[Immunopathomorphology of the human placental barrier in the first trimester of pregnancy complicated by the inflammation of the birth-ways].

The effect of ascending infection of birth-ways on transport of maternal immunoglobulins (Igs) through the placental barrier in humans during the first trimester of pregnancy was studied. The transport of Igs is seen already in 3.5-to 5-week-old embryos, and different cellular and biochemical compounds participate at each stage of this process. Transport of Igs through the trophoblast is carried out due to the secretory component (SC) and, perhaps, to some other receptors. Monocytes together with Igs penetrate into capillaries between the endothelial cells and are transported with the blood all over the body. It seems that SC and other receptors help Igs to penetrate into capillaries through the endothelium. Further, Igs are transported with erythroblasts. In the development without infection the transport of IgG was seen in all cases studied. Inflammation of the birth-ways is accompanied by an increase in transport of all Igs, already in early embryogenesis. Three groups were distinguished: 1) abortions without inflammation; 2) cases with signs of moderate inflammation (endometritis, deciduitis); 3) cases with intensive inflammation with necrosis and leucocytic infiltration. Transport of Igs was seen in 77.8% cases of the first group and in all cases of groups 2 and 3. Transport of IgM was not found in the first group, but was seen in 50% cases of group 2 and 66.7% of group 3.

[The number and size of human ventricular cardiomyocytes and the number of nuclei in them]. / Chislo i razmery zheludochkovykh kardiomiotsitov cheloveka i kolichestvo iader v nikh.

The study of isolated cardiomyocytes after alkaline dissociation allowed to reveal an individual variability of the absolute number and average volume of cells, as well as characteristics of these indices in the left and right ventricle myocardia of the dead adult patients' hearts. On the basis of the analysis of these indices and of other parameters of isolated cardiomyocytes, a possibility of hyperplasia of nuclei and of muscle cells themselves during their hypertrophy is discussed.

[Relationship between the myocardial mass and the volume of human heart ventricles in hypertrophy]. / Sootnosheniia massy miokarda i ob'ema zheludochkov serdtsa cheloveka pri gipertrofii.

The weight and volume values of heart ventricles from patients dying of cardio-vascular and some other diseases were studied. Measuring of sarcomeres in freely fixed and controlled pressure-fixed hearts showed that with the former method of fixation heart ventricles were contracted and the volume of their cavity approached the tidal volume. In freely fixed and "fresh" hearts removed at autopsies within 2-27 hours after death, concentric and excentric hypertrophy of ventricles may be characterized by numeric values of the relative mass: the ratio of ventricle mass to volume of its cavity, and in the left ventricle--by the relative diameter of the cavity: the ratio of the cavity diameter in cross-section to the thickness of the ventricle wall.

[Papillary-chordal insufficiency of the cardiac atrioventricular valves]. / Papilliarno-khordal'naia nedostatochnost' atrioventrikuliarnykh klapanov serdtsa.

Water tests on atrioventricular valves of 125 dead patients with cardiological diseases revealed in 2 of them (1.6%) sagging of mitral cusps in the direction of the left atrium. The valve insufficiency was caused by the rupture of chordal threads in rheumatic desorganization of the connective tissues, necrosis and sclerosis of the papillary muscles in ischemic heart disease. Histological examinations of 104 papillary muscles from 24 autopsy cases showed their frequent involvement, particularly in myocardial infarction of the left ventricle. Under these conditions, comparatively rare development of insufficiency of the atrioventricular valves is explained by their great reserve and compensatory capacities.

[Combined use of macro- and micrometric methods in assessing hypertrophy of the myocardial muscle elements proper]. / Sochetannoe ispol'zovanie makro- i mikrometricheskgoo metoda v otsenke gipertrofii sobstvenno myshechnykh élementov miokarda.

The composite use in the study of heart hypertrophy of the method of separate weighing of the ventricles and measurement of the percentage content and average thickness of muscle fibers permits to determine their total mass and length, and on this basis to judge of the level of hypertrophy of the true muscle elements of the myocardium.

[State of the contractile apparatus of myocardial cells in ischemic injury]. / O sostoianii sokratitel'nogo apparata miokardial'nykh kletok pri ishemicheskom povrezhdenii.

Micrometric studies of the sarcomeres of myocytes in the zone of experimentally induced myocardial ischaemia in rats, histological, polarization-microscopic and micrometric studies of the myocardial cells in the zone of infarction in dead humans and model experiments with fixation of distended papillary muscles demonstrated that relaxation of the sarcomeres is characteristic of the myocardial cells damaged by ischaemia. This sign indicating the loss of the contractile function in the injured cells develops in early ischaemia when other histological changes typical for the ischaemic lesions are absent. The percentage of relaxed and distended sarcomeres changes with the increasing duration of ischaemia, and therefore it can be used as an indirect index of the term of ischaemia and, consequently, as a criterion of the irreversibility of the ischaemic lesion of the myocardium.

