pelvic pain syndrome (CAPPS) in general surgery?

Abdominal pains secondary to adhesions are a common complaint, but most surgeons do not perform surgery for this complaint unless the patient suffers from a bowel obstruction. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine if lysis of bowel adhesions has a role in the surgical management of adhesions for helping treat abdominal pain. The database of our patients with complex abdominal and pelvic pain syndrome (CAPPS) was reviewed to identify patients who underwent a laparoscopic lysis of adhesion without any organ removal and observe if they had a decrease in the amount of abdominal pain after this procedure. Thirty-one patients completed follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. At 6, 9, and 12 months postoperation, there were statistically significant decreases in patients' analog pain scores. We concluded that laparoscopic lysis of adhesions can help decrease adhesion-related pain. The pain from adhesions may involve a more complex pathway toward pain resolution than a simple cutting of scar tissue, such as "phantom pain" following amputation, which takes time to resolve after this type of surgery.

Opioid-Free Recovery After Hernia Repair with HTX-011 as the Foundation of a Non-Opioid, Multimodal Analgesia Regimen in a Real-World Setting: A Randomized, Open-Label Study.

INTRODUCTION: Helping Opioid Prescription Elimination (HOPE) is a project designed to provide surgeons with practical, real-world solutions to effectively manage postoperative pain and eliminate the need for opioids using HTX-011 (extended-release bupivacaine/low-dose meloxicam). In phase 3 herniorrhaphy and bunionectomy studies, HTX-011 without multimodal analgesia (MMA) was superior to bupivacaine hydrochloride in reducing pain and opioid consumption. Here, we examine the HOPE Hernia-1 study, which was designed to compare alternating ibuprofen/acetaminophen with concurrent use as part of an HTX-011-based non-opioid MMA regimen in patients undergoing herniorrhaphy and to evaluate the effectiveness of a personalized opioid prescription algorithm. METHODS: Patients undergoing outpatient open inguinal herniorrhaphy with intraoperative administration of HTX-011 (300 mg bupivacaine/9 mg meloxicam) were randomly assigned to receive a scheduled oral regimen of ibuprofen plus acetaminophen, either taken together every 6 hours or alternating every 3 hours, for 5 days following surgery, while awake. Based on the opioid prescription algorithm evaluated here, patients could receive an oxycodone prescription upon discharge only if they had a numeric rating scale pain score of ≥ 6 at discharge and/or had received a postoperative rescue opioid. RESULTS: The majority of patients did not require an opioid prescription through 2 weeks following surgery, and this was similar between cohorts (alternating MMA, 89.1%; concurrent MMA, 93.6%). Patient satisfaction was high for both regimens, and 95% of patients had an opioid-free recovery. No patient discharged without a prescription called back to request one. Treatment was well tolerated, without evidence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: HTX-011, used with over-the-counter products ibuprofen/acetaminophen and personalized opioid prescription algorithm in a real-world environment, has the potential to reduce opioid use and opioid prescriptions after herniorrhaphy without compromising patient satisfaction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03237481.

The role of hand assist laparoscopic surgery (HALS) in pelvic surgery for nonmalignant disease.

OBJECTIVE: Hand assist laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is a surgical modality rarely used in benign gynecology. We analyzed nonmalignant pelvic disorders that utilized HALS to see whether there is any benefit over standard laparotomy. METHODS: A case control chart review identified patients who underwent HALS for a variety of benign gynecological conditions from 2004 through 2007. Cases were then compared with a control group of all the patients who underwent similar procedures for the same diagnosis via laparotomy (ELAP) in our center within the same time period. The groups were comparable with respect to age, BMI, and surgical indication. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were analyzed: 12 cases (HALS) and 17 controls (ELAP). Each group was broken up into 2 subsets: Group A, older patients who underwent surgery for pelvic organ prolapse or diverticulitis with adnexectomy and Group B, younger patients who underwent surgery for pelvic pain, endometriosis, or both. Hospital stay in Group B was statistically lower in the HALS cases vs. the ELAP controls, (2.9 vs. 5.4 days, P=0.04). All HALS and ELAP patients were then analyzed for overall trends. HALS cases had shorter hospitalization than ELAP controls had (3.3 vs 4.5 days, P=0.035). Estimated blood loss was also less overall in the HALS cases vs. the ELAP controls (175 vs 355.9 mL, P=0.021). There were 2 adverse outcomes reported in Group A of the HALS cases. These 2 patients experienced postoperative hernias though the hand-assist port-site incision. CONCLUSION: Compared with laparotomy, overall, HALS offers the advantage of decreased hospitalization and decreased intraoperative blood loss. Postoperative hernias through the HA port site may be a potential problem with this technique.

Opioid-free recovery after herniorrhaphy with HTX-011 as the foundation of a multimodal analgesic regimen.

