Neural Network Inspired Binder Enables Fast Li-Ion Transport and High Stress Adaptation for Si Anode.

Extensive investigations have proven the effectiveness of elastic binders in settling the challenge of structural damage posed by volume expansion of high-capacity anode used in nanoscale silicon. However, the sluggish ionic conductivity of polymer binder severely restricts the electrode reactions, making it unsuitable for practical applications. Inspired by the biological tissues with rapid neurotransmission and robust muscles, we propose a biomimetic binder that contains ionic conductive polymer (by polymerization reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and polyethylenimine) and rigid polymer backbone (polyacrylic acid), which can effectively mitigate both Li-ion transport resistance and lithiation stress to stabilize the silicon nanoparticles during cycles. Consequently, the silicon anode with biomimetic binder achieves a rate capability of 1897 mAh g-1 at 8.0 A g-1 and capacity retention of 87% after 150 cycles under areal capacity upon 3.0 mAh cm-2. These results demonstrate the possibility of decoupling ionic conductivity from mechanical properties toward practical high-capacity anodes for energy-dense batteries.

Rapid detection of furanyl fentanyl in complex matrices using Leidenfrost desorption-assisted low-temperature arc plasma ionization mass spectrometry.

The abuse of illicit drugs poses serious threats to the physical and mental health of users, as well as to the overall safety and welfare of society. In this work, we present a newly developed technique for drug detection based on mass spectrometry. This technique combines Leidenfrost desorption with low-temperature arc plasma ionization mass spectrometry. This method is applicable for detecting furanyl fentanyl in complex matrices. Key advantages of this technique include minimal sample fragmentation and high sensitivity for detection. The Leidenfrost desorption plays a pivotal role in this methodology, as it spontaneously concentrates analyte molecules during the gradual evaporation of the solvent. Eventually, these concentrated molecules are redistributed at their highest concentrations, resulting in exceptionally high sensitivity. In the course of our investigation, we achieved a remarkable detection limit of 10 pg mL-1 for furanyl fentanyl in pure water. Moreover, the characteristic ion peaks of furanyl fentanyl can be distinctly identified within complex matrices such as wine, beverages, urine, and lake water. This innovative drug detection technology offers several advantages, including a simple setup, cost-effectiveness, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and minimal sample pretreatment.

FeOx-Modified Ultrafine Platinum Particles Supported on MgFe2O4 with High Catalytic Activity and Promising Stability toward Low-Temperature Oxidation of CO.

Catalytic oxidation is widely recognized as a highly effective approach for eliminating highly toxic CO. The current challenge lies in designing catalysts that possess exceptional low-temperature activity and stability. In this work, we have prepared ultrafine platinum particles of ~1 nm diameter dispersed on a MgFe2O4 support and found that the addition of 3 wt.% FeOx into the 3Pt/MgFe2O4 significantly improves its activity and stability. At an ultra-low temperature of 30 °C, the CO can be totally converted to CO2 over 3FeOx-3Pt/MgFe2O4. High and stable performances of CO-catalytic oxidation can be obtained at 60 °C on 3FeOx-3Pt/MgFe2O4 over 35 min on-stream at WHSV = 30,000 mL/(g·h). Based on a series of characterizations including BET, XRD, ICP, STEM, H2-TPR, XPS, CO-DRIFT, O2-TPD and CO-TPD, it was disclosed that the relatively high activity and stability of 3FeOx-3Pt/MgFe2O4 is due to the fact that the addition of FeOx could facilitate the antioxidant capacity of Pt and oxygen mobility and increase the proportion of adsorbed oxygen species and the amounts of adsorbed CO. These results are helpful in designing Pt-based catalysts exhibiting higher activity and stability at low temperatures for the catalytic oxidation of CO.

A Versatile Approach for the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Polymer Brushes on Natural Rubber/Graphene Oxide Composite Films via Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization.

A simple strategy was adopted for the preparation of an antimicrobial natural rubber/graphene oxide (NR/GO) composite film modified through the use of zwitterionic polymer brushes. An NR/GO composite film with antibacterial properties was prepared using a water-based solution-casting method. The composited GO was dispersed uniformly in the NR matrix and compensated for mechanical loss in the process of modification. Based on the high bromination activity of α-H in the structure of cis-polyisoprene, the composite films were brominated on the surface through the use of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under the irradiation of a 40 W tungsten lamp. Polymerization was carried out on the brominated films using sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) as a monomer via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The NR/GO composite films modified using polymer brushes (PSBMAs) exhibited 99.99% antimicrobial activity for resistance to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A novel polymer modification strategy for NR composite materials was established effectively, and the enhanced antimicrobial properties expand the application prospects in the medical field.

