Singleton molecular species delimitation based on COI-5P barcode sequences revealed high cryptic/undescribed diversity for Chinese katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae).

BACKGROUND: DNA barcoding has been developed as a useful tool for species discrimination. Several sequence-based species delimitation methods, such as Barcode Index Number (BIN), REfined Single Linkage (RESL), Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), a Java program uses an explicit, determinate algorithm to define Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (jMOTU), Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), and Bayesian implementation of the Poisson Tree Processes model (bPTP), were used. Our aim was to estimate Chinese katydid biodiversity using standard DNA barcode cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-5P) sequences. RESULTS: Detection of a barcoding gap by similarity-based analyses and clustering-base analyses indicated that 131 identified morphological species (morphospecies) were assigned to 196 BINs and were divided into four categories: (i) MATCH (83/131 = 64.89%), morphospecies were a perfect match between morphospecies and BINs (including 61 concordant BINs and 22 singleton BINs); (ii) MERGE (14/131 = 10.69%), morphospecies shared its unique BIN with other species; (iii) SPLIT (33/131 = 25.19%, when 22 singleton species were excluded, it rose to 33/109 = 30.28%), morphospecies were placed in more than one BIN; (iv) MIXTURE (4/131 = 5.34%), morphospecies showed a more complex partition involving both a merge and a split. Neighbor-joining (NJ) analyses showed that nearly all BINs and most morphospecies formed monophyletic cluster with little variation. The molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were defined considering only the more inclusive clades found by at least four of seven species delimitation methods. Our results robustly supported 61 of 109 (55.96%) morphospecies represented by more than one specimen, 159 of 213 (74.65%) concordant BINs, and 3 of 8 (37.5%) discordant BINs. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular species delimitation analyses generated a larger number of MOTUs compared with morphospecies. If these MOTU splits are proven to be true, Chinese katydids probably contain a seemingly large proportion of cryptic/undescribed taxa. Future amplification of additional molecular markers, particularly from the nuclear DNA, may be especially useful for specimens that were identified here as problematic taxa.

Towards a higher-level Ensifera phylogeny inferred from mitogenome sequences.

Although mitogenomes are useful tools for inferring evolutionary history, only a few representative ones can be used for most Ensifera lineages. Thirty-two ensiferan mitogenomes were determined using ABI Sanger sequencing and standard primer walking of 2-3 overlapping Long-PCR fragments, or Illumina® HiSeq2000 for "shotgun" sequenced long-PCR-amplified mitochondrial or total genomic DNA. Six patterns of gene arrangements, including the novel trnR-trnSAGN-trnA-trnN-trnG-nad3 in Lipotactes tripyrga (Lipotactinae), were identified from 59 ensiferan mitogenomes. The results suggest that trnM-trnI-trnQ and trnA-trnR-trnE-trnSAGN-trnN-trnF rearrangements might be a shared derived character in Pseudophyllinae and Gryllidae, respectively. We found base composition biases in our dataset, which potentially complicate the inference of higher-level ensiferan phylogeny. Site-heterogeneous Bayesian inference (BI) and site-homogeneous maximum likelihood (ML) analyses recovered all ensiferan superfamilies as monophyletic. The site-homogeneous BI analysis failed to recover the monophyly of Stenopelmatoidea. As Schizodactyloidea was only represented by Comicus campestris, its monophyly could not be tested. In the Triassic/Jurassic boundary, Ensifera diverged into grylloid and non-grylloid clades. All analyses confirmed Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea as sister groups. Site-heterogeneous BI analysis found Schizodactyloidea as the most basal lineage and sister to the clade formed by Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea, but the site-homogeneous analyses placed it basally to the non-grylloid clade and recovered a sister relationship between Tettigonioidea and (Hagloidea, Rhaphidophoroidea, Stenopelmatoidea), although this clade had a low support. The site-heterogeneous BI analysis found Tettigonioidea and Hagloidea were sister groups (posterior probability (PP)=0.99), Stenopelmatoidea was sister to (Tettigonioidea, Hagloidea) (PP>0.91), and Rhaphidophoroidea was basal to the non-grylloid clade. At a lower level, all analyses divided Tettigonioidea into Phaneropteridae and Tettigoniidae.

Notes on the genus Conanalus Tinkham, 1943 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae) with one new species from Yunnan, China.

The paper describes one new species, i.e. Conanalus bilobus sp. nov., and provides additional information on Conanalus brevicaudus Shi, Mao & Ou, 2008 (including female description for the first time), and Conanalus robustus Shi, Mao & Ou, 2008 from Yunnan, as well as illustrations of important morphological characters of Conanalus axinus Shi, Wang & Fu, 2005. A distribution map of the species of Conanalus from Yunnan, China is presented. The type material is deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

Notes on the genus Acosmetura Liu, 2000 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae).

This paper deals with one new species, Acosmetura mabianensis Bian & Shi sp. nov., one new combination, Acosmetura jinyunensis (Shi & Zheng, 1994) com. nov., and the first record of female of Acometura nigrogeniculata (Liu & Wang, 1998). Photographs of two known species, a key to the species, male stridulatory files and a distribution map are provided. We also observe the male stridulatory files and left tegmina for four known species of the genus. The material is deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

One new genus and two new species of the tribe Meconematini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from Yunnan, China.