BACKGROUND: Most severe pain occurs within the first 72 hours after an operation, and current local anesthetics have a limited duration of action. HTX-011 is a dual-acting, local anesthetic containing bupivacaine, and low-dose meloxicam in an extended-release polymer. In a prior phase 3 inguinal herniorrhaphy study, HTX-011 alone provided superior pain relief for 72 hours and significantly decreased opioid use compared with saline placebo and bupivacaine hydrochloride. This open-label study assessed the safety, efficacy, and opioid-sparing properties of HTX-011 as the foundation of a scheduled, nonopioid, multimodal analgesia regimen in patients undergoing open inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS: This study was conducted in 2 sequential cohorts. All patients received a single, intraoperative dose of HTX-011 prior to wound closure, followed by a scheduled postoperative regimen of oral ibuprofen and acetaminophen for 72 hours. Patients in cohort 2 also received a single intraoperative dose of ketorolac. Opioid analgesics were available by request only. RESULTS: More than 90% of patients remained opioid-free through 72 hours postoperatively, and 83% of patients remained opioid-free through day 28 (last study visit). Pain was well controlled, and mean intensity of the pain never increased higher than the mild range during the first 72 hours. Ketorolac did not demonstrate any additional benefit. HTX-011 with this multimodal analgesia regimen was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: HTX-011 when used as the foundation of a nonopioid, multimodal analgesia regimen, provided effective and well-tolerated analgesia without the need for opioids in the majority of patients recovering from an open inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Transgastric ventral hernia repair: a controlled study in a live porcine model (with videos).

BACKGROUND: Ventral hernia repair is currently performed via open surgery or laparoscopic approach. OBJECTIVE: To develop an alternative ventral hernia repair technique. SETTING: Acute and survival experiments on twelve 50-kg pigs. DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS: An endoscope was introduced transgastrically into the peritoneal cavity. An abdominal wall hernia was created through a 5-mm skin incision followed by a 5-cm-long incision of the abdominal wall muscles and aponeurosis. A hernia repair technique was developed in 3 acute experiments. Then animals were randomized into 2 groups. In the experimental group (5 animals) Gore-Tex mesh was transgastrically attached to the abdominal wall, repairing the previously created abdominal wall hernia. In the control group (4 animals), the hernia was not repaired. In both groups, the endoscope was then withdrawn into the stomach, and the gastric wall incision was closed with T-bars. The animals survived for 2 weeks and were then euthanized. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The presence of ventral hernia on necropsy. RESULTS: In the control group, the ventral hernia was present on necropsy in all animals. In the experimental group, the ventral hernia was easily repaired, with no evidence of hernia on necropsy. In the first animal in the experimental group, necropsy revealed infected mesh. After this discovery, we used sterilized cover for mesh delivery and did not find any signs of infection in 4 subsequent study animals. LIMITATION: The study was performed in a porcine model. CONCLUSIONS: Transgastric ventral hernia repair is feasible, technically easy, and effective. It can become a less invasive alternative to the currently used laparoscopic and surgical ventral hernia repair.

Protect the ureters.

From July 1, 2006 to June 30, 2007, 151 patients with complex pelvic pathology underwent placement of lighted ureteral stents by a general surgeon or gynecologist. None of the patients who underwent preprocedure ureteral stent placement had a ureteral injury. The procedures included laparoscopic colorectal surgery (45 pts), hysterectomy/GYN (49 pts), or pelvic adhesions (57 pts). The average time from placement of the stents to start of the operation was 5 minutes (range, 2 to 15). In 6 patients, the stents could not be placed, and all had ureteral pathology that was NOT noted preoperatively. Two patients had ureter injuries at our hospital and did not have ureteral stents placed during the same time period. The cost of the stents is $205. OR time past the first half hour ranges from $560 to $716 for each additional half hour. The time saved from the lighted identification of the ureters versus visual nonstent identification is from zero minutes to 45 minutes. This is an extremely useful procedure that can theoretically reduce ureter injury to zero. In an era in which insurance will not pay for complications related to the original operation and high litigation costs, this procedure should be the standard of care for safely performing complex pelvic surgery.

Hand-assist laparoscopic surgery for the gynecologic surgeon.

BACKGROUND: Hand assist laparoscopy (HALS) is a minimally invasive technique which allows for the placement of the surgeon's non-dominant hand through a hand-port device while maintaining pneumoperitoneum. There is no standardization of this procedure and it is rarely used in gynecology. METHODS: The multidisciplinary team of authors, with experience in minimally invasive pelvic surgery, has developed a practical approach performing HALS over several years. Here we present our technique. CONCLUSIONS: There are several roles for HALS in the world of gynecology and pelvic surgery. Further experience will help improve upon a standard technique.

Quantifying Intraoperative Laparoscopic Visual Field Opacity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic surgery can be complicated by condensation and debris on the lens obscuring the visual field, increasing the risk of surgical error and injury to the patient. Despite, development of possible solutions, little is known regarding the quantitative measure of time lost during surgery because of an obscured visual field. Without this knowledge, the cost of laparoscopic lens fogging cannot be quantified and compared to the cost of antifogging devices. In the present study, we investigated the amount of time a laparoscope is withdrawn for cleaning during surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study of patients (n = 52) who underwent laparoscopic surgery at Florida Hospital Celebration Health. Patient's age, gender, and body mass index, operative time, wound class, estimated blood loss, type of procedure, and complication (if any) were collected. In addition, intraoperative information on the number of times and total amount of time the laparoscope was withdrawn because of obscured visual field were recorded. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent (43) of the procedures required laparoscope withdrawal because of fogging. Increased operative time, increased blood loss, and patient age correlated with the number of times (P < .05) and amount of time (P < .05) the laparoscope was withdrawn. DISCUSSION: There was a significant correlation between increased laparoscope withdrawal because of an obscured visual field with increased EBL, operative time, and patient age. Possible explanations include change in body composition with age, the increased viewing angles required for more complex procedures, and increasing intraoperative effect on the surgeon of the poor visual field caused by fogging and debris.