Risk assessment of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases through body mass index trajectories in adulthood: NHANES 2007-2018.

AIM: To assess the impact of adult body mass index (BMI) trajectories on the risk of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the U.S. adults after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. METHODS: Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2007 to 2018, including male and female participants aged 29-59 years. Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square was employed to detect associations between categorical variables in descriptive analyses. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NCDs and BMI trajectories, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated the cumulative incidence over time. RESULTS: Analyses were carried out on 15 721 participants and revealing significant differences among BMI trajectories in terms of demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics. The overall prevalence of NCDs was 28.0% (95%CI:26.6-28.9). The cumulative incidence over time was higher in the high increase, moderate increase, and mixed trajectory groups, with a correspondingly higher cumulative risk (p < 0.001). Non-overweight trajectory was considered reference category in Cox models. The BMI trajectories were independently associated with an increased risk of NCDs, even after adjusting for potential confounders (HR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.4-1.9 for moderate increase; HR: 3.6; 95%CI: 3.2-4.1 for high increase; and HR: 2.4; 95%CI: 2.1-2.7, for mixed). Furthermore, differences between males and females were also observed. CONCLUSION: The transition to and persistence of obesity into adulthood increases the risk of NCDs. The implementation of targeted interventions with long-term monitoring of BMI may be beneficial in the prevention of future obesity-related NCDs.

First isolation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype 7 in the archipelago of Cape Verde.

There are no scientific data available on the occurrence of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster in definitive hosts (domestic dogs), intermediate hosts (domestic livestock) nor humans in Cape Verde. In this pilot study, environmental dog fecal samples (n = 369) were collected around food markets, official slaughterhouses, as well as home and small business slaughter spots in 8 of the 9 inhabited islands from the Cape Verde archipelago, between June 2021 and March 2022. Additionally, during the same period, 40 cysts and tissue lesions were opportunistically collected from 5 islands, from locally slaughtered cattle (n = 7), goats (n = 2), sheep (n = 1) and pigs (n = 26). Genetic characterization by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 12S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of E. granulosus s.l. in fecal and tissue material. In total, 17 cyst samples from Santiago (n = 9), Sal (n = 7) and São Vicente (n = 1) and 8 G6/G7-positive dog fecal samples from Santiago (n = 4) and Sal (n = 4) were identified as E. granulosus s.l. G7 by sequence analysis (nad2, nad5 and nad1 genes). This study discloses the transmission of E. granulosus s.l. G7, in pig, cattle and dog in Cape Verde.

[Quality of anthropometric data of children under 5 years in the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2020]. / Qualidade de dados antropométricos de crianças menores de 5 anos no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, 2008-2020.

The planning, monitoring, and evaluation of food and nutrition actions depend on reliable estimates based on adequate anthropometric data. The study aimed to analyze the quality of anthropometric data of children aged under 5 years in the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2020. The sample comprised 23,453,620 children aged under 5 years. Initially, we evaluated the distribution of missing values and values outside the spectrum of the instrument, and calculated the digit preference index for weight and height. The nutritional indexes height for age (HAZ), weight for age (WAZ), and body mass index for age (BAZ) were calculated according to the World Health Organization 2006 child growth standards. Then, we identified the biologically implausible values (BIV) and calculated the standard deviation (SD) of the nutritional indexes. For each municipality, we calculated the mean and SD of HAZ and WAZ; and plotted the SD values as a function of the mean. In all Federative Units, the digit preference index reached a minimum value of 80 for height and 20 for weight. For the three nutritional indexes, there was a reduction in the frequency of BIV in the 2008-2020 period. Even after the exclusion of BIV, we identified high variability for the three nutritional indexes. The indicators evaluated showed low quality of measurement, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Our results indicate insufficient quality of anthropometric data in children aged under 5 years, and reinforce the need to invest in actions to improve the collection and recording of anthropometric information.

O planejamento, o monitoramento e a avaliação das ações de alimentação e nutrição dependem de estimativas confiáveis realizadas a partir de dados antropométricos de qualidade adequada. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade de dados antropométricos de crianças menores de 5 anos no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) no período de 2008 a 2020. A amostra compreendeu 23.453.620 crianças menores de 5 anos. Inicialmente, avaliamos a distribuição de valores faltantes e de valores fora do espectro do equipamento e calculamos o índice de preferência de dígito para peso e altura. Os índices nutricionais altura para idade (A-I), peso para idade (P-I) e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC-I) foram calculados com a utilização do padrão de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde, de 2006. Em seguida, sinalizamos os valores biologicamente implausíveis (VBI) e calculamos o desvio padrão (DP) dos índices nutricionais. Para cada município, calculamos a média e o DP de A-I e P-I e plotamos os valores de DP em função da média. Em todas as Unidades Federativas, o índice de preferência de dígito alcançou valor mínimo de 80 para altura e 20 para peso. Para os três índices nutricionais, houve redução da frequência de VBI no período de 2008 a 2020. Mesmo após a exclusão dos VBI, identificamos elevada variabilidade para os três índices nutricionais. Os indicadores avaliados demonstraram baixa qualidade da mensuração principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Nossos resultados indicam qualidade insuficiente dos dados antropométricos em crianças menores de 5 anos e reforçam a necessidade de investimento em ações para o aprimoramento da coleta e do registro das informações antropométricas.

