Anti-Culex pipiens activity of different pomegranate cultivars and determination of their bioactive compounds using LC-MS profiling.

INTRODUCTION: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels are rich in various bioactive compounds. Characterization of these compounds is crucial for the utilization of peel waste in industrial processing. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed (1) to establish and compare the metabolic profiles of the peel of seven pomegranate cultivars and (2) to identify bioactive compounds contributing to the larvicidal activity against the third instar larvae of Culex pipiens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was utilized to analyze peel methanol extracts of different pomegranate cultivars. The larvicidal activity was determined by calculating the larval mortality among the third instar larvae of C. pipiens. Multivariate data analysis was conducted to identify the metabolites that exhibited a larvicidal effect. RESULTS: A total of 24 metabolites, including hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, were tentatively identified in both negative and positive ionization modes. The extract of cultivar 'Black' exhibited the most potent larvicidal effect with LC50 values of 185.15, 156.84, and 138.12 ppm/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment, respectively. By applying chemometric techniques, the larvicidal activity could be directly correlated to the bioactive compounds punicalagin, quercetin-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-O-pentoside, and galloyl-HHDP-glucose. CONCLUSION: The present study implemented UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and chemometric techniques as potential tools for metabolomics analysis and differentiation between peels of different pomegranate cultivars. In addition, cultivar 'Black' extract could be a promising natural insecticide against mosquitoes since it is rich in bioactive compounds with larvicidal activity.

Cardiac rehabilitation improves the ischemic burden in patients with ischemic heart disease who are not suitable for revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart diseases including stable angina & acute events, represent a huge burden on both the individual & the society and represent an important source of disability. AIM: We aimed to identify the effect of cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) on the ischemic burden in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) unsuitable for coronary revascularization. METHODS: The study included 40 patients with IHD who were not suitable for coronary revascularization either by PCI or CABG (due to unsuitable coronary anatomy, co morbidities, high surgical/procedural risk or patient preference). All patients were subjected to sophisticated CRP protocols, including patient education, nutritional, medical, psychological and sexual counseling and group smoking cessation. All patients participated in low intensity exercise program twice weekly. The patient's symptoms, vitals and medications were evaluated at each visit and clinical and laboratory data, echocardiography and stress myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT) were evaluated before and 3months after the end of the study. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.8±3.1years and only 2 patients (5%) were females. 22 (55%) patients were diabetic, 21 (53%) were hypertensive and 30 (75%) were smokers. It was found that 3months after completion of CRP, there was a significant decrease in BMI (30.3±2.9 vs. 31.2±1.9, p<0.001), and mean blood pressure (93.4±11 vs. 105±10.6mmHg, p<0.001). There was also a favorable effect on lipid profile and a significant improvement of the functional capacity in terms of NYHA functional class (2.1±0.62 vs. 1.4±0.6, p<0.001). Despite that wall motion score index did not significantly change after CRP, there was a strong trend toward a better ejection fraction (53.7±7.8 vs. 54.5±6.3 %, p=0.06) and significant improvement of Canadian cardiovascular class (1.42±0.6 vs. 1.95±0.5, p<0.001) post CRP. Importantly, the difference between the SPECT-derived summed segmental scores at peak stress and at rest (SDS) was significantly lower after CRP (4.4±3 vs. 7.2±3, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Participation in cardiac rehabilitation program improves ischemic burden in patients with IHD who are unfit or not suitable for conventional cardiac revascularization. In addition the decreased ischemic burden, functional capacity, hemodynamic and metabolic profiles also improve for this group of patients and thus, cardiac rehabilitation should be implemented for routine management of those patients.