[Metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment in aging patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy].

The relationship between metabolic syndrome and its individual components, leptin levels and the severity of cognitive impairment in patients of different age with dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) and metabolic syndrome (MS) was studied. There were 503 patients aged 45-89 years with DE enrolled into the study, who were divided into two groups: patients without MS (n=198) and with MS (n=305). All patients were divided into three age subgroups. All patients underwent clinical-neurological examination, laboratory tests, high resolution B-mode ultrasound examination, MRI. Cognitive functions were assessed by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). In middle age and elderly patients a significant inverse relationship between the total score of MMSE and the level of blood pressure, blood glucose level was found. A direct significant correlation between blood pressure level and a total score of MMSE was revealed in senile patients. The duration of hypertension significantly influenced on the severity of cognitive impairment in patients of middle and old age. The results obtained indicate a definite relationship between the level of leptin in the blood of patients with MS and the state of their cognitive functions. The influence of leptin level on cognitive function in patients with the metabolic syndrome increases with age. Timely and adequate correction of blood pressure, blood glucose and triglycerides may have a positive effect on cognitive function in patients with MS.

[Age features of hemostatic system in people with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes carbohydrate metabolism disorders].

In pre-diabetes disorders in which pathogenesis the insulin resistance (IR) plays a leading role, the risk of thrombosis due to increased coagulation factors, decreased concentration of physiological anticoagulants and inhibition of fibrinolysis is increased. Similar changes in the hemostatic system with aging are observed. We investigated the characteristics of the hemostatic system in middle-aged and elderly people with IR in the absence and presence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). It is shown that IR in middle-aged and elderly people is accompanied by increased content of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, which may lead to potential inhibition of fibrinolysis. An indication of significant prothrombotic changes associated with IR in the elderly are reduced a clotting time of blood plasma in the APTT test and elevated levels of soluble fibrin and D-dimer. Intensity of these changes in the hemostatic system is enhanced in the presence of IGT. The results substantiate need for correction of hemostasis by reducing the IR.

[The tetrapeptide pankragen forte efficiency in elderly people with prediabetic state].

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of tetrapeptide pankragen-forte in older people with prediabetic state. A total of 150 healthy people of different ages, including 39 young people (20-39 years), 42 people. middle-aged (40-59 years) and 69 older adults (60 years and older). As a result of screening, 69 seniors were selected 12 patients with impaired glucose tolerance, which, for the correction of glucose metabolism used Pankragen-forte as follows: 500 mkg 2 times a day (morning and evening) for 4 weeks. All included surveyed was defined indicator of glycosylated hemoglobin, conducted a standard oral glucose tolerance test with determination of glucose, insulin in plasma glucose and venous blood at 30, 60 and 120 min after ingestion of 75 g glucose. Pro-insulin levels were determined in plasma, venous blood glucose and 30-min OGTT. Also calculated an index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda index) and functional activity of ß cells of the pancreas (HOMA- %). In 50 percent older people with impaired glucose tolerance use of pankragen forte led to a significant decrease in the concentration of plasma glucose during a standard oral glucose tolerance test, which indicates the normalizing effect of peptide drug in the violation of carbohydrate metabolism, which is consistent with the improvement of the lipid composition of serum blood, endothelial function, decreased platelet aggregation. The use of peptide drug pankragen forte is promising correction prediabetic status in the elderly.

[Tissue oxygen exchange and oxidative processes in long-livers: age peculiarities].

This work was undertaken to study tissue oxygen exchange and oxidative processes in the long-lived individuals who were assumed as the physiologically aging individuals. Oxygen tension was assessed in forearm subcutaneous cellular tissue by means of the polarographic method while performing 10 min oxygen inhalation tests (with spontaneous oxygemogram recording) and a 10 min clamping of vessels. The obtained data served as the tissue oxygen exchange indicator. This approach made us possible to evaluate the oxygen delivery and oxygen uptake. To study qualitative characteristics of oxidative processes, we assessed vacat-oxygen of the blood and urine and estimated the underoxidation coefficient proposed by Muller. We have found that tissue respiration intensity falls, the amount of underoxidated products of the blood and urine rises, and the underoxidation coefficient increases in aging. The decrease of tissue oxygen respiration intensity in subcutaneous cellular tissue reflects the development of tissue hypoxia associated with reduced activity of the enzymes, being involved in oxygen exchange. An age-related decrease of tissue perfusion leads to the formation of circulatory hypoxia and also contributes considerably to tissue hypoxia formation. The revealed changes in the tissue oxygen exchange and oxidative processes in the long-livers are generally correspondent to those that can be seen in the people of 80-89 years. This finding speaks in favor of the physiological aging in the long-livers.

