Adrenergic modulation of migration, CD11b and CD18 expression, ROS and interleukin-8 production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

OBJECTIVES: Adrenergic modulation of immunity has been extensively characterized, however, few information exist regarding polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), despite their key role in immunity and inflammation. We investigated the effect of adrenergic agents on human PMN migration, CD11b and CD18 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin (IL)-8 production, and on adrenoceptor (AR) expression. METHODS: Migration was measured by the Boyden chamber assay, CD11b/CD18 expression was assessed by flow cytometry, intracellular ROS were detected by spectrofluorimetry, and IL-8 was quantitated by standard ELISA assay. AR mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR and PMN morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Adrenaline(A), noradrenaline and the ß-AR agonist isoprenaline reduced N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and ROS production, without affecting IL-8. The effect of A on CD11b was antagonized by yohimbine and propranolol, and increased by prazosin. The effect on ROS production was completely abolished by propranolol. PMN expressed α(1A)-, α(1B)-, α(1D)-, α(2A)-, α(2C)-, ß(1)-, ß(2)-, and ß(3)-AR mRNA. A prevented fMLP-induced morphological changes of PMN. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenergic agents reduced PMN responses mainly through ß-AR, although α-AR may contribute at least to CD11b expression. AR-operated pathways in PMN should be investigated in disease conditions and in the response to therapeutic agents.

ß2 -Adrenoceptors inhibit neutrophil extracellular traps in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

This study tests the hypothesis that in isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) adrenergic ligands can affect neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We have previously shown that, in PMN, adrenaline (A), through the activation of adrenergic receptors (AR), reduces stimulus-dependent cell activation; we have, therefore, planned to investigate if AR are involved in NET production. PMN were obtained from venous blood of healthy subject. The ability of adrenergic ligands to affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NET production, and cell migration was investigated in cells cultured under resting conditions or after activation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), LPS, or IL-8. Stimuli-induced NET production measured as ROS, microscopic evaluation, and elastase production was reverted by A and this effect was blocked by the selective ß2 -AR antagonist ICI-118,551. The stimulus-induced ROS generation and migration was prevented by A and by isoprenaline (ISO), and these effects were counteracted only by ICI-118,551 and not by the other two selective ligands for the ß1 and ß3 -AR. Finally, the presence of the ß-ARs on PMN was confirmed, by means of microscopy and flow cytometry. The data of the present study suggest that adrenergic compounds, through the interaction of mainly ß2 -AR, are able to affect neutrophil functions. These data are suggestive of a possible therapeutic role of ß2 -AR ligands (in addition to their classical use), promoting the possible therapeutic relevance of adrenergic system in the modulation of innate immunity proposing their possible use as anti-inflammatory drugs.

Characterization of human leukocyte-HUVEC adhesion: Effect of cell preparation methods.

OBJECTIVE: Sample manipulation to obtain isolated granulocytes represents a key, and often necessary, step in the in vitro studies. We investigated by the means of flow cytometry and microscopic techniques (both optical microscopy [OM] and scanning electron microscopy [SEM]), the granulocyte-endothelium adhesion and the role of sample manipulation. METHODS: By means of a co-culture method, we have analysed the adhesion of human leukocytes, originated from two different blood samples (fresh venous blood [FB] and buffy coat [BC]), to the human umbilical venous endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayer. Cultured HUVEC were analysed for adhesion molecule expression by means of flow cytometry, while the morphological changes were evaluated by means of SEM. Cell adhesion was evaluated by means of flow cytometry and both OM and SEM. RESULTS: HUVEC expressed under resting conditions the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin and their expression was upregulated by stimulation with TNF-α (0.1-10ng/ml) as well as with LPS (1µg/ml). SEM analysis showed that stimulation with both stimuli profoundly affect cell morphology. Flow cytometric evaluation of cell adhesion showed that the ability of cells to adhere to HUVEC monolayer was quite different in the two preparations, with the lowest adhesion for FB in all the cell subsets analysed. Finally, isolated granulocytes were able to adhere to HUVEC monolayer more than cells identified in FB or BC and the adhesion was increased during activation of HUVEC with 10ng/ml of TNF-α. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that cell manipulation necessary for the isolation of specific immune cells from whole blood profoundly affect the ability of these cells to adhere to the HUVEC monolayer although their functional properties remain unchanged.

Correction: Production of IL-8, VEGF and Elastase by Circulating and Intraplaque Neutrophils in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124565.].

Adrenergic regulation of innate immunity: a review.

The sympathetic nervous system has a major role in the brain-immune cross-talk, but few information exist on the sympathoadrenergic regulation of innate immune system. The aim of this review is to summarize available knowledge regarding the sympathetic modulation of the innate immune response, providing a rational background for the possible repurposing of adrenergic drugs as immunomodulating agents. The cells of immune system express adrenoceptors (AR), which represent the target for noradrenaline and adrenaline. In human neutrophils, adrenaline and noradrenaline inhibit migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and oxidative metabolism, possibly through ß-AR, although the role of α1- and α2-AR requires further investigation. Natural Killer express ß-AR, which are usually inhibitory. Monocytes express ß-AR and their activation is usually antiinflammatory. On murine Dentritic cells (DC), ß-AR mediate sympathetic influence on DC-T cells interactions. In human DC ß2-AR may affect Th1/2 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. In microglia and in astrocytes, ß2-AR dysregulation may contribute to neuroinflammation in autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease. In conclusion, extensive evidence supports a critical role for adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of innate immunity, in peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS. Sympathoadrenergic pathways in the innate immune system may represent novel antiinflammatory and immunomodulating targets with significant therapeutic potential.

Production of IL-8, VEGF and Elastase by Circulating and Intraplaque Neutrophils in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in atherosclerotic plaques have been identified only recently, and their contribution to plaque development is not yet fully understood. In this study, production of elastase, interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by PMN was investigated in subjects with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: The study enrolled 50 patients (Pts) and 10 healthy subjects (HS). Circulating PMN (cPMN) isolated from venous blood (in both Pts and HS) and from plaques (pPMN, in Pts) were cultured, alone or with 0.1 µM fMLP. Elastase, IL-8 and VEGF mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR. In CEA specimens, PMN were localized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In both Pts cPMN and pPMN, IL-8 mRNA was higher at rest but lower after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), and VEGF mRNA was higher both at rest and after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), while elastase mRNA was not significantly different. On the contrary, protein production was always higher in cPMN of HS with respect to values measured in cells of Pts. In CEA specimens, CD66b+ cells localized to areas with massive plaque formation close to neovessels. Pts with soft and mix plaques, as defined by computed tomography, did not differ in cPMN or pPMN IL-8, VEGF or elastase mRNA, or in intraplaque CD66b+ cell density. However, Pts with soft plaques had higher white blood cell count due to increased PMN. CONCLUSIONS: In Pts with carotid plaques, both circulating and intraplaque PMN produce IL-8, VEGF and elastase, which are crucial for plaque development and progression. These findings suggest mechanistic explanations to the reported correlation between PMN count and cardiovascular mortality in carotid ATH.