Dyadic effects of financial toxicity and social support on the fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer patients and caregivers: an actor-partner interdependence mediation model.

PURPOSE: In this study, the actor-partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM) was applied to breast cancer patients and their caregivers to assess the factors that affect the fear of cancer recurrence. In particular, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the mediating effect of social support on financial toxicity and the fear of cancer recurrence, providing an effective basis for developing plans to reduce the level of fear of cancer recurrence. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional design, and 405 dyads of breast cancer patients and their caregivers were enrolled. Financial toxicity, social support, and fear of cancer recurrence were assessed by computing comprehensive scores for financial toxicity based on patient-reported outcome measures, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory Short Form, respectively. The data were analysed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 23.0. RESULTS: The results showed that the fear of cancer recurrence of breast cancer patients and their caregivers was significantly related to dyadic financial toxicity and social support. In addition, the financial toxicity of breast cancer patients and their caregivers had significant actor effects and partner effects on the fear of cancer recurrence through dyadic social support. CONCLUSIONS: The financial toxicity of breast cancer patients and their caregivers could produce actor and partner effects on the fear of cancer recurrence through the mediation of social support, which provided empirical support for improving reducing the level of fear of cancer recurrence among patients and caregivers at the dyadic level.

Peroxygenase-Enabled Reductive Kinetic Resolution for the Enantioenrichment of Organoperoxides.

Enantiomerically pure organoperoxides serve as valuable precursors in organic transformations. Herein, we present the first examples of unspecific peroxygenase catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic organoperoxides through asymmetric reduction. Through meticulous investigation of the reaction conditions, it is shown that the unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) exhibits robust catalytic activity in the kinetic resolution reactions of the model substrate with turnover numbers up to 60000 and turnover frequency of 5.6 s-1. Various aralkyl organoperoxides were successfully resolved by AaeUPO, achieving excellent enantioselectivities (e.g., up to 99 % ee for the (S)-organoperoxide products). Additionally, we screened commercial peroxygenase variants to obtain the organoperoxides with complementary chirality, with one mutant yielding the (R)-products. While unspecific peroxygenases have been extensively demonstrated as a powerful oxidative catalysts, this study highlights their usefulness in catalyzing the reduction of organoperoxides and providing versatile chiral synthons.

The pretherapeutic systemic inflammation score is a prognostic predictor for elderly patients with oesophageal cancer: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: The systemic inflammation score (SIS), based on serum albumin (Alb) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), is a novel prognostic tool for some tumours. Studies indicate that the SIS can be used as a postoperative prognostic marker. However, its predictive value in elderly oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with radiotherapy is unclear. METHODS: In total, 166 elderly ESCC patients who received radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy were included. Based on different combinations of Alb and LMR levels, the SIS was divided into 3 groups, SIS = 0 (n = 79), SIS = 1 (n = 71) and SIS = 2 (n = 16). The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess prognosis. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (t-ROC) curves were used to compare the prognostic accuracy of the SIS with that of Alb, LMR, neutrophil-to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII). RESULTS: Decreased Alb and LMR were both associated with shorter OS, whereas a lower SIS was significantly associated with better outcomes. The OS of SIS = 0, SIS = 1 and SIS = 2 was 28.0 ± 2.9, 16.0 ± 2.8 and 10.0 ± 7.0 months, respectively (p = 0.000). Similar results were also observed for PFS. Multivariate analysis of the model with SIS revealed that the SIS was a significant independent biomarker for predicting OS and PFS. The nomogram showed that the C-index was improved to 0.677 when the SIS factor was incorporated. Furthermore, the 3-year OS rates for patients in the SIS-high group (SIS = 1 and SIS = 2) undergoing concurrent radiotherapy with a single agent (CCRT-1) and concurrent radiotherapy with two agents (CCRT-2) were 42% and 15%, respectively (p = 0.039). The t-ROC curve showed that the SIS was more sensitive than other prognostic factors for predicting overall survival. CONCLUSION: The SIS may be a useful prognostic marker in elderly patients with ESCC receiving radiotherapy alone or chemoradiotherapy. The SIS showed a better predictive ability for OS than the continuous variable Alb and could stratify patient prognosis in different therapeutic regimens. CCRT-1 may be the best treatment for SIS-high patients.

Synthesis, Structural Determination, and Antifungal Activity of Novel Fluorinated Quinoline Analogs.