[Metabolic disorders in elderly patients with hypertension and their correction with melatonin].

The incidence of dysmetabolic factors in 100 elderly patients with hypertension stage II and the role of melatoninproducing function of epiphysis (pineal gland) in the development of these disorders were studied. It was found that the decrease of melatoninproducing function is one of the factors causing disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in elderly patients with hypertension. Simultaneous application of Melatonin with lisinopril or amlodipine have the normalizing effect on metabolic parameters affected in patients with arterial hypertension.

[Relationship of enzyme activity of the gastric mucosa with microcirculation and acid output].

The aim was to study the gastric blood flow due to acid output and enzyme systems of GM. The study included 14 healthy young and 20 healthy elderly people without atrophic changes in GM. Blood flow in microvessels GM was determined by laser Doppler flowmeter, acid output was assessed by 24-hours pH-monitoring, the activity of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase and nitric oxide synthase in biopsies GM was determined by standard biochemical methods. In normal elderly people a significant reduction in blood flow in the microvessels of the secretory zone of GM (large curvature, front and back wall in the body stomach) accompanied by a decrease in the activity of NO-synthase was found. Acid output and activity of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase of parietal cells in the same area do not decreases with age. However, older patients demonstrated a higher level of blood flow in the secretory zone combined with a higher acid output, which indicates that the increase in the level of blood flow values for hydrochloric acid secretion in older people.

Peptide geroprotector from the pituitary gland inhibits rapid aging of elderly people: results of 15-year follow-up.

The paper presents the results of randomized comparative study of the efficiency of peptide geroprotector from the pituitary gland in elderly patients with rapidly aging cardiovascular system. Over three years 39 coronary patients received, in addition to basic therapy, regular courses of epithalamin (peptide drug), while 40 coronary patients (control group) received basic therapy alone. Long-term treatment with epithalamin (6 courses over 3 years) decelerated aging of the cardiovascular system, prevented age-associated impairment of physical endurance, normalized circadian rhythm of melatonin production and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. A significantly lower mortality in the group of patients treated with epithalamin in parallel with basic therapy also indicated a geroprotective effect of the peptide preparation from the pineal gland.

Prospects of using pancragen for correction of metabolic disorders in elderly people.

We examined two groups of older persons: 30 healthy and 33 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitius. Nocturnal melatonin production was significantly reduced by 70% in patients with DM2 compared to healthy individuals of the corresponding age. In patients with DM2, pancragen significantly decreased glucose level on an empty stomach and in standard glucose tolerance test and reduced plasma concentrations of insulin and insulin resistance index. In patients receiving no pancragen, no changes in carbohydrate metabolism indices were observed. Thus, disturbances in the melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland in elderly individuals contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Administration of the tetrapeptide pancragen is a promising approach to the correction of insulin resistance in elderly individuals.

[Effectiveness of intermittent normabaric hypoxic trainings in elderly patients with coronary artery disease].

The intermittent normabaric hypoxic training (IHT) is a non-pharmacological method, which due to several positive effects, has been used successfully in treating patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the application of this method in the elderly has its own peculiarities because of age-related changes of organism. The article presents the indications and limitations of IHT in elderly people with coronary artery disease, the method of the mode of training in the elderly, as well as displaying the results of our clinical study of the safety and efficacy of IHT in 45 elderly patients with stable angina of I and II functional classes. It is shown that IHT is a safe method, leading to reduction in clinical symptoms of angina and duration of daily myocardial ischemia, normalization of lipid metabolism and increase exercise tolerance. Mechanisms of positive effects of IHT in patients with stable angina of I and II functional classes are an economical functioning of the cardiovascular system, optimization of oxygen consumption, improvement of vasomotor endothelial function due to increased formation of nitric oxide, normalization of microcirculation.