La planificación, monitoreo y evaluación de acciones de alimentación y nutrición dependen de estimaciones confiables realizadas a partir de datos antropométricos de calidad adecuada. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la calidad de datos antropométricos de niños menores de 5 años en el Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) entre los años 2008 y 2020. La muestra se compuso de 23.453.620 niños menores de 5 años. Al principio, evaluamos la distribución de valores faltantes y de valores fueras del espectro del equipo, y calculamos el índice de preferencia de dígito para peso y altura. Los índices nutricionales altura para edad (A-E), peso para edad (P-E) e índice de masa corporal para edad (IMC-E) se calcularon utilizando el patrón de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de 2006. Luego, indicamos los valores biológicamente inverosímiles (VBI) y calculamos la desviación estándar (DE) de los índices nutricionales. Para cada municipio, calculamos la media y la DE de A-E y P-E; y representamos los valores de DE en función de la media. En todas las Unidades Federativas, el índice de preferencia de dígito alcanzó el valor mínimo de 80 para altura y 20 para peso. Para los tres índices nutricionales, hubo una disminución de la frecuencia de VBI entre los años de 2008 y 2020. Incluso tras excluir los VBI, identificamos una alta variabilidad para los tres índices nutricionales. Los indicadores evaluados demostraron una baja calidad de medición, sobre todo en las regiones Norte y Nordeste. Nuestros resultados indican una calidad insuficiente de datos antropométricos en niños menores de 5 años y fortalecen la necesidad de inversión en acciones para mejorar la recolección y registro de las informaciones antropométricas.

[The quality of the anthropometric data on children under five years of age in information systems in the State of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Qualidade dos dados antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos em sistemas de informação no estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

This paper involves the analysis of the quality of anthropometric data on children under five years of age in two information systems in the State of São Paulo. The sample included 2,117,108 children from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), and 748,551 from the State Milk Project (VIVALEITE). Initially, we evaluated the frequency of missing values and others outside the equipment spectrum and calculated the digit-to-weight preference index. After calculating height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and body mass index-for-age (BAZ), we flagged the biologically implausible values (BIV) and calculated the standard deviation (SD). For each municipality, we calculated the mean and the SD of HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ; and plotted the SD values as a function of the mean. The digit-to-weight preference index was greater among children aged between 24 and 59 months in SISVAN. The frequency of BIV for HAZ (SISVAN 2.56%; VIVALEITE 0.98%) was higher than for WAZ (SISVAN 2.10%; VIVALEITE 0.18%). For HAZ, variations among municipalities were more pronounced in VIVALEITE than in SISVAN. The height variable presents low reliability in both systems. The weight variable reveals satisfactory quality in VIVALEITE and unsatisfactory quality in SISVAN.

O objetivo foi analisar a qualidade dos dados antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos em dois sistemas de informação no estado de São Paulo. A amostra compreendeu 2.117.108 crianças do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) e 748.551 do Projeto Estadual do Leite (Vivaleite). Inicialmente, avaliamos a frequência de valores faltantes e fora do espectro do equipamento, e calculamos o índice de preferência de dígito para peso. Após calcular os índices de altura para idade (A-I), peso para idade (P-I) e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC-I), identificamos os valores biologicamente implausíveis (VBI) e calculamos o desvio-padrão (DP). Para cada município, calculamos a média e o DP de A-I, P-I e IMC-I; e plotamos os valores de DP em função da média. A preferência de dígito no peso foi maior em crianças de 24 a 59 meses no Sisvan. A frequência de VBI para A-I (SISVAN 2,56%; Vivaleite 0,98%) foi maior do que para P-I (Sisvan 2,10%; Vivaleite 0,18%). Para o índice A-I as variações entre os municípios foram mais acentuadas no Vivaleite do que no Sisvan. A variável altura apresentou baixa confiabilidade nos dois sistemas. A variável peso apresentou qualidade satisfatória no Vivaleite e insatisfatória no Sisvan.

