Enteric nervous system development in cavitary viscera allocated to the celiac plexus.

Enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network made of neuronal cells and nervous fibers. There are two plexuses: myenteric of Auerbach and sub mucous of Meissner and Henle. Many substances are involved in neurotransmission at ENS level. ENS assures all gastrointestinal system functions: digestion, absorption, etc. Our study is made on 23 human fetal specimens at different ages of evolution with crown-rump lengths from 9 to 28 cm, and three new born human specimens. We used the Trichrome Masson stain technique and the argental impregnation Bielschowsky on block technique for microscopic evidence. Our study concerned the cavitary viscera allocated to the celiac plexus, involving all layers of each studied viscera.

The adult coeliac ganglion: a morphologic study.

The coeliac plexus is located on the sides of the coeliac trunk and nearby the origins of the superior mesenteric and renal arteries. Afferent branches get to this plexus from the vagus nerve, splanchnic nerves and the right phrenic nerve; efferents leave for viscera through periarterial plexuses and the retroportal nerves. The coeliac plexus ganglia - coeliac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal - are prevertebral ganglia that receive the preganglionic sympathetic fibers brought by the splanchnic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord. For studying the adult coeliac ganglia dissections were performed then pieces were drawn for silver staining by the method of Bielschowsky on blocks and HE stains. The adult coeliac ganglia consist of well-defined ganglionic subunits, of a varying number of neurons with somata ranging from 14 to 48 microns and characteristically involved in extensive dendritic fields. Individual degrees of coalescence may justify the macroscopic appearance of the coeliac ganglion but its structure keeps distinctive subunits.

Study of the celiac ganglia development.

The celiac ganglia and the visceral plexus are complexes structures, disposed in the proximity of the main collateral branches of the aorta. Pre visceral ganglia are sympathetic ganglia chains between the lateral vertebral sympathetic chain and viscera. Our study is made in the anatomy lab on 30 adult human bodies, one of new born and 10 human fetal specimens with crown-rump lengths from 9 to 28 cm. It was used the argental impregnation by Bielschowsky on block and Trichrome Masson methods for microscopic evidence. Prenatal, celiac ganglia are not a good defined morphological unit. They show a delay of neuroblastic maturation, comparing with the par vertebral ganglia. The nervous functional unit is represented by the neuron. The ontogenesis of the celiac ganglia follows several stages. Then, the neuronal specialization and the functional neuronal maturation are processes based on the numeric and morphological remodeling of the neuronal connecting figure, pre ganglia and post ganglia.

Study of the diameter and number of the pulmonary veins orifices.

The present study was made in the anatomy laboratory on 100 heart specimens. It was studied the morphological parameters about diameter and number of the atrial orifices of the pulmonary veins. The number of the orifices and their diameter depends on the lungs weight. Generally (70% of the cases) the orifices number is four and rarely three or five. An increased number of orifices are more frequently in the right side and a decreased number especially in the left side. The orifices diameter is much larger at the male's veins than the female's ones, and much larger in the right than the left side and also much larger at the superiors than the inferior veins.

Aspects referring to the morphological variability of the abdominal branches of pneumogastric nerve (nervus vagus).

Terminal part and the abdominal branches of pneumogastric nerve were and still is an up-to-date problem not only through the anatomic importance but also through its implications in surgical practice. The study was done on 50 corpses using the dissection method. We are looking after torsion variants of pneumogastric nerves around the esophagus, morphological variability of the periesophageal pnemogastric plexus among witch the pnemogastric nerves loose theirs individuality through the mixture and the anastomoses of the fibers and the morphological variability of abdominal branches of the nerve, grouped by us in anterior and posterior branches.

Correlations between the colic branches of the mesenteric arteries and the vascular territories of the colon.

The study, done on 100 corpses from the dissection rooms of anatomy laboratory, hinted the morphological variability of the colic arteries and their territories. Morphological variability of the colic branches derived from the mesenteric arteries (superior right colic artery -- 98%; middle right colic artery -- 88%; inferior right colic artery -- 100%; middle colic artery - 36%; superior left colic artery -- 100%; middle left colic artery -- 50%; inferior left colic artery -- 100%) allows us to give out a morphogenetic supposition related their ramification and number. Analyze of the results guide us to a tentative of setting down the vascular territories of the colon. In the beginning were established the territories of the mesenteric arteries (superior and inferior) and after that, were marked the subterritories for each colic artery. Establishing the vascular territories of the colic arteries have not only anatomical importance but also a surgical one, been known the difficult postoperatory colon's revitalization.

Assessment of orthodontic biomaterials' cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on cell culture.