A series of new fluorinated quinoline analogs were synthesized using Tebufloquin as the lead compound, 2-fluoroaniline, ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate, and substituted benzoic acid as raw materials. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The compound 8-fluoro-2,3-dimethylquinolin-4-yl 4-(tert-butyl)benzoate (2b) was further determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The antifungal activity was tested at 50 µg/mL, and the bioassay results showed that these quinoline derivatives had good antifungal activity. Among them, compounds 2b, 2e, 2f, 2k, and 2n exhibited good activity (>80%) against S. sclerotiorum, and compound 2g displayed good activity (80.8%) against R. solani.

Design and characterization of gambogic acid-loaded mixed micelles system for enhanced oral bioavailability.

The aim of this study was to develop a gambogic acid-loaded mixed micelles (GA-M) system, using Kolliphor HS15 and lecithin, for enhancement of oral bioavailability. GA-M was prepared using the thin film hydration method, and particle size and zeta potential indexes were used to determine the optimized formulation was optimized with taking particle size, zeta potential as indexes. The optimal GA-M system had a mean particle size in the nanometer range (87.22 ± 0.68 nm) and zeta potential greater than 20 mV in magnitude (-21.63 ± 1.69 mV) at a 1:1 proportion of HS15: lecithin. Additionally, the carriers had a high entrapment efficiency (98.32 ± 3.52%) and drug loading (4.68 ± 0.17%). Furthermore, the in vitro GA release characteristics followed first-order kinetics, suggesting that the release of the molecule was achieved both by medium diffusion and structural erosion. Transport elucidation in Caco-2 cells demonstrated that the efflux ratio of encapsulated GA was dramatically decreased from 1.42 to 0.76, and pharmacokinetic studies showed that the oral bioavailability of GA-M was 2.3 times higher than that of free GA, indicating that HS15/lecithin mixed micelles could promote absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, these results present a micelle system suitable for oral delivery, with increased solubility and oral bioavailability of GA.

Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Detection of Bisphenol a Using Core-Shell Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Quantum Dots Electrochemiluminescent Probe.

The main aim of this work was to develop a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP)-based quantum dots electrochemiluminescent (ECL) probe for the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of bisphenol A (BPA). The prepared core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 exhibited superparamagnetic properties, making them easy to separate. The MIP was fabricated by the self-polymerization of dopamine on the surface of amine-terminated Fe3O4@SiO2 (Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2) magnetic nanoparticles and doped with quantum dots (QDs) to form an ECL system. The ECL intensity decrease with the concentration of BPA increased, due to the BPA molecules occupied molecularly imprinted sites and blocked the strong ECL emission of QDs. The prepared ECL sensor performed satisfactorily in the detection of BPA, with a wide linear range from 10- 4 to 10- 9 mol L- 1 and a low detection limit of 3.4 × 10- 10 mol L- 1 (S/N = 3). The recoveries of BPA achieved were in the range 96%-107% in the detection of actual water samples. The proposed ECL sensor displayed high sensitivity and stability, and may provide an approach for determining other important analytes.

Identified IGSF9 association with prognosis and hypoxia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite improvements in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment, patients with recurrence and metastasis still have a poor prognosis. Thus, the identification of novel biomarkers is urgently needed to predict outcomes and tailor treatment for NPC. METHODS: Four data sets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, and one data set GSE68799 of which was applied to filtrate key modules and hub genes by construction of a co-expression network. Other data sets (GSE12452 and GSE53819) were used to verify hub genes. The data set GSE102349 was devoted to identify prognostic hub genes by survival analysis. To explored whether prognostic hub genes are related to hypoxia signatures in NPC, correlation analysis was carried out, and followed by functional verification experiments of those genes in vitro. RESULTS: By co-expression network analysis, blue module was regarded as a key module in the benign and malignant group, and IGSF9 of the blue module was identified as a prognostic hub gene. Moreover, IGSF9 is expected to be a innovative hypoxia-related gene in NPC based on the strong associativity between expression of IGSF9 and hypoxia scores of three signatures (99-gene, 26-gene and 15-gene). Further functional studies verified that down-regulated expression of IGSF9 could reduce the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of NPC cells, and hypoxia could induce the expression of IGSF9. CONCLUSION: IGSF9 was identified to be relevant to prognosis and involved in hypoxia in NPC. IGSF9 might serve as one novel prognostic indicator of NPC in the future.

Syntheses of polynorbornadienes by ring-opening metathesis polymerizations of symmetric and non-symmetric 2,3-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)norbornadienes and their conversion to half-ester derivatives.