Coronary angiography after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a poor prognosis. The optimal timing and role of early coronary angiography (CAG) in OHCA patients without ST-segment elevation remains unclear. The goal of this study is to compare an early CAG versus delayed CAG strategy in OHCA patients without ST elevation. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases, in June 2022, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing early versus delayed early CAG. A random effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of seven RCTs were included, providing a total of 1625 patients: 816 in an early strategy and 807 in a delayed strategy. In terms of outcomes assessed, our meta-analysis revealed a similar rate of all-cause mortality (pooled odds ratio [OR] 1.22 [0.99-1.50], P  = 0.06, I 2  = 0%), neurological status (pooled OR 0.94 [0.74-1.21], = 0.65, I 2  = 0%), need of renal replacement therapy (pooled OR 1.11 [0.78-1.74], P  = 0.47, I 2  = 0%) and major bleeding events (pooled OR 1.51 [0.95-2.40], P  = 0.08, I 2  = 69%). CONCLUSION: According to our meta-analysis, in patients who experienced OHCA without ST elevation, early CAG is not associated with reduced mortality or an improved neurological status.

D313Y variant in two related end-stage renal disease patients - Pathogenic or not yet?

Fabry disease is a multisystem lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GLA gene that result in a deficient or absent activity of alpha-galactosidase A. There is a wide spectrum of GLA gene variants, some of which are described as non-pathogenic. The clinical importance of the D313Y variant is still under debate, although in recent years it has been considered as a variant of unknown significance or a benign variant. Despite this prevailing notion, there are multiple case reports of patients with D313Y variant that presented signs and symptoms consistent with FD without any other etiological explanation. In this article, we present two family members with an important renal phenotype and other typical manifestations of FD (white matter lesions and left ventricular hypertrophy) that only had the D313Y variant. These cases suggest that this variant of unknown significance may contribute to the development of common features of FD and should not be undervalued.

Frequency of anthropometric implausible values estimated from different methodologies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Poor anthropometric data quality affect the prevalence of malnutrition and could harm public policy planning. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to identify different methods to evaluate and clean anthropometric data, and to calculate the frequency of implausible values for weight and height obtained from these methodologies. DATA SOURCES: Studies about anthropometric data quality and/or anthropometric data cleaning were searched for in the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases in October 2020 and updated in January 2023. In addition, references of included studies were searched for the identification of potentially eligible studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Paired researchers selected studies, extracted data, and critically appraised the selected publications. DATA ANALYSIS: Meta-analysis of the frequency of implausible values and 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated. Heterogeneity (I2) and publication bias were examined by meta-regression and funnel plot, respectively. RESULTS: In the qualitative synthesis, 123 reports from 104 studies were included, and in the quantitative synthesis, 23 studies of weight and 14 studies of height were included. The study reports were published between 1980 and 2022. The frequency of implausible values for weight was 0.55% (95%CI, 0.29-0.91) and for height was 1.20% (95%CI, 0.44-2.33). Heterogeneity was not affected by the methodological quality score of the studies and publication bias was discarded. CONCLUSIONS: Height had twice the frequency of implausible values compared with weight. Using a set of indicators of quality to evaluate anthropometric data is better than using indicators singly. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020208977.

Recommended Antibiotic Dosage Regimens in Critically Ill Patients with Augmented Renal Clearance: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is common in critically ill patients and may lead to subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics, thus influencing clinical outcomes and emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of this systematic review was to search the literature for recommendations concerning dosage adjustment for antibiotics administered to critically ill patients with ARC. METHODS: A search of three electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane) was conducted from inception until the end of March 2021, using terms related to: 1) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), 2) antibiotic, 3) ARC and 4) critically ill. Two reviewers searched for relevant data and included studies suggesting specific doses for critically ill patients with ARC. RESULTS: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Dosage recommendations were found for 18 antibiotics. Differences were found in population characteristics, ARC definition, creatinine clearance (CLCR) determination method, PK methodology and definition of PK/PD targets. Cut-off values for CLCR ranged 120-240 mL/min; the most frequently employed method to define CLCR was Cockcroft-Gault estimation; and 83% of studies used population PK models to predict dosing regimens. All antibiotics, except three, needed upward dosing and/or infusion modality adjustments to reach PK/PD targets. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of high-quality studies and high heterogeneity, incremental dosing adjustment of antibiotics was frequently needed for critically ill patients with ARC to achieve the desired PK/PD targets. More research is needed to enlarge the number of antibiotics with recommendations for ARC and to validate current suggestions based on mathematical models in a clinical scenario.

