Ischemic time is a better predictor than door-to-balloon time for mortality and infarct size in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) recommend early revascularization with optimal ischemic time (IT) < 120 min and door-to-balloon (D2B) time < 90 min. The focus of most studies has been D2B time, while IT is not frequently reported. We tested the hypothesis that total IT is a better predictor than D2B time for mortality and infarct size. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between December 2008 and April 2013, 786 patients with STEMI were treated in our STEMI center, and 262 of these had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 3-5 days after the index event. Total IT was defined as time from symptom onset to device activation, while D2B time was defined as hospital arrival to device activation. Patients were divided into three groups according to IT (<120, 120-239, ≥240 min) and into four groups according to D2B time (<30, 30-59, 60-89, ≥90 min). Baseline demographics including age, cardiac risk factors, and LAD infarct location were similar between groups. The 30-day mortality rate significantly increased across IT groups but did not correlate with D2B time groups. Similarly, infarct size significantly increased across IT groups but did not correlate with D2B time groups. CONCLUSIONS: In STEMI patients, IT was a better predictor than D2B time for 30-day mortality and infarct size. Our findings suggest that the focus of STEMI care should be directed at early initiation of therapy and minimizing IT rather than on D2B time alone. The potential impact of IT reporting in current STEMI registries merits further consideration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Comparison of 30-day mortality and myocardial scar indices for patients treated with prehospital reduced dose fibrinolytic followed by percutaneous coronary intervention versus percutaneous coronary intervention alone for treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether prehospital, reduced dose fibrinolysis coupled with urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (FAST-PCI) reduces mortality and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) measures of infarct size, compared with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). BACKGROUND: Current standard therapy for STEMI is PPCI. However, FAST-PCI may shorten ischemic time (IT) and improve outcomes. METHODS: Eligible STEMI patients received prehospital, reduced dose fibrinolysis along with standard therapy, and were transported for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention, or else they received usual treatment without prehospital fibrinolysis. Patients were divided retrospectively into four groups based on IT (<120, 120-179, 180-239 min, ≥240) for a mortality analysis cohort, and into three groups (<120, 120-179, ≥180 min) for a CMR analysis cohort. Within each IT group, patients were compared by FAST-PCI vs. PPCI strategy. RESULTS: Between 1/2007 and 2/2014, 1,112 STEMI patients were treated. FAST-PCI was employed in 551 and PPCI in 561. Of these, 357 (32.1%) underwent CMR. The treatment groups were well matched. In STEMI patients with short IT (<120 and 120-179 min groups), those treated by FAST-PCI had lower 30-day mortality and myocardial scar sizes compared with PPCI treatment. For IT ≥180 min, the mortalities and myocardial scar sizes were equivalent for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In STEMI patients with IT <180 min, FAST-PCI may reduce 30-day mortality and myocardial scar size compared with PPCI. This suggests that infarct interventions must be instituted within 3 hr of symptom onset in order to detect an optimal beneficial effect both clinically and by CMR measurement. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in a representative population of Iranian adolescents and adults in comparison to a Western population: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to develop reference data for the Iranian population for anthropometric values and cardiometabolic data in comparison with those in Americans, as representative of a Western population. DESIGN: The present cross-sectional survey, conducted as part of the baseline survey of a community-based interventional study (the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme), used a two-stage clustering design and was conducted in 12 600 randomly selected adults (> or =19 years of age) and 2000 adolescents (aged 11-18 years) living in three cities in the central part of Iran. For comparison with a Western population, comparable data for Americans were derived from the data sets of the Second and Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES II and NHANES III). RESULTS: Iranian women had significantly higher mean BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) than Iranian men and American women; but the mean BMI of Iranian men was lower than that of American men. The mean serum TAG level of Iranian men was significantly higher than that of Iranian women, whereas the mean serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly higher in Iranian women than in men. The Iranian population had lower mean TC, LDL-C and TAG levels than the Americans, but such difference was not documented for HDL-C. Iranian adolescents had significantly lower mean BMI and higher mean TAG than did American adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide serious evidence for health professionals and policy makers about the very high prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in Iran. Controlling this emerging health problem, notably in women, should become a national priority in Iran and necessitates comprehensive public health programmes.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome: a significant association in an Iranian population.