Libraries of polynorbornadienes were synthesized with good yields with a ruthenium-containing 2nd generation Grubbs catalyst by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a variety of symmetric and non-symmetric 2,3-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)norbornadiene monomer units prepared from the half-esters obtained efficiently by the selective monohydrolysis reactions of symmetric diesters we reported earlier. Among these polymers, the polynorbornadienes with t-butoxycarbonyl groups derived from non-symmetric monomer units were converted to the half-ester derivatives by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid, yielding amphiphilic polymers. The hydrogenation reactions of the obtained polymers were carried out to yield polymers having saturated structures in the main chains for improvement of the thermal stabilities. All these polymers were characterized by their molecular weights and thermal properties along with the spectroscopic data. Our selective monohydrolysis reactions have been proven to be a versatile tool for production of relatively homogeneous polymer libraries.

Genome-wide characterization of SPL family in Medicago truncatula reveals the novel roles of miR156/SPL module in spiky pod development.

BACKGROUND: SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein-Likes (SPLs) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play many crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, there is little information about SPL family in the model legume Medicago truncatula. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 23 MtSPL genes were identified in M. truncatula genome, in which 17 of the MtSPLs contained the putative MtmiR156 binding site at the coding or 3' UTR regions. Tissue-specific expression pattern analysis showed that most MtmiR156-targeted MtSPLs were highly expressed in seed and pod. The observation of MtmiR156B-overexpressing plants reveals that MtmiR156/MtSPL modules are not only involved in the development of leaves and branches, but also in the seed pod development, especially the formation of spine on pod. CONCLUSION: The spines on pods are developed in many plant species, which allow pods to adhere to the animals, and then be transported on the outside. This study sheds light on the new function of SPL family in seed dispersal by controlling the formation of spiky pod, and provides insights on understanding evolutionary divergence of the members of SPL gene family among plant species.

Visible-light mediated directed perfluoroalkylation of hydrazones.

Perfluoroalkylation of N-alkylhydrazones has been achieved via visible light mediated photoredox reactions between the hydrazone and perfluoroalkyl iodide (RfI). This protocol provides a convenient and efficient access to a series of perfluoroalkylated aromatic aldehyde hydrazones which tolerates a wide range of functional groups on the aromatic ring, and allows the use different types of primary and secondary perfluoroalkyl iodides with up to eight carbon atoms. Furthermore, aliphatic aldehyde hydrazones and N-monosubstituted hydrazones which are unreactive in previously reported hydrazone perfluoroalkylation reactions now take part in the reaction under our reaction conditions to give a satisfactory yield of products. Stern-Volmer quenching studies and spin-trapping experiments indicated that these reactions proceed by free radical addition of the Rf radical to the azomethine atom followed by one electron oxidation of the hydrazyl radical and deprotonation of the diazenium cation.

Highly Sensitive and Selective Photoelectrochemical Biosensor for Hg(2+) Detection Based on Dual Signal Amplification by Exciton Energy Transfer Coupled with Sensitization Effect.

A highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor for Hg(2+) detection was developed on the basis of the synergistic effect of exciton energy transfer (EET) between CdS quantum dots (QDs) and Au nanoparticles (NPs) coupled with sensitization of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) for signal amplification. First, the TiO2/CdS hybrid structure obtained by depositing CdS QDs on TiO2 film was employed as a matrix for immobilizing probe DNA (pDNA). Next, Rh123 was introduced into the pDNA terminal, and then Au NP labeled target DNA (Au-tDNA) was hybridized with pDNA to form a rod-like double helix structure. The detection of Hg(2+) was based on a conformational change of the pDNA after incubating with Hg(2+). In the absence of Hg(2+), Rh123 was located away from the electrode surface due to the DNA hybridization, leading to inhibition of the sensitization effect, and meanwhile, the occurrence of EET between CdS QDs and Au NPs resulted in a photocurrent decrease. However, after incubating with Hg(2+), the rod-like double helix was disrupted, and the energy transfer was broken. In this case, the photocurrent recovered, and meanwhile, the folded pDNA made the labeled Rh123 move closer to the electrode surface, leading to the formation of the sensitization structure, which evidently increased the photocurrent intensity. The sensitivity of the biosensor for Hg(2+) detection was greatly enhanced for the dual signal amplification strategy. The linear range was 10 fM to 200 nM, with a detection limit of 3.3 fM. This biosensor provides a promising new platform for detecting various heavy metal ions at ultralow levels.

Synthesis of fluorescent and low cytotoxicity phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR)@Ag composites for cell imaging and antibacterial activity.

Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were loaded onto the surface of phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR) NPs without any reducing agent. The as-synthesized PFR@Ag composites have low cytotoxicity, which makes them promising antibacterial agents. Furthermore, the good fluorescence of PFR could be used for cell imaging.