Lupus-like nephritis with positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and negative antinuclear antibodies.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are associated with small vessel vasculitis but their prevalence is not rare in other immune diseases. In lupus nephritis (LN), their pathological role and clinical relevance have been the target of controversial views. We present a case of acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome in a young woman with diffuse global proliferative and membranous nephritis on her kidney biopsy, showing a full-house immunofluorescence pattern, very allusive of class IV + V LN, but lacking associated clinical criteria and laboratory findings to support the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, the patient presented with high titers of ANCA, steadily decreasing alongside the renal function and proteinuria improvements, with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and steroid treatment. The authors believe this is a case of lupus-like nephritis, in which ANCAs are immunological markers, although they are not directly involved in the pathogenesis.

[BMI variation, dietary patterns and physical activity among adults aged 21-44 years]. / Variação de IMC, padrões alimentares e atividade física entre adultos de 21 a 44 anos.

The scope of this article is to describe the association between BMI variation, eating patterns and physical activity among adults between 21 and 44 years of age from 2007 to 2012. It is a cross-sectional study using the VIGITEL database. Eating patterns were identified with Principal Components Analysis for the period from 2007 to 2012. Components with eigenvalues >1.0 were retained and factor loadings greater than |0.3| were highlighted. For each individual, a score was calculated per pattern. The Body Mass Index (ΔBMI) difference variable was then created. Linear regression with ΔBMI outcome and Poisson regression with obesity outcomes were conducted. Four eating patterns were retained: Prudent, Transition, Western and Traditional. After multivariate adjustment, ΔBMI was inversely associated with the habit of leisure-time physical activity. Obesity revealed a positive association with the Western pattern, watching television ≥3 hours a day and physical inactivity. Obesity was inversely associated with the Prudent pattern, the Traditional pattern, the practice of leisure-time physical activity and the habit of physical activity at work. Eating patterns based on unprocessed and minimally processed foods and practice of physical activity are protective factors against obesity.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a associação entre variação de IMC, padrões alimentares e atividade física entre adultos de 21 a 44 anos no período de 2007 a 2012. Estudo transversal com a base de dados do VIGITEL. Padrões alimentares foram identificados com Análise de Principais Componentes para o período de 2007 a 2012. Componentes com autovalores >1,0 foram retidos e cargas fatoriais superiores a |0,3| foram destacadas. Para cada indivíduo, um escore foi calculado por padrão. Em seguida foi criada variável de diferença do Índice de Massa Corporal (ΔIMC). Regressão linear com desfecho ΔIMC e regressão de Poisson com desfecho obesidade foram conduzidas. Quatro padrões alimentares foram retidos: Prudente, Transição, Ocidental e Tradicional. Após ajuste multivariável, ΔIMC mostrou-se inversamente associada à prática de atividade física no lazer. Obesidade apresentou associação positiva com padrão Ocidental, assistir à televisão ≥3 horas por dia e inatividade física. Obesidade mostrou-se inversamente associada com padrão Prudente, padrão Tradicional, prática de atividade física no lazer e prática de atividade física no trabalho. Padrões alimentares baseados em alimentos in natura e minimamente processados e prática de atividade física constituem fatores de proteção para a obesidade.

[Predictive Mean Matching as an alternative imputation method to hot deck in Vigitel]. / Predictive Mean Matching como método de imputação alternativo ao hot deck no Vigitel.