OBJECTIVE: Orthodontists use various biomaterials such as molar bands, brackets, archwires, transpalatal archwires, facial masks and other auxiliary devices. One of the essential properties of these materials should be the biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of some orthodontic biomaterials like stainless steel archwires, brackets and NiTi (nickel-titanium alloy) coil springs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The studies were performed in vitro using human fibroblasts cultures on which the orthodontic materials were applied. The positive control was the copper amalgam. Readings of the cell reactions were performed at three and six days. RESULTS: It was observed that the materials used in the study cause cell alterations of variable intensity. The metallic brackets represent an important cell stress factor causing shape changes. For the metallic brackets, a preferential tropism for different areas of the bracket was also obvious. We observed a preferential tropism for the areas between the NiTi coil spring spirals. For the stainless steel archwires, we observed at six days a decay of cell density and also a higher amount of cells near the archwire areas on which bends were performed. CONCLUSIONS: All biomaterials analyzed in our study cause cellular changes of varying intensity without necessarily showing a cytotoxic character.

Histopathological and imaging modifications in chronic ethanolic encephalopathy.

Chronic abuse of alcohol triggers different types of brain damage. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome gets together Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome. Another type of encephalopathy associated with chronic ethanol consumption is represented by the Marchiafava-Bignami malady or syndrome, an extremely rare neurological disorder, which is characterized by a demielinization of corpus callosum, extending as far as a necrosis. Because the frequency of ethanolic encephalopathy is increased and plays a major role in the sudden death of ethanolic patients, we have studied the chronic ethanolic encephalopathy both in deceased and in living patients, presenting different pathologies related to the chronic ethanol consumption. The present study investigated the effects of chronic ethanolic encephalopathy on the central nervous system based both on the histopathological exam of the tissular samples and the imaging investigation, such as MRI and CT.

Macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic morphology of the gastric plexus--ontogeny of the celiac ganglion.

The vagus trunks, anterior and posterior, and their respective branches control the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach. After giving off a few thin branches, at the lower part of the esophagus and the cardiac region of the stomach, the anterior vagal trunk divides into its main branches: four or five consecutive direct branches which supply the upper part of the lesser curvature; these nerves do not form plexuses and thus, they may be individually dissected. One of the branches is stronger than the others and is called the principal anterior nerve of the lesser curvature (anterior nerve of Latarjet). The present study was conducted on eight fetuses of different gestational age (resulting from spontaneous abortions, without malformations), observing the Romanian laws of professional ethics, and 15 adult cadavers (male and female) whose celiac region was dissected macro- and mesoscopically to reveal both the celiac ganglia and their afferent and efferent vessels. For the microscopic study, we used the Bielschowsky silver staining method. The meso- and macroscopic dissections revealed the anterior and posterior vagal trunks in all the specimens (100%), as well as a rich gastric periarterial plexus. The microscopic samples focused on the ontogeny of the celiac ganglion in various gestational stages.

Cephalometric investigation of Class III dentoalveolar malocclusion.

The aim of our study was to identify the most important anatomical landmarks in the cephalometric evaluation of Class III patients and to clarify the morphological characteristics of these cases. A group of 10 Class III orthodontic patients was evaluated in this study. The control group consisted of 10 patients with average occlusion and skeletal characteristics. Digital lateral cephalometric X-rays were performed and different measurements were analyzed. Cephalometric data were evaluated with the CephX specialized software for orthodontic diagnosis and the results were statistically analyzed. The Class III group presented specific characteristics such as prognathic mandible, large gonial angle, short maxillary length, higher lower facial height. These findings can be useful for the diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic cases with dental÷keletal anomalies, especially in cases when surgical approach is considered. The surgical decision must be taken after an accurate investigation of the lateral cephalometric parameters.

Chondrosarcoma of the upper end of the femur.

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that produces cartilage matrix. Occurs in the fourth to sixth decades and has a male to female ratio of 2/1. It is most common in the long bones and on the surface of the pelvis. The authors present a case of chondrosarcoma of the upper end of the femur of a 50-year-old female patient who has come in our Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology two month ago, complaining of severe and persistent pain in the left hip joint and presenting limitation of adduction movement, limitation of internal-external rotation movements, and also could not be able to do thigh flexion on the abdomen. The woman presented a four-month history of persistent and severe pain, not assigned at anti-inflammatory drugs. Laboratory tests not had shown any significance. On radiographies and magnetic nuclear resonance the lesion was shown very clear, deciding for biopsy. The tumor had been large surgical excised with safe limits. Histopathology indicated the histological feature as a differentiated chondrosarcoma, grade III. Our patient has started the chemotherapy and radiation.