BACKGROUND: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome are common diseases, which may be related. AIM: To assess the association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome in a country with high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori. METHODS: This study was designed as cross-sectional and population-based in Tehran province, Iran. The participants were interviewed by using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease was defined by weekly or more frequent heartburn and/or acid regurgitation. Irritable bowel syndrome was diagnosed according to the Rome III. The association between these two disorders was calculated using a statistical model that allows the odds ratio (OR) to be measured. RESULTS: A total of 6526 individuals were selected randomly, the response rate was 87.8%. Among the respondents, 178 (3.1%) participants reported both the diseases. The OR of having gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome together was estimated to be 16.55 (95% confidence interval: 12.85-21.33) indicating significant association between the two diseases. Thirty-four percent of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and 61.5% with irritable bowel syndrome suffered from both diseases. Sex did not have a significant effect on the OR of coexistence. Older participants were statistically more prone to the coexistence of two diseases. CONCLUSION: The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome was significantly higher in our community compared with others. Their association occurs predominantly in older participants. Further studies for understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms behind these two diseases are required.

Randomized trial of pimecrolimus cream versus triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of oral lichen planus.

BACKGROUND: Lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease, affecting 0.1% to 4% of the general population. There is no published randomized active control clinical trial on pimecrolimus for the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus 1% cream with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% paste in treating OLP. METHODS: In this investigator-blinded parallel-group randomized clinical trial, 40 patients were randomly assigned in two equal groups to receive either pimecrolimus 1% cream or triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% paste 4 times daily for a total of 2 months and followed up for another 2 months. The patients were assessed for painful symptoms measured by visual analog scale, the Oral Health Impact Profile score, and objective clinical score. Nonparametric tests were used to assess the main outcomes. Intention-to-treat analysis was used. RESULTS: Eighteen patients in pimecrolimus group and 17 patients in triamcinolone group finished the 4-month trial course. Both pimecrolimus and triamcinolone groups showed significant improvement in all measured efficacy end points throughout the visits. There was no significant difference between changes from baseline median values of pimecrolimus and triamcinolone groups after treatment termination in terms of visual analog scale score (-9.8 +/- 11.3 vs -8.4 +/- 18.3, P = .70), Oral Health Impact Profile score (-1.5 +/- 2.6 vs -1.6 +/- 2.1, P = .38), and clinical score (-0.7 +/- 0.6 vs -0.8 +/- 0.7, P = .86), respectively. Two patients in pimecrolimus group experienced prominent but transient burning sensation whereas none of the patients in triamcinolone group had any prominent adverse event (P = .24). LIMITATIONS: Blood levels in pimecrolimus group were not measured and carcinogenicity of pimecrolimus, especially in its long-term use for OLP, is yet to be determined. CONCLUSION: This study showed that patients with OLP may benefit from both topical pimecrolimus and triamcinolone acetonide therapy with minimal side effects. Further studies should be conducted to assess the maintenance effects and long-term safety of both drugs (Cochrane skin group identifier: CSG TrialNo. 22).

Fibrinolytic therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is related to acute occlusion of a coronary artery by a fibrin-rich thrombus. Early reperfusion in STEMI reduces infarct size and improves prognosis. Acute reperfusion may be achieved with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or fibrinolytic agents. When performed in a timely manner, primary PCI is the preferred method of reperfusion; however, due to logistic reasons, including lack of PCI-capable hospitals and delay in the first medical contact-to-balloon time, this simplified approach lacks universal applicability. Due to clinical efficacy and the ease of administration, fibrinolysis is still an important reperfusion modality in patients with STEMI who cannot have primary PCI within guideline-recommended time. This review focuses on the role of fibrinolysis in patients with STEMI.

Ventricular tachycardia from intracardiac hematoma in the setting of blunt thoracic trauma.

In the victims of motor vehicle accidents, unrecognized myocardial injuries may pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Herein, we present a case of a 17-year-old man who developed multiple ventricular premature complexes and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in the setting of blunt chest trauma from a motor vehicle accident. We discuss significance of the electrocardiographic abnormalities in making an accurate diagnosis of cardiac hematoma and its management.

Cardiac amyloidosis.

Amyloidosis is a condition characterized by the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrillar protein in tissues and various organs including the heart. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations and diagnostic treatment approaches for cardiac amyloidosis.