This study aimed to describe the estimated means for weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) according to two imputation methods, using data from Vigitel (Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview). This was a cross-sectional study that used secondary data from the Vigitel survey from 2006 to 2017. The two imputation methods used in the study were hot deck and Predictive Mean Matching (PMM). The weight and height variables imputed by hot deck were provided by Vigitel. Two models were conducted with PMM: (i) explanatory variables - city, sex, age in years, race/color, and schooling; (ii) explanatory variables - city, sex, and age in years. Weight and height were the outcome variables in the two models. PMM combines linear regression and random selection of the value for imputation. Linear prediction is used as a measure of distance between the missing value and the possible donors, thereby creating the virtual space with the candidate cases for yielding the value for imputation. One of the candidates from the pool is randomly selected, and its value is assigned to the missing unit. BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height squared. The result shows the means and standard deviations for weight, height, and BMI according to imputation method and year. The estimates used the survey module from Stata, which considers the sampling effects. The mean values for weight, height, and BMI estimated by hot deck and PMM were similar. The results with the Vigitel data suggest the applicability of PMM to the set of health surveys.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a estimativa das médias de peso, altura e índice de massa corporal (IMC) segundo dois métodos de imputação, usando dados do Vigitel (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico). O delineamento do estudo é transversal e utilizaram-se dados secundários do Vigitel do período de 2006 a 2017. Os dois métodos para imputação utilizados no estudo foram hot deck e Predictive Mean Matching (PMM). As variáveis peso e altura imputadas por hot deck foram disponibilizadas pelo Vigitel. Dois modelos foram conduzidos com a utilização da PMM: (i) variáveis explicativas - cidade, sexo, idade em anos, raça/cor e escolaridade; (ii) variáveis explicativas - cidade, sexo e idade em anos. Nos dois modelos, as variáveis peso e altura foram as variáveis de desfecho. Na PMM, combinam-se regressão linear e seleção aleatória de valor para imputação. A predição linear é usada como medida de distância entre o valor faltante e os seus possíveis doadores e, com isso, se cria o espaço virtual com os casos candidatos a ceder o valor para imputação. Um dos candidatos do pool é aleatoriamente selecionado, e o seu valor é atribuído à unidade faltante. O IMC foi calculado por meio da divisão do peso em quilogramas pela altura ao quadrado. Nos resultados, apresentamos as médias e erros-padrão de peso, altura e IMC, segundo método de imputação e ano de monitoramento. Nas estimativas, utilizou-se o módulo survey do Stata, que considera os efeitos da amostragem. Observou-se que os valores médios de peso, altura e IMC estimados por hot deck e PMM são similares. Os resultados com os dados do Vigitel sugerem a aplicabilidade do PMM ao conjunto dos inquéritos de saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la estimación de medias de peso, altura e índice de masa corporal (IMC), según dos métodos de imputación, usando datos del Vigitel (Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica). El diseño del estudio es transversal y se utilizaron datos secundarios de Vigitel, durante el período de 2006 a 2017. Los dos métodos para la imputación utilizados en el estudio fueron hot deck y Predictive Mean Matching (PMM). Las variables peso y altura imputadas por hot deck se recabaron de Vigitel. Se realizaron dos modelos con la utilización de la PMM: (i) variables explicativas -ciudad, sexo, edad en años, raza/color y escolaridad; (ii) variables explicativas -ciudad, sexo y edad en años. En los dos modelos, las variables peso y altura fueron las variables de desenlace. En la PMM, se combinan regresión lineal y selección aleatoria de valor para imputación. La predicción lineal es usada como medida de distancia entre el valor faltante y sus posibles donadores y, de este modo, se crea el espacio virtual con los casos candidatos de ceder su valor para la imputación. Uno de los candidatos del pool se selecciona aleatoriamente, y su valor es atribuido a la unidad faltante. El IMC se calculó mediante la división del peso en kilogramos por la altura al cuadrado. En los resultados, presentamos las medias y errores-patrón de peso, altura e IMC, según el método de imputación y año de seguimiento. En las estimaciones, se utilizó el módulo de encuesta del Stata, que considera los efectos de la muestra. Se observó que los valores medios de peso, altura e IMC estimados por hot deck y PMM son similares. Los resultados con los datos del Vigitel sugieren la aplicabilidad del PMM al conjunto de las investigaciones de salud.

Trend in dietary patterns among adults from Brazilian state capitals. / Tendência de padrões alimentares entre adultos das capitais brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the trend in dietary patterns followed by the adult population aged 18 to 44 years living in Brazilian state capitals between 2007 and 2012. METHODS: We identified dietary patterns using the principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis retained components with eigenvalues >1.0 and highlighted factor loadings (FLs) >|0.2|. After the identification of four patterns, they received standardized scores with zero mean. The mean scores were presented for each pattern according to gender, age group, schooling, and year of data collection. We estimated the temporal variation of the mean scores of the patterns by linear regression. RESULTS: We identified four dietary patterns in the population: prudent, transition, western, and traditional. We found an increasing trend in the mean score of the patterns: prudent, western, and traditional and a reduced mean score in the transition pattern. Individuals with better education showed greater adherence to the prudent pattern. Less-educated individuals presented higher adherence to the western and traditional patterns. CONCLUSION: Public policies targeting the population with lower schooling and men are necessary due to their greater adherence to unhealthy dietary patterns.

Multivariate estimate of eating patterns: is the whole different from the parts? / Estimativa multivariada de padrões alimentares: o todo é diferente da reunião das partes?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the correlations between eating patterns for the years 2007 to 2012, and for each year of the period from 2007 to 2012. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with data from the System of Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors to Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey with the selection of 167,761 individuals aged 18 to 44 years old. Eating patterns were identified with a Principal Component Analysis. To compare the effects of the extraction and the estimate of eating patterns among different surveys we conducted the following analyzes: in the first, we used the total data set for the years from 2007 to 2012; in the second, the patterns were estimated in each annual set of data for the period from 2007 to 2012. Steps 1 and 2 were performed with no rotation, with Varimax rotation and with Promax rotation. After extracting the patterns, standardized scores with zero mean were generated for each pattern. The association between the patterns generated in the analyzes was estimated by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: In the non-rotated analyzes, the components retained in the set presented correlations that were higher than 0.90, with the retained patterns in each year. In the rotated analyzes, only the first component had correlations that were higher than 0.90. CONCLUSION: Estimates of eating patterns either segmented - year by year - or in general - all of the years - showed high correlation and consistency between the patterns identified when in the same data pool.