[Pineal gland melatonin-producing function in elderly patients with hypertensive disease: age peculiarities].

This work was aimed at study changes of the epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly patients with hypertensive disease, as well as the relationships of those changes with the degree of arterial hypertension and 24-hour arterial pressure profile disorders. Examination of 18 young (20-34 years) and 20 elderly (60-74 years) healthy people has documented the decrease of melatonin-producing function in aging. In the group of 100 hypertensive disease patients, the nocturnal 6-hydro-oxymelatonin-sulafate (6-HMS) excretion was significantly lower (by 26.5%) than in their healthy age-matched individuals, thus evidencing for more pronounced disturbance of the melatonin-producing function in the former. It is noteworthy that lower melatonin-producing function of the epiphysis was revealed in the patients with the higher level of average 24-hour arterial pressure value and in the patients with a disturbed 24-hour arterial pressure profile "non-dippers".

APPLICATION OF QUERCETIN FOR CORRECTION OF THE IMPAIRMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE ENDOTHELIUS OF VESSELS (CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY). / ZASTOSUVANNIa KVERTsETYNU DLIa KOREKTsIÏ PORUShEN' FUNKTsIONAL'NOGO STANU ENDOTELIIu SUDYN (KLINIKO-EKSPERYMENTAL'NE DOSLIDZhENNIa).

OBJECTIVE: in the experiment, to investigate the effect of Quercetin on the NO-dependent reactions of isolated vessels involving endothelium and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) after a single X-ray irradiation of rats at a sublethal dose. In a clinical study, to investigate the effect of long-term use of Quercetin on the functional state of themicrovascular endothelium in the elderly patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental studies were performed on vascular fragments obtained from adult male rats(7-8 months) of the control group, in animals exposed to a single R-irradiation at a dose of 7 Gy and animals irradiated in the same dose, which received Quercetin orally for 14 days three times a week based on 10 mg/kg bodyweight. Fragments of the thoracic aorta (TA) and mesenteric artery (MA) were cleaned of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT-) or left uncleaned (PVAT+), and then were cut into rings (up to 2 mm). The amplitude of the contractionof the rings TA and MA under the influence of phenylephrine (PE, 3 x 10-6 M), the amplitude of the contraction of therings TA and MA in the presence of a competitive blocker of NO-synthase methyl ester of N-nitro-L-arginine(L-NAME, 10-5 M), the amplitude of relaxation of the rings TA and MA in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 10-4 M)were measured. The clinical study examined 110 patients with MS criteria in accordance with ATP III (2001).Patients in the main group for 3 months received Quercetin from the same manufacturer, 80 mg three times a day,patients in the control group received placebo. RESULTS: Single R-irradiation disrupts the regulation of the contractile function of TA and MA, which is evidenced bychanges in the contractile reactions of isolated fragments of these vessels as a response to the action of vasoactivecompounds. Course use of Quercetin in irradiated rats leads to the normalization of contractile and dilatory vascular responses due to partial correction of NO metabolism in the endothelium and PVAT. For the majority of patients(69 %) who received Quercetin, a post-occlusive hyperemia test showed a statistically significant increase of maximal volumetric velocity of the skin blood flow rate and duration of the recovery period to the baseline, which indicates about improvement of vasomotor vascular endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS: Course use of Quercetin improves the functional state of the microvascular endothelium among theelderly people with MS, normalizes contractile and dilatory vascular responses in irradiated rats due to partial correction of NO metabolism in the endothelium and PVAT.

[Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people].

