Changes in leptin, serotonin, and cortisol after eight weeks of aerobic exercise with probiotic intake in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common non-traumatic neurological cause of disability in young adults. Physical activity, particularly exercise training, is an evidence-based approach to managing symptoms, restoring function, and improving overall wellness in people with MS. As well, the use of probiotics can be effective in reducing the damage from inflammation in MS patients. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to address changes in leptin, serotonin, and cortisol following eight weeks of aerobic exercise along with probiotic intake in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model of MS. METHODS: Mice were exposed to cuprizone for 12 weeks. After 5 weeks, beam and performance tests were performed on them. The mice (n = 5 per group) were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), MS, MS with exercise (MS + Exe), MS with probiotic (MS + Prob), and MS with probiotic and exercise (MS + Prob + Exe). Exercise groups performed aerobic exercises 5 days a week, 10 min in the first week, 20 min in the second week, and 30 min daily in the third week until the eighth week. In the probiotic groups, the mice received probiotic by gavage. They were sacrificed after 3 months. Biochemical and molecular biology analyses were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that leptin gene expression values in the MS + Prob + Exe, MS + Prob, and MS + Exe groups showed a decrease compared to the MS group, but the reduction was not significant (p > 0.05). Also, the leptin Elisa test in these intervention groups showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05). The serotonin gene expression values in the MS + Prob + Exe, MS + Prob, and MS + Exe groups were increased compared to the MS group, but the increase was not significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the serotonin Elisa test in these intervention groups showed a significant increase (P < 0.05). The cortisol Elisa test values in the MS + Exe and MS + Prob groups exhibited a decrease compared to the MS group, but the reduction was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Overall, these results suggest that lifestyle interventions can be effective in improving pathological factors in patients with MS.

The Effect of Aerobic Training With the Consumption of Probiotics on the Myelination of Nerve Fibers in Cuprizone-induced Demyelination Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Introduction: Extensive human and animal research shows that exercise has beneficial effects on multiple clinical outcomes for patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). This research was conducted to examine the effect of aerobic exercise with probiotic consumption on the myelination of nerve fibers in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model of MS. Methods: Rats exposed to cuprizone (CPZ) for 13 weeks were subjected to motor and balance tests in week 5. They (5 people in each group) were assigned to five groups of control (C), MS, MS with exercise (MS+Exe), MS with probiotic (MS+Pro), and MS with probiotic and exercise (MS+Pro+Exe) randomly. The exercise groups conducted aerobic exercises 5 days a week for 60 days. The rats received probiotics by gavage. Performance and balance tests were repeated when the eight-week protocol of exercise and probiotic consumption was finished. One day after these interventions, they were sacrificed to undergo biochemical and molecular biology assays. Results: The results showed that Myelin basic protein (MBP) was increased in the MS+Pro+Exe, MS+Pro, and MS+Exe compared to the MS group (P<0.05).The nestin mRNA showed an increase in MS+Pro+Exe, MS+Exe, and MS+Pro groups compared to the MS group, but this increase was not significant in MS+Pro+Exe and MS+Exe groups compared to the control and MS groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, lifestyle interventions can effectively alleviate demyelinating-inflammatory processes that happen in the brains of MS patients.

Effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on inflammatory factors and growth hormones in children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training is a major factor in controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. The present study aimed to assess the effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on selected inflammatory factors and hormones related to blood glucose homeostasis in children with T1DM. METHODS: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 children (with the mean age of 11.11 ± 2.29 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental (N = 20) or control group (N = 20). They underwent a 16-week training program, composed of concurrent resistance-aerobic training performed intermittently for 60 min three times a week. Before and after training, blood samples were analyzed for glucose homeostasis, selected inflammatory factors, and growth factors. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in IBM SPSS version 22. RESULTS: The exercise training intervention reduced fasting blood sugar index (P = 0.002) and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly (P = 0.003). The growth hormone levels were increased significantly only in the experimental group (P = 0.037), whereas no significant difference was noted in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (P = 0.712). It was also found that interleukin-1ß and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not change in the experimental or control group as compared to the pretest (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: As it was shown, it seems that concurrent resistance-aerobic training may improve blood glucose homeostasis and growth hormone. Therefore, these findings may suggest the benefit from exercise training of moderate intensity in children with T1DM. Besides, we recommend undertaking further clinical trials to determine if the exercise training was effective. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials under the code IRCT20150531022498N30: https://en.irct.ir/trial/41031 . Registered on July 26, 2019. All experiments on the participants were following the Declaration of Helsinki.

Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Social Behavior in Rats Exposed to Thimerosal with Respect to the Hippocampal Level of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B.