Rituximab use in adult glomerulopathies and its rationale.

Glomerulopathies are one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. In the last years, clinical research has made significant contributions to the understanding of such conditions. Recently, rituximab (RTX) has appeared as a reasonably safe treatment. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines (KDIGO) recommended RTX only as initial treatment in antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis (AAV) and in non-responders patients with lupus nephritis (LN), but these guidelines have not been updated since 2012. Nowadays, RTX seems to be at least as effective as other immunosuppressive regimens in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). In minimal-change disease, (MCD) this drug might allow a long-lasting remission period in steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing patients. Preliminary results support the use of RTX in patients with pure membranous LN and immunoglobulin-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), but not in patients with class III/IV LN or complement-mediated MPGN. No conclusion can be drawn in idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM GN) because studies are small, heterogeneous, and scarce. Lastly, immunosuppression including RTX is not particularly useful in IgA nephropathy. This review presents the general background, outcomes, and safety for RTX treatment in different glomerulopathies. In this regard, we describe randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed in adults, whenever possible. A literature search was performed using clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed.

[Burnt children care procedure: experience in family]. / Processo de cuidar da criança queimada: vivência de familiares.

This study aimed to describe the family experience in the care of the child who got burnt. An exploratory study was conducted in a hospital emergency room in the city of João Pessoa - PB, with ten companions of hospitalized burnt children. The results showed that the thermal agents were the biggest cause of children's burns. The speech of the participants shows that most accidents occurred in the presence of the caregiver, point out some wrong procedures after the accident, while some consider the experience of taking care of burnt children as negative, so highlighting the need for guidance of population as a whole and participation in the care of the burnt child.

Qualidade de dados antropométricos de crianças menores de 5 anos no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, 2008-2020 / Quality of anthropometric data of children under 5 years in the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2020 / Calidad de datos antropométricos de niños menores de 5 años en el Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional, 2008-2020

O planejamento, o monitoramento e a avaliação das ações de alimentação e nutrição dependem de estimativas confiáveis realizadas a partir de dados antropométricos de qualidade adequada. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade de dados antropométricos de crianças menores de 5 anos no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) no período de 2008 a 2020. A amostra compreendeu 23.453.620 crianças menores de 5 anos. Inicialmente, avaliamos a distribuição de valores faltantes e de valores fora do espectro do equipamento e calculamos o índice de preferência de dígito para peso e altura. Os índices nutricionais altura para idade (A-I), peso para idade (P-I) e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC-I) foram calculados com a utilização do padrão de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde, de 2006. Em seguida, sinalizamos os valores biologicamente implausíveis (VBI) e calculamos o desvio padrão (DP) dos índices nutricionais. Para cada município, calculamos a média e o DP de A-I e P-I e plotamos os valores de DP em função da média. Em todas as Unidades Federativas, o índice de preferência de dígito alcançou valor mínimo de 80 para altura e 20 para peso. Para os três índices nutricionais, houve redução da frequência de VBI no período de 2008 a 2020. Mesmo após a exclusão dos VBI, identificamos elevada variabilidade para os três índices nutricionais. Os indicadores avaliados demonstraram baixa qualidade da mensuração principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Nossos resultados indicam qualidade insuficiente dos dados antropométricos em crianças menores de 5 anos e reforçam a necessidade de investimento em ações para o aprimoramento da coleta e do registro das informações antropométricas.

The planning, monitoring, and evaluation of food and nutrition actions depend on reliable estimates based on adequate anthropometric data. The study aimed to analyze the quality of anthropometric data of children aged under 5 years in the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2020. The sample comprised 23,453,620 children aged under 5 years. Initially, we evaluated the distribution of missing values and values outside the spectrum of the instrument, and calculated the digit preference index for weight and height. The nutritional indexes height for age (HAZ), weight for age (WAZ), and body mass index for age (BAZ) were calculated according to the World Health Organization 2006 child growth standards. Then, we identified the biologically implausible values (BIV) and calculated the standard deviation (SD) of the nutritional indexes. For each municipality, we calculated the mean and SD of HAZ and WAZ; and plotted the SD values as a function of the mean. In all Federative Units, the digit preference index reached a minimum value of 80 for height and 20 for weight. For the three nutritional indexes, there was a reduction in the frequency of BIV in the 2008-2020 period. Even after the exclusion of BIV, we identified high variability for the three nutritional indexes. The indicators evaluated showed low quality of measurement, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Our results indicate insufficient quality of anthropometric data in children aged under 5 years, and reinforce the need to invest in actions to improve the collection and recording of anthropometric information.