Comparison of outcomes for patients ≥75 years of age treated with pre-hospital reduced-dose fibrinolysis followed by percutaneous coronary intervention versus percutaneous coronary intervention alone for treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

A coordinated system of care for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions that includes prehospital administration of reduced-dose fibrinolytic agents coupled with urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), termed FAST-PCI, has been shown to be at least as effective as primary PCI (PPCI) alone. However, this reduced-dose fibrinolytic strategy could be associated with increased bleeding risk, especially in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to examine 30-day outcomes in patients aged ≥75 years with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions treated with either strategy. Data from 120 patients aged ≥75 years treated with FAST-PCI were compared with those of 94 patients aged ≥75 years treated with PPCI. The primary comparator was mortality at 30 days. Stroke, reinfarction, and major bleeding were also compared. The groups were well matched for age, cardiac risk factors, and ischemic times. At 30 days, mortality was lower with FAST-PCI than with PPCI (4.2% vs 18.1%, p <0.01). Rates of stroke, reinfarction, and major bleeding (4% vs 2%) were similar in the 2 groups. The FAST-PCI cohort had lower rates of cardiogenic shock on hospital arrival (15% vs 26%, p = 0.05) and completely occluded infarct arteries (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] grade 0 flow, 35% vs 61%, p <0.01). In conclusion, for patients aged ≥75 years with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions, a FAST-PCI strategy in a coordinated system of care was associated with reduced 30-day mortality, earlier infarct artery patency, and lower incidence of cardiogenic shock at arrival compared with PPCI, without apparent bleeding, stroke, or reinfarction penalties.

Metformin in Diabetic Patients with Heart Failure: Safe and Effective?

Management of diabetic patients with heart failure is a complex endeavor. The initial reluctance to use metformin in these patients has given way to a broader acceptance after clinical trials and meta-analyses have revealed that some of the insulin-sensitizing agents lead to adverse cardiovascular events. We have proposed that an increase of substrate uptake by the insulin-resistant heart is detrimental because the heart is already flooded with fuel. In light of this evidence, metformin offers a unique safety profile in the patient with diabetes and heart failure. Our article expands on the use of metformin in patients with heart failure. We propose that the drug targets both the source as well as the destination (in this case the heart) of excess fuel. We consider treatment of diabetic heart failure patients with metformin both safe and effective.

Comparison of in-hospital outcomes with low-dose fibrinolytic therapy followed by urgent percutaneous coronary intervention versus percutaneous coronary intervention alone for treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

In patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a strategy of prehospital reduced dose fibrinolytic administration coupled with urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), termed FAST-PCI strategy, has been found to be superior to primary PCI (PPCI) alone. A coordinated STEMI system of care that includes FAST-PCI should offer better outcomes than a system in which prehospital diagnosis of STEMI is followed by PPCI alone. The aim of this study was to compare the in-hospital outcomes for patients treated with the FAST-PCI approach with outcomes for patients treated with the PPCI approach in a common system. The in-hospital data for 253 STEMI patients (March 2003-December 2009) treated with a FAST-PCI protocol were compared with 124 patients (January 2010-August 2011) treated with PPCI strategy alone. In-hospital mortality was the primary comparator. Stroke, major bleeding, and reinfarction during index hospitalization were also compared. The in-hospital mortality was significantly lower with FAST-PCI than with PPCI (2.77% vs 10.48%, p = 0.0017). Rates of stroke, reinfarction, and major bleeding were similar in the 2 groups. There was a lower frequency of pre-PCI Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 0 flow (no patency) seen in patients treated with FAST-PCI compared with the PPCI patients (26.7% vs 62.7%, p <0.0001). Earlier infarct artery patency in the FAST-PCI group had a favorable impact on the incidence of cardiogenic shock on hospital arrival (3.1% vs 20.9%, p <0.0001). In conclusion, compared with a PPCI strategy in a common STEMI system of care, the FAST-PCI strategy was associated with earlier infarct artery patency and lower incidence of cardiogenic shock, as well as with reduced in-hospital mortality.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum on selected traditional and novel biochemical factors of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: A comparison between the extract and lovastatin.