Thimerosal (THIM) kills brain neurons via induction of apoptosis and necrosis and induces the pathological features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats. THIM also affects the function of glutamatergic receptors. On the other hand, exercise induces both improvement and impairment effects on memory, depending on intensity, type, and duration. Treadmill exercise can also alter the expression of glutamatergic receptors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of THIM and three protocols of treadmill exercise on social interaction memory and hippocampal expression of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B in rats. THIM was injected intramuscularly at the dose of 300 µg/kg. The three-chamber apparatus was used to evaluate social interaction memory, and western blotting was used to assess protein expression. The results showed that THIM impaired social memory. Exercise 1 impaired social affiliation in controls. Social memory was impaired in all exercise groups of controls. Exercise 1 + 2 impaired social affiliation in THIM rats. Social memory was impaired in all groups of THIM rats. Exercises 2 and 1 + 2 decreased the expression of GluN1, and exercise 1 increased the expression of GluN2A and GluN2B in controls. THIM increased the expression of GluN2B, while exercise 1 reversed this effect. All exercise protocols increased the expression of GluN2A, and exercises 2 and 1 + 2 increased the expression of GluN1 in THIM rats. In conclusion, both THIM and exercise impaired social memory. Of note, the results did not show a separate and influential role for glutamatergic subunits in modulating memory processes following THIM injection or exercise.

Treadmill Exercise Improves Stereotypical Behaviors in Autistic Rats: Treadmill Exercise Improves ASD.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is identified by developmental deficits that lead to repetitive/stereotypic patterns of behavior and impaired social interactions. Studies have been indicated that exercise can decrease stereotypic behaviors in animal models of ASD. This research was designed to discover the effects of different models of forced exercise on stereotypical behaviors in a rat model of ASD induced by thimerosal (THIM). Materials and Methods: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. The rats were received saline (1 ml/kg) or THIM (300 µg Hg/kg) by four intramuscular injections on 7, 9, 11, and 15 postnatal days. The rats were also treated by several protocols of treadmill exercise, including non-sedentary, sedentary, protocol 1, protocol 2, and a combination of protocols 1 and 2. Results: Our study showed that THIM decreased the grooming time compared to the control group. Moreover, protocol 2 exercise significantly decreased grooming time in stranger zone 2 compared to the THIM group. Conclusions: Our results showed that stereotypical behaviors exaggerated by THIM and moderate exercise could improve ASD-associated behaviors in the THIM-treated rats. Hence, moderate exercise may be a useful protocol for the treatment of ASD.

The effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on serum cortisol level, anxiety, and quality of life in pediatric type 1 diabetes.

Background Given the importance of anxiety and quality of life for the mental health of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), exercise prescription can be of crucial significance. The present study aims to explore the effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on serum cortisol level, anxiety, and quality of life among pediatric T1D. Methods Forty children (aged 8-14 years) were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control groups (n = 20) for 16 weeks. The exercise training program was composed of 16 weeks of interval concurrent resistance-aerobic training with a duration of 60 min performed three times a week. The subjects first performed the resistance training (20 min of Pilates exercises and 20 min of body weight-bearing exercises). Then, the aerobic exercises were performed with an intensity of 50-75% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the training, blood tests including cortisol were carried out on the subjects by RIA kit. Anxiety and quality of life were measured by the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL), respectively. Body composition was measured by InBody. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t-test at p < 0.05 significance level. Results Sixteen weeks of concurrent resistance-aerobic exercise significantly reduced the anxiety index (p = 0.001) and increased the quality of life (p = 0.003). Although the cortisol index was increased, it did not reveal any significant differences between the experimental and control groups (p = 0.781). No significant differences were observed in the indices of quality of life, anxiety, and cortisol in the control group. Conclusions A 16-week program of concurrent resistance-aerobic training can improve the quality of life and anxiety among children suffering from T1D, but it may not influence the cortisol level (p > 0.05).

The effect of concurrent aerobic-resistance training on thyroid hormones, blood glucose hemostasis, and blood lipid indices in overweight girls with hypothyroidism.

Background The present study aimed to explore the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent aerobic-resistance training on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), blood lipid profile, and blood glucose hemostasis in adolescent girls with hypothyroidism. Materials and methods In this clinical trial, 20 adolescent girls with hypothyroidism [age: 12.10 ± 1.94 years; body mass index (BMI): 25.25 ± 2.91 kg/m2] were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated with 8 weeks of concurrent aerobic [60-80% heart rate reserve (HHR)] and resistance (40-65% of 1RM) training. Blood was sampled before and after training. Data were analyzed using a pairwise t-test and an independent t-test (α < 0.05). Results Within-group comparison revealed significant decline of body index, BMI, fat percentage, fasting blood sugar, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) in the experimental group (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.03, and p = 0.02, respectively). Also, inter-group comparisons indicated significant differences in weight, BMI, fat percentage and HOMA (p = 0.001). But, no significant difference was observed in the blood sugar index (p > 0.05). Conclusion A short-term period of concurrent aerobic-resistance training may improve blood glucose hemostasis and body composition of adolescent girls with hypothyroidism. However, further research is necessary.