Bimetallic Pd-Pt supported graphene promoted enzymatic redox cycling for ultrasensitive electrochemical quantification of microRNA from cell lysates.

The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is related to some cancer diseases. Recently, miRNAs have emerged as new candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for detecting a wide variety of cancers. Due to low levels, short sequences and high sequence homology among family members, the quantitative miRNA analysis is still a challenge. A novel electrochemical biosensor with triple signal amplification for the ultrasensitive detection of miRNA was developed based on phosphatase, redox-cycling amplification, a bimetallic Pd-Pt supported graphene functionalized screen-printed gold electrode, and two stem-loop structured DNAs as target capturers. The proposed biosensor is highly sensitive due to the enhanced electrochemical signal of Pd-Pt supported graphene and sufficiently selective to discriminate the target miRNA from homologous miRNAs in the presence of loop-stem structure probes with T4 DNA ligase. Therefore, this strategy provided a new and ultrasensitive platform for amplified detection and subsequent analysis of miRNA in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.

Calculation model for bearing capacity of steel-CFRP composite pipeline under internal pressure.

The Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)-wrapped steel pipeline system is emerging as an alternative for the repair and long-distance transportation of oil and gas. This system is recognized as a composite material. Under internal pressure, the pipe predominantly undergoes circumferential stretching. This study derives the tensile constitutive model of the steel-CFRP composite material using uniaxial tensile tests and the rule of mixtures. Subsequently, utilizing this newly calibrated constitutive model, a computational model to assess the internal pressure capacity of the steel-carbon fiber composite pipe was established. Finally, a comparison between the theoretical outcomes of the computational model and the actual internal pressure test results revealed a high degree of correlation. This holds substantial significance for the design and practical implementation of this novel composite pipeline system.

The predictive value of sarcopenia and myosteatosis in trans-arterial (chemo)-embolization treated HCC patients.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a meta-analysis to provide evidence-based results for the predictive values of sarcopenia, skeletal muscle index, psoas muscle index and the myosteatosis regarding the impact of survival outcomes and tumor response in patients treated by trans-arterial (chemo)-embolization (TAE/TACE), thereby optimizing therapeutic strategies and maximizing clinical benefits for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. METHODS: Qualified studies were retrieved from PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar before June 19, 2023. We investigated the relationships between sarcopenia, SMI, PMI, myosteatosis, and the overall survival of TAE/TACE-treated hepatocellular carcinoma patients with pooling data. RESULTS: A total of 167 studies were collected and 12 studies were finally included for analysis. The meta-analysis assisted that the sarcopenia (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.30-1.64, p < 0.001), skeletal muscle index (HR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.29-1.69, p < 0.001), and psoas muscle index (HR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.77, p < 0.001) were significantly related to a shorter OS of hepatocellular carcinoma patients who treated by TAE/TACE. Sarcopenia significantly contributed to a lower objective response rate of TAE/TACE treated hepatocellular carcinoma patients (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.98, p = 0.032). But there was no significant association between the myosteatosis and the overall survival (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.74-2.25, p = 0.366). Sensitivity analysis supported the stability and dependability of above analyses conclusions. CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia, skeletal muscle index and psoas muscle index, are significant prognostic predictors for TAE/TACE treated hepatocellular carcinoma patients. While myosteasis does not demonstrate a prognostic impact on the overall survival of TAE/TACE treated hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Metal organic framework-derived CuO/Cu2O polyhedron-CdS quantum dots double Z-scheme heterostructure for cathodic photoelectrochemical detection of Hg2+ in food and environment.

This study employed an innovative copper oxide/cuprous oxide (CuO/Cu2O) polyhedron­cadmium sulphide quantum dots (CdS QDs) double Z-scheme heterostructure as a matrix for the cathodic PEC determination of mercury ions (Hg2+). First, the CuO/Cu2O polyhedral composite was prepared by calcining a copper-based metal organic framework (Cu-MOF). Subsequently, the amino-modified CuO/Cu2O was integrated with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-capped CdS QDs to form a CuO/Cu2O polyhedron-CdS QDs double Z-scheme heterostructure, producing a strong cathodic photocurrent. Importantly, this heterostructure exhibited a specifically reduced photocurrent for Hg2+ when using CdS QDs as Hg2+-recognition probe. This was attributed to the extreme destruction of the double Z-scheme heterostructure and the in situ formation of the CuO/Cu2O-CdS/HgS heterostructure. Besides, p-type HgS competed with the matrix for electron acceptors, further decreasing the photocurrent. Consequently, Hg2+ was sensitively assayed, with a low detection limit (0.11 pM). The as-prepared PEC sensor was also used to analyse Hg2+ in food and the environment.