La planificación, monitoreo y evaluación de acciones de alimentación y nutrición dependen de estimaciones confiables realizadas a partir de datos antropométricos de calidad adecuada. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la calidad de datos antropométricos de niños menores de 5 años en el Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) entre los años 2008 y 2020. La muestra se compuso de 23.453.620 niños menores de 5 años. Al principio, evaluamos la distribución de valores faltantes y de valores fueras del espectro del equipo, y calculamos el índice de preferencia de dígito para peso y altura. Los índices nutricionales altura para edad (A-E), peso para edad (P-E) e índice de masa corporal para edad (IMC-E) se calcularon utilizando el patrón de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de 2006. Luego, indicamos los valores biológicamente inverosímiles (VBI) y calculamos la desviación estándar (DE) de los índices nutricionales. Para cada municipio, calculamos la media y la DE de A-E y P-E; y representamos los valores de DE en función de la media. En todas las Unidades Federativas, el índice de preferencia de dígito alcanzó el valor mínimo de 80 para altura y 20 para peso. Para los tres índices nutricionales, hubo una disminución de la frecuencia de VBI entre los años de 2008 y 2020. Incluso tras excluir los VBI, identificamos una alta variabilidad para los tres índices nutricionales. Los indicadores evaluados demostraron una baja calidad de medición, sobre todo en las regiones Norte y Nordeste. Nuestros resultados indican una calidad insuficiente de datos antropométricos en niños menores de 5 años y fortalecen la necesidad de inversión en acciones para mejorar la recolección y registro de las informaciones antropométricas.

Qualidade dos dados antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos em sistemas de informação no estado de São Paulo, Brasil / The quality of the anthropometric data on children under five years of age in information systems in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a qualidade dos dados antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos em dois sistemas de informação no estado de São Paulo. A amostra compreendeu 2.117.108 crianças do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) e 748.551 do Projeto Estadual do Leite (Vivaleite). Inicialmente, avaliamos a frequência de valores faltantes e fora do espectro do equipamento, e calculamos o índice de preferência de dígito para peso. Após calcular os índices de altura para idade (A-I), peso para idade (P-I) e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC-I), identificamos os valores biologicamente implausíveis (VBI) e calculamos o desvio-padrão (DP). Para cada município, calculamos a média e o DP de A-I, P-I e IMC-I; e plotamos os valores de DP em função da média. A preferência de dígito no peso foi maior em crianças de 24 a 59 meses no Sisvan. A frequência de VBI para A-I (SISVAN 2,56%; Vivaleite 0,98%) foi maior do que para P-I (Sisvan 2,10%; Vivaleite 0,18%). Para o índice A-I as variações entre os municípios foram mais acentuadas no Vivaleite do que no Sisvan. A variável altura apresentou baixa confiabilidade nos dois sistemas. A variável peso apresentou qualidade satisfatória no Vivaleite e insatisfatória no Sisvan.

Abstract This paper involves the analysis of the quality of anthropometric data on children under five years of age in two information systems in the State of São Paulo. The sample included 2,117,108 children from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), and 748,551 from the State Milk Project (VIVALEITE). Initially, we evaluated the frequency of missing values and others outside the equipment spectrum and calculated the digit-to-weight preference index. After calculating height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and body mass index-for-age (BAZ), we flagged the biologically implausible values (BIV) and calculated the standard deviation (SD). For each municipality, we calculated the mean and the SD of HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ; and plotted the SD values as a function of the mean. The digit-to-weight preference index was greater among children aged between 24 and 59 months in SISVAN. The frequency of BIV for HAZ (SISVAN 2.56%; VIVALEITE 0.98%) was higher than for WAZ (SISVAN 2.10%; VIVALEITE 0.18%). For HAZ, variations among municipalities were more pronounced in VIVALEITE than in SISVAN. The height variable presents low reliability in both systems. The weight variable reveals satisfactory quality in VIVALEITE and unsatisfactory quality in SISVAN.

Cecum perforation associated with a calcium polystyrene sulfonate bezoar - a rare entity.

Hyperkalemia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders, responsible for a high number of adverse outcomes, including life-threatening arrhythmias. Potassium binders are largely prescribed drugs used for hyperkalemia treatment but unfortunately, there are many adverse events associated with its use, mostly gastrointestinal. Identification of patients at highest risk for the serious complications associated with the current potassium binders, such as colon necrosis and perforation, could prevent fatal outcomes. The authors present a case of a 56-year-old man with secondary diabetes and chronic renal disease that was treated for hyperkalemia with Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate (CPS). He later presented with acute abdomen due to cecum perforation and underwent ileocecal resection but ultimately died from septic shock a week later. During surgery, a solid white mass was isolated in the lumen of the colon. The mass was identified as a CPS bezoar, a rare drug-mass formed in the gastrointestinal tract that contributed to the perforation. A previous history of partial gastrectomy and vagothomy was identified as a probable risk factor for the CPS bezoar development. Hopefully, the two new potassium binders patiromer and (ZS-9) Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate will help treat such high-risk patients, in the near future.