[Size of myocardial sarcomeres and their potential use in the histological diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct]. / Razmernaia kharakteristika sarkomerov miokarda i vozmozhnost' ispol'zovaniia ee v gistologischeskoi diagnostike ostrogo infarkta miokarda.

Measurements of sarcomeres in papillary muscles of the right and left ventricles of the heart revealed the lack or an insignificant per cent of relaxed sarcomeres in patients dying with some diseases including ischemic heart disease without acute myocardial infarction and in those dying with acute myocardial infarction outside the zone of ischemic damage. Relaxation of sarcomeres in large groups of muscle fibers detectable even without measurements allows the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction at a very early stage. Conditions of fixation may affect the size of sarcomeres. This should be kept in mind in analysing their sizes.

[Morphological types of cardiomyocyte loss in acute myocardial infarct in ischemic heart disease patients]. / Morfologicheskie tipy gibeli kardiomiotsitov pri ostrom infarkte miokarda u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

Histologic and polarization-microscopic studies of the cardiac infarct area in 64 persons who had died several hours to 3 weeks following an angina attack led to the identification of three types of dying for cardiac muscle cells on the basis of a morphologic criterion (state of myofibrils), described as relaxational, contractional, and lytic, respectively. The cells showing these different types of dying differed with regard to time of appearance, frequency of occurrence, and location in the lesional area, which suggested that each of the three types of dying occurs by a distinct mechanism.

[A rare case of implantation metastases of a melanoma to the mitral valve with embolism of the coronary artery, infarct and myocardial rupture]. / Redkoe nabliudenie implantatsionnykh metastazov melanomy na mitralnom klapane s émboliei venechnoi arterii, infarktom i razryvom miokarda.

A case of alveolar melanoma metastases is described in a 73-year-old female. The implantation metastases on the tendinous choridae of the mitral valve were complicated by tumor embolism of the left coronary artery of the heart along with myocardial infarction and rupture of the left ventricular wall.

[The "border zone" of a developing myocardial infarct]. / O "pogranichnoi zone" formiruiushchegosia infarkta miokarda.

The heart of 42 patients dying within 24 hours from acute myocardial infarction was studied by ordinary light and polarizing microscope. The interrelationship between the zone of irreversible ischemic damage and surrounding tissue was investigated. It is shown that during the time of the infarction formation the border zone which could be morphologically identified is absent. Altered cells with relaxated sarcomers are found to be in close neighbourhood with surviving cardiomyocytes or a relatively narrow zone of reperfusion changes also consisting of non-viable myocytes is present between them.

[Fragmentation of the myocardium: facts and hypotheses]. / Fragmentatsiia miokarda--fakty i predopolozheniia.

Histological examination of the myocardium in section and operation material and in experimental animals allowed two different types of its fragmentation to be distinguished. Type I is characterized by cellular dissociation of the muscle fibers, develops during life and may be accompanied by stromal reaction ending in sclerosis. Type II is of artificial nature and depends both on the direction of microtoming of the muscle fibers and on their increased fragility the nature of which is obscure as yet. Combination of both types of fragmentation in the same muscle fibers makes difficult their distinct differentiation.

[Characteristics of isolated cardiomyocytes in concentric and eccentric hypertrophy of the human heart ventricle]. / Kharakteristika izolirovannykh kardiomiotsitov pri kontsentricheskoi i ékstsentricheskoi gipertrofii zheludochkov serdtsa cheloveka.

Alkaline dissociation of cardiomyocytes was used for investigation of concentric and eccentric myocardial hypertrophy in 8 deceased patients with carions ventricular myocardial mass. For both ventricles and forms of hypertrophy the length, diameter and volume of the cells were found increased, the increase being proportional for the left ventricle (except the volume) and gross for linear enlargement of the right ventricle in eccentric hypertrophy. Absolute number of cardiomyocytes reached maximum in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy showing the same values with normal-mass ventricles in eccentric hypertrophy.

[Cardiomyocyte dissociation as a distinctive form of myocardial lesion]. / Dissotsiatsiia kardiomiotsitov kak osobaia forma porazheniia miokarda.

Histologic and scanning electron-microscopic investigation of myocardium specimens from patients who had died of various diseases demonstrated cardiomyocyte dissociation which was more common for coronary heart disease accompanied by myocardial infarction and cardiac fibrillation. Consistent morphologic pattern and clinical manifestability of the process permit the establishment of cardiomyocyte dissociation as a specific form of myocardial affection.

[Characteristics of isolated cardiomyocytes of the left regions of the human heart in hypertrophy]. / K kharakteristike izolirovannykh kardiomiotsitov levykh otdelov serdtsa cheloveka pri gipertrofii.

Study of the DNA content in nuclei and of the number of polynuclear cardiomyocytes in the left auricula atrii and the left ventricle wall in the operation and biopsy material of patients with mitral valvular disease showed hypertrophy to be accompanied by polyploidization and division of the nuclei as well as division of cardiomyocytes themselves.