The Effect of Aerobic Training and Green Tea Supplementation on Cardio Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Females: A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: The use of exercise along with green tea supplements has been shown to have beneficial effects on obesity and its complications. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at exploring the effect of aerobic training (AT) and green tea (GT) supplementation on body composition, blood lipids, blood glucose, and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese females. METHODS: Thirty-nine healthy non-athlete overweight and obese females with an average age of 28.11 ± 6.50 years were sampled and randomly assigned to control (n = 13), AT (n = 13), and AT + GT (n = 13). Participants of the latter group received 33 mg of green tea after each main meal every day, and in addition, they were subjected to AT for eight weeks, including three 90-minute training sessions that were progressive, reaching 80% of the target heart rate (THR). Blood samples were taken from participants one week before the initiation of the study and 48 hours after the last training session. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, body weight, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) significantly decreased in the groups treated with AT and AT + GT (P < 0.05). However, no significant changes occurred in FBS, HDL, TC, and WHR (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AT was effective in modifying cardiovascular risk factors, e.g. hypertension, heart rate (HR), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, GT addition was not effective. Considering Iranians' high tendency towards the consumption of plant materials, this finding needs further investigation.

Effect of Circuit Resistance Training on Glycemic Control of Females with Diabetes Type II.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess effects of circuit resistance training (CRT) on glycemic control of females with Type II diabetes. METHODS: Twenty obese and overweight females with diabetes Type II were randomly selected in two groups (circuit resistance exercise and control). CRT performed in 3 days/week for 3 months, and the serum and body parameters were assessed. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test in SPSS version 19. RESULTS: Mean age in the CRT and control group was 50.2 ± 4.89 years and 51.3 ± 6.63 years, respectively. Results showed significant changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and subcutaneous fat were noted in the CRT group (P = 0.04, P = 0.002, respectively). Also, findings indicated higher HbA1c in CRT group after intervention in comparison with controls and results showed a significant difference (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: According to the positive effect of CRT, it seems that can be recommended for patients with diabetes Type II.

The effects of eight weeks selected aerobic exercises on sleep quality of middle-aged non-athlete females.

BACKGROUND: Sleep is considered as one of the most important factors, directly influencing mental and physical health components. In the last decade, low sleep quality - i.e. poor sleep - has become one of the major problems of the individuals, especially in middle-aged women. Low quality sleep also directly influences memory, functional components, nutrition, and mood. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to detect the effect of selected aerobic exercises on sleep quality in non-athlete middle-aged women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen non-athlete middle-aged women participated in this study, all of them suffered from insomnia. Pittsburgh questionnaire was used for determining sleep quality in this sample. Four indices including sleep duration, sleep disturbance, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency have been investigated through this. The period of exercises included eight weeks, three one-hour sessions each week. The sample group was trained during eight weeks through performance of selected aerobic exercises including three groups: sequential movements equip mental movement and movements on the pad. The selected protocol included performance of exercises: 10 minutes for warm up, 10 minutes for sequential movements, 20 minutes for movements by using equipment, 15 minutes for movements performed on the pad, and 5 minutes for cooling down. The exercises during the first four weeks have been presented with 60% increase of the heart rate, and 75% increase during the second four weeks. The sample group was provided with Pittsburgh questionnaire at the beginning of the exercises and the end of each week. The information of each person was registered. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean of sleep duration, sleep disturbance, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency indices significantly reduced 32%, 22%, 30%, 14% and 36%, respectively. The results also showed that the trend of changes in sleep duration, sleep disturbance, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency indices had significant descending trend. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that eight weeks of aerobic exercises can significantly increase sleep quality in middle-aged women.

Effect of cardiac rehabilitation program on exercise capacity in women undergoing coronary artery bypass graft in hamadan-iran.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) on exercise capacity and rate pressure product (RPP) in Iranian female patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Hamadan, Iran. METHODS: Sixty women after CABG were assigned into an exercise group (n = 30, mean age 58.5 ± 10.8 years), who performed physical training for 12 weeks, or a control group (n = 30, mean age 59.3 ± 8.6 years) who received usual care. Functional capacity and RPP were evaluated by six minute walking test (6MWT) and exercise test. RESULTS: In comparison to before training, significant increases of estimated exercise capacity (10.72 ± 1.30 vs. 7.72 ± 1.6 MET's, respectively) as well as 6MWT (556 ± 66.1 vs. 375.2 ± 28.1 meters, respectively) were observed in exercise group after 12 weeks training (P<0.001). Women increased their exercise duration time (464.6 ± 107.3 vs. 311.2 ± 101.7 seconds, respectively) by 49.2% and RPP (22361 ± 3206 vs. 20270 ± 2704.1, respectively) by 10.3% after training (P<0.001). However, no significant differences were found before and after CRP in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Women referred for rehabilitation have similar levels of compliance and improvement in exercise capacity and supply of oxygen to cardiac muscles (measured by peak myocardial oxygen consumption). After CRP, women demonstrated significant improvements in exercise duration time, 6MWT, RPP and supply of oxygen to cardiac muscles. CRP can play an important role in improving functional independence in women.