One new genus, Paraphlugiolopsis Bian & Shi gen. nov., and two new species, Paraphlugiolopsis jiangi Bian & Shi sp. nov. and Paraphlugiolopsis lobocera Bian & Shi sp. nov., are described in the tribe Meconematini. The two new species have similar habitat in Yunnan, China, but live in different altitudes. All material examined is deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

One new species of the genus Ocellarnaca Gorochov, 2004 (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) from Yunnan, China.

This paper reports one new species of the genus Ocellarance Gorochov, 2004 from Yunnan, China, i.e. Ocellarnaca virida sp. nov. Diagnostic illustrations are provided. The type specimen is deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

Notes on the genus Homogryllacris Liu, 2007 (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) with description of one new species from China.

This paper deals with five species of the genus Homogryllacris Liu, 2007 from China, including one new species, i.e. Homogryllacris nigromacula sp. nov. Morphological illustrations of most species and habitus of the new species are provided. Moreover, one geographical population of Homogryllacris yunnana Shi, Guo & Bian, 2012 and intraspecific variation of Homogryllacris platycis Liu & Bian, 2021 are discussed and illustrated. All specimens examined are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

First record of Noctitrella Gorochov from China, with description of a new species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Podoscirtinae).

The genus Noctitrella Gorochov, 1990 is recorded to China for the first time. A new species is described and illustrated, N. denticulata sp. nov. (CHINA: Yunnan). A key to and a distribution map of the known species of this genus in the world are presented.

A new species of the genus Interphasma Chen & He, 2008 (Phasmida: Clitumninae: Medaurini) from Sichuan, China.

Chen and He erected the genus Interphasma in 2008 (Chen & He, 2008). Thirteen species are recognized in this Chinese endemic genus which is distributed in eastern to south-western China (Chen & He, 2008; Chen & Zhang, 2008; Xu et al., 2010). In this paper, a new species, I. lizipingense sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Sichuan, China. A key to the species of the genus is given. The types are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University (HBU) and Hong Kong Entomological Society (HKEM). Full measurements are given to all the types in millimeter (mm.).

Second supplement for the genus Phlugiolopsis Zeuner, 1940 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from China, with eight new species.

This paper deals with 8 new species of Phlugiolopsis from Yunnan and Guizhou, China, supplements the images of P ventralis Wang, Li & Liu, 2012 and details the morphology of male stridulatory files and mandibles for 9 Phlugiolopsis known species. Distribution of poorly known species and new species are presented. A key to all known species is provided. Based on the known distribution of Phlugiolopsis and bioclimatic variables in WorldClim, we used the ecological niche models, maximum entropy (Maxent), to predict the potential geographic distribution of the genus. All specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

A review of the genus Sinodorcadion Gressitt, 1939 with description of three new species from China (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae).

The genus Sinodorcadion Gressitt, 1939 is reviewed. Three new species, S. jiangi sp. nov., S. magnispinicolle sp. nov. and S. punctuscapum sp. nov., are described. A key to all known Sinodorcadion species (five) is presented.

Two new species of the genus Xizicus, 1993 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from Xizang, China.

In this paper two new species of the genus Xizicus from Xizang, China are described, Xizicus (Axizicus) spinocercus Jiao & Shi sp. nov. and Xizicus (Axizicus) xizangensis Jiao & Shi sp. nov. The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

A new genus and two new species of the tribe Meconematini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from China.

The study deals with one new genus and two new species, i. e. Allicyrtaspis gen. nov., Allicyrtaspis globosis sp. nov. and Allicyrtaspis conicicersus sp. nov. from China, and provides generic and species descriptions and diagnoses.

One new species and one new combination of the genus Neocyrtopsis Liu & Zhang, 2007 (Orthoptera: Meconematinae) from Emeishan, China.

The paper describes one new species, i.e. Neocyrtopsis (Neocyrtopsis) emeishanensis Shi sp. nov., transfers Phlugiolopsis platycata Shi & Zheng, 1994 to the genus Neocyrtopsis and redescribes the species.

Notes on a collection of Meconematinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Damingshan, Guangxi, China with the description of a new species.

This paper deals with 6 genera and 10 species of the tribe Meconematini from Damingshan, Guangxi, China, one of which is a new species, i.e. Xizicus (Eoxizicus) laminatus Shi sp. nov.

Two new species of the genus Phlugiolopsis (Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) and the male description of Phlugiolopsis circolobosis Bian, Shi & Chang, 2013 from Yunnan, China.

This paper reports two new species of the genus Phlugiolopsis from Yunnan, China, i.e. Phlugiolopsis furcicaudis sp. nov. and Phlugiolopsis breviproceris sp. nov., and describes the male of Phlugiolopsis circolobosis Bian, Shi & Chang, 2013 for the first time. Examined specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

One new species of the genus Acosmetura (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from Hunan, China.

This paper reports one new species of the genus Acosmetura Liu, 2000, i.e., Acosmetura compressa sp. nov. from Hunan, China. In addition, morphological photographs of the new species and a distribution map of the known species of the genus are provided. The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.

Two new species of the genus Homogryllacris (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) with the male of Homogryllacris irregularis Lu, Zhang & Bian, 2022 from Yunnan, China.

This paper reports two new species of the genus Homogryllacris Liu, 2007 from Yunnan, China. In addition, the male of Homogryllacris irregularis Lu, Zhang & Bian, 2022 is described for the first time.

One new species of the genus Capnogryllacris Karny, 1937 (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) from China.

The paper reports a new species of the genus Capnogryllacris Karny, 1937 (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) from China, i.e. Capnogryllacris latilamargis sp. nov. The all specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China.