In the course of aging both monkeys and people reveal decreased night and average daily level of melatonin in the blood plasma and reduced hormone circadian rhythm amplitude, which evidence the disorder of the pineal gland melatonin releasing function. Peptide preparations of the pineal gland (Epithalamin--a complex of peptides isolated from the pineal gland and Epitalon--synthetic tetrapeptide) recover night release of endogenous melatonin and lead to the normalization of the hormone circadian rhythm in the blood plasma. In elderly people Epithalamin and Epitalon modulate pineal gland functional state: people with pineal gland functional insufficiency report an increase of night melatonin level. The preparations of the pineal gland, effectively increasing melatonin concentration and having no side effects, can be used in clinical geriatric practice.

ORGANISM REACTION TO DOSED HYPOXIC HYPOXIA IN THE HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND INDIVIDUALS WITH PREDIABETIC HYDROGEN METABOLISM DISTURBANCES.

To assess organism reaction to dosed hypoxic hypoxia in the human invividuals with pre-diabetic hydrogen metabolism disturbances.Altogether 40 subjects, age range 50-74 years, were examined, including 18 persons with pre-diabetic hydrogen metabolism disturbances and 22 essentially healthy subjects. All of them underwent dosed hypoxic test (breathing gas mixture containing 12 % of oxygen during nearly 20 min. The following monitorings were performed: blood saturation (SpO2), breathing rate, arterial blood pressure and heart rate; and standard glucose tolerance test (GTT) for blood plasma glucose and insulin concentration. The patients with prediabetic hydrogen metabolism disturbances displayed a more significant decrease of SpO2 and less effective functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems during dosed hypoxic test compared with the healthy individuals without hydrogen metabolism disturbances. After redistribution of study subjects relative the degree of SpO2 decrease at dosed hypoxic test in the subgroup with satisfactory resistance to hypoxia (subgroup 1: SpO2 more than 80 %) and with reduced (subgroup 2: SpO2 80 % or less) we have found that the fasting glucose level after 2-hour GTT was significantly higher in subgroup 2 versus subgroup 1. The obtained results indicate the interrelationship between organism reaction to hypoxia, in particular between the degree of arterial hypoxemia during performance of the dosed hypoxic test and the indices of fasting glycemia and at standard GTT. The patients with pre-diabetic hydrogen metabolism disturbances are characterized with lower resistance to hypoxic hypoxia.

Remote ischemic preconditioning versus intermittent hypoxia training: a comparative analysis for cardioprotection.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an adaptive phenomenon that occurs after one or more short periods of ischemia/reperfusion, and consists in increasing the tolerance of an organ or tissue to the damaging effect of a long period of ischemia/reperfusion. Although IPC was shown to have a protective effect in animal models or during operative interventions, the obvious difficulties involved in subjecting the heart to direct IPC restrict its potential clinical applications. In this perspective, the phenomenon of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC: ischemia/reperfusion cycles in the arm or leg) appears extremely encouraging. Intermittent hypoxic training (IHI, periodic exposure of an organism to hypoxic gas mixtures, or stay in the chamber or altitudes) also has powerful adaptogenic effect increasing the resistance to subsequent episodes of severe hypoxia/ischemia. This review discusses main mechanisms and clinical applications of RIPC in cardiology versus IHT technologies. Benefits and disadvantages of both methods are under consideration. Positive and negative effects of hypercapnia during the RIPC technology are also examined. We wish to stimulate a comprehensive understanding of such a complex physiological phenomenon as intermittent hypoxia and ischemic preconditioning in order to prevent or reduce their harmful consequences, while maximize their potential utility as an effective therapeutic tools.

[Circadian rhythms of pineal gland melatonin-forming function in healthy elderly people]. / Sutochnye ritmy melatoninobrazuiushchei funktsii épifiza u liudei pozhilogo vozrasta.

Circadian rhythms of pineal gland melatonin-forming function were studied in healthy elderly people (n=31, age range 60-74 years). The blood plasma melatonin concentration was determined by means of radioimmune method at 3.00, 9.00, 15.00 and 21.00. The study revealed two types of circadian rhythms of plasma melatonin concentration: a high-amplitude (29%) and a low-amplitude (71%) ones. The high-amplitude rhythm of melatonin-forming pineal gland function was observed in elderly people with a higher physical working ability and a lower functional age of cardiovascular system. It is advisable to conduct the correction of pineal gland melatonin-forming function in elderly people with low-amplitude circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin concentration.