Nutritional status of Brazilian schoolchildren: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey 2015. / Estado nutricional de escolares adolescentes no Brasil: a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde dos Escolares 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity has increased in Brazil for all age groups. Overweight at the end of adolescence indicates a high probability of unhealthy weight in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To describe anthropometric data of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015 and its distribution according to geographic and socioeconomic strata. METHODS: Data from the PeNSE 2015 was used. The analysis sample consisted of adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old from public and private schools with available anthropometric data. Nutritional status was classified according to the body mass index, with reference values proposed by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). The prevalence estimates of underweight and overweight and their respective standard errors were presented. The association between anthropometric indicators and demographic or social characteristics of adolescents was estimated by odds ratio, and the respective 95% confidence intervals were presented. RESULTS: The prevalence of underweight was less than 3%. Elevated prevalence of overweight was observed in adolescents from the South region, from the urban area, from the lowest fifths of income, and those who declared themselves to be black or indigenous. In general, the prevalence of overweight was higher among adolescents attending private schools. CONCLUSION: Overweight is more frequent among adolescents from low-income strata. Besides being an indicator of nutritional status, overweight may indicate social inequality in Brazil.

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade é um problema crescente no Brasil em todos os grupos etários. Excesso de peso ao final da adolescência indica probabilidade elevada de peso não saudável na vida adulta. OBJETIVO: Descrever dados antropométricos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde dos Escolares (PeNSE) 2015 e sua distribuição segundo estratos geográficos e socioeconômicos. MÉTODOS: Dados da PeNSE 2015 foram utilizados. A amostra desta análise compreende adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 19 anos de escolas públicas e privadas com dados antropométricos disponíveis. O estado nutricional foi classificado segundo valores de referência para o índice de massa corporal (IMC), propostos pela International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). As estimativas das prevalências de déficit de peso e de excesso de peso e seus respectivos erros padrão foram apresentados. A associação entre os indicadores antropométricos e as características demográficas ou sociais dos adolescentes foi estimada por odds ratio e os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram apresentados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de déficit de peso foi inferior a 3%. As maiores prevalências de excesso de peso foram observadas em adolescentes que se declararam negros ou indígenas, da região sul, da área urbana e dos quintos mais baixos de renda. Em geral, a prevalência de excesso de peso foi maior entre adolescentes que frequentavam escolas privadas. CONCLUSÃO: O excesso de peso é mais frequente entre adolescentes dos estratos de baixa renda. Além de indicador do estado nutricional, o excesso de peso pode indicar desigualdade social no Brasil.

Lupus-like nephritis with positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and negative antinuclear antibodies / Nefrite semelhante à lúpica com anticorpos citoplasmáticos antineutrófilos positivos e anticorpos antinucleares negativos

Abstract Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are associated with small vessel vasculitis but their prevalence is not rare in other immune diseases. In lupus nephritis (LN), their pathological role and clinical relevance have been the target of controversial views. We present a case of acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome in a young woman with diffuse global proliferative and membranous nephritis on her kidney biopsy, showing a full-house immunofluorescence pattern, very allusive of class IV + V LN, but lacking associated clinical criteria and laboratory findings to support the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, the patient presented with high titers of ANCA, steadily decreasing alongside the renal function and proteinuria improvements, with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and steroid treatment. The authors believe this is a case of lupus-like nephritis, in which ANCAs are immunological markers, although they are not directly involved in the pathogenesis.

Resumo Os anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos (ANCAs) estão associados à vasculite de pequenos vasos, no entanto, a sua prevalência não é rara em outras doenças imunológicas. Na nefrite lúpica (LN), o seu papel patológico e relevância clínica têm sido alvo de pontos de vista controversos. Apresentamos um caso de lesão renal aguda e síndrome nefrótica em uma jovem com nefrite proliferativa difusa e membranosa em sua biópsia renal, muito alusivo a NL classe IV + V, com um padrão full house na imunofluorescência, mas sem critérios clínicos e achados laboratoriais para corroborar o diagnóstico de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Não obstante, a paciente apresentou títulos elevados de ANCA, que diminuiram progressivamente com a melhoria da função renal e da proteinúria, após tratamento com micofenolato de mofetil (MMF) e esteróide. Os autores acreditam que se trata de um caso de nefrite semelhante à nefrite lúpica, em que os ANCAs são marcadores imunológicos, embora não estejam diretamente envolvidos na patogênese.