[Orthostatic reactions of blood circulation and autonomic regulation in healthy persons of various ages]. / Ortostaticheskie reaktsii krovoobrashcheniia i vegatativnoi reguliatsii u zdorovykh liudei raznogo vozrasta.

The age-related changes in vegetative regulation of blood circulation during active orthostatic test (AOT) have been studied in 90 practically healthy people aged from 21 to 89. The stroke blood volume was determined using the tetrapolar thoracic rheography. The basic state of the vegetative heart regulation and its changes during AOT were studied by means of the spectral analysis of the stationary rhythmograms. It is shown that intensity of both primary and secondary compensatory circulatory responses during the AOT decreases with age. An age-related impairment of the reflectory influences on heart and vessels is induced by a decreased overall vegetative tonus and insufficient activation of the sympathetic system in orthostasis. The orthostatic hypotension in elderly and old people is probably mediated by an inadequately small increment of peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac rhythm resulting from the age-related impairment of baroreceptor sympathetic control of the blood pressure.

[Analysis of the effect of the alpha 1-adrenostimulator mezaton on plasma renin activity in healthy people of varying age]. / Analiz vliianiia al'fa1-adrenostimuliatora mezatona na aktivnost' renina plazmy u zdorovykh liudei raznogo vozrasta.

30 healthy people aged 20-34, 60-74 and 75-89 (10 subjects in each group) were examined to study the changes in plasma renin activity (PRA), the sympathetic nervous system tone, indices of central and renal haemodynamics after intramuscular injections of alpha 1-adrenostimulator mezaton (phenylephrine) in dose of 0.15 mg/kg of body mass. The pharmacological activity of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoreceptors was found to induce more considerable and prolonged increase of PRA in older persons. The increase of PRA was reliably correlated with a decrease of renal blood flow indices and was combined with an increase of sympathetic tone. As to the authors' opinion a more pronounced constrictor response of afferent renal arterioles to alpha 1-adrenoreceptors activation of vessels is the cause of more considerable changes of PRA in older age groups.

[Anti-arrhythmic effectiveness and hemodynamic effect of ethacizine in middle-aged and elderly patients with ischemic heart disease and extrasystole]. / Antiaritmicheskaia éffektivnost' i gemodinamicheskoe deistvie etatsizina u bol'nykh IBS pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta s ékstrasistoliei.

The anti-arrhythmic effectiveness of ethacizine (diethylamine ethmozine analogue) was studied in extrasystolic arrhythmia in 40 IHD patients aged 60-85 and its effect on the autonomic cardiac rhythm regulation, intracardiac and central hemodynamics in acute oral load (75 mg) and in the process of course monotherapy (150 mg/24 h). In monotherapy of ventricular extrasystole ethacizine (150 mg/24 h) is effective in 80 per cent and in supraventricular extrasystole in 66 per cent of the cases. The drug produced no significant negative inotropic action but caused delay of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction and weakening of parasympathetic cardiac tone. Side effects were found in 20 per cent of the patients. Ethacizine can be a preparation of choice in a long-term therapy of ventricular extrasystole in elderly patients.

[Dynamics of cardiac rhythm in the transitional period during controlled physical exercises in persons of various ages]. / Dinamika serdechnogo ritma v perekhodnye periody pri dozirovannykh fizicheskikh nagruzkakh u liudei raznogo vozrasta.

The transitional cardiac rhythm processes of work-in and recovery under standard dynamic loads of 25 and 50 W were studied in 90 healthy people aged 20-89 and in 15 elderly people being trained for endurance. The rhythmographic method was used for that purpose. Duration of the transitional processes (work-in and recovery) was revealed to considerably increase with age, while the cardiac rhythm increment--to decrease within the first 10 seconds of the work-in period. The data obtained suggest a worsened quality of the cardiac rhythm regulation in the transitional periods during aging, that is a result of an impairment of the vegetative influences on the sinoatrial node.