CONTEXT: Evidence suggests that diets with high contents of cholesterol will increase serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, thereby increase risk of atherosclerosis. According to literature, some plants show hypolipidemic, hypocholestrolemic, and antiatherosclerotic activities. AIMS: In this study, antiatherosclerotic effect of Hypericum perforatum hydroalcoholic extract on hypercholesterolemic rabbits was compared with that of lovastatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty five mature male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups of five and were fed for 60 days as follows: Standard diet (GroupI), standard diet and hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum (150 mg/kg daily)(GroupII), standard diet, hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum (150 mg/ kg daily) and cholesterol (1% of food content) (Group III), standard diet and cholesterol (1% of food content)(GroupIV), and finally standard diet, lovastatin (10 mg/kg), and cholesterol (1% of foodcontent) (GroupV). RESULTS: Hypericum perforatum extract significantly decreased the levels of apolipoprotein B(apoB), apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A (apoB/apoA), triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde, and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as atherosclerosis index, and increased high density lipoprotein and apoA in rabbits of Group III compared to the rabbits of Group IV. The effect of Hypericum perforatum extract in decreasing the level of some biochemical factors like apoB, apoB/apoA, and CRP was meaningfully more than that of lovastatin. Histopathological findings confirmed that hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum restricted the atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum possesses hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects and could be beneficial in the management of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Obesity in relation to gender, educational levels and living area in adult population in Rasht, northern Iran.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity by sex, educational levels and living area in adult population in Rasht City, northern Iran. A cross-sectional survey on 6223 women aged 38.6±5.9 years and 6028 men aged 43.1±6.4 years was conducted in 2006. A random sample of 35 schools was selected from different parts of Rasht. The parents were asked about their age, education, body weight and height and home address. The overall prevalences of overweight/obesity in men and women were 55.6% and 67.9% (p<0.0001), respectively. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was positively related to educational level in men. In women, a U shaped association between educational level and overweight/obesity was found. Overweight/obesity was more prevalent in women living in high income area than those who live in low income area (70.7% vs. 65.3% p<0.0001). Living area was not related to the prevalence of overweight/obesity in men. These data suggested that overweight/obesity is a public health concern in Rasht. Knowing the risk factors in subgroups is important for planners at country level because it helps to target interventions.

Cardiovascular death in dialysis patients: lessons we can learn from AURORA.

Cardiovascular events are the dominant cause of death in patients with ESRD. Until recently, plaque rupture due to atherogenic dyslipoproteinemias was presumed to be a major mechanism of cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. But how reasonable was that hypothesis and was it entirely discredited by the results of 4D and AURORA? This article places the conventional lipids-cholesterol and triglyceride-within the more physiologic framework of the apoB lipoproteins. Viewed from the perspective of atherogenic particle number, the failure of statins to lower cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients versus the continuing potential for success in peritoneal dialysis patients becomes comprehensible. In the former, apoB is characteristically not elevated and therefore apoB-lowering therapy can have only limited effect; in the latter, apoB is characteristically high and therefore apoB-lowering therapy might have considerable clinical benefit. Nevertheless, plaque rupture is only one mechanism leading to cardiac death. In addition to those previously noted, a new mechanism is suggested for consideration-recurrent reperfusion injury. The coronaries of dialysis patients are often narrowed, the microcirculation underdeveloped, and the left ventricle hypertrophied-all of these plus transient hypotension could produce severe ischemia followed by reperfusion necrosis. The minor but common elevations of troponin that are so well known yet widely disregarded may be markers of an adverse sequence of events that could each trigger a fatal arrhythmia and tend to reduce left ventricular function. Thus sudden death due to arrhythmia and slow progressive death due to heart failure could be manifestations of reperfusion injury.

Levels of lipids and apolipoproteins in three cultures.

OBJECTIVE: A complete lipoprotein profile requires measurement of the major plasma apolipoproteins-apoB and apoA-I-in addition to measurement of the major plasma and lipoprotein lipids. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the additional information that can be acquired by comparing the major plasma lipids and apolipoproteins amongst adult male and female Swedes, Iranians and Americans. METHODS: Data on Iranians were derived from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, a prospective community-based sample of 12,103 individuals >20 years of age. Data on Swedes were derived from the AMORIS study, a prospective epidemiological study of 173,629 subjects. Data on Americans were derived from the NHANES III, data bank, which is designed to be representative of the adult American population. Lipids were measured by conventional methods. ApoB and apoA-I were measured by IFCC/WHO standardized methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There is a complex pattern of differences amongst the cultures. There are also important similarities in the differences between the genders. Swedes have the highest levels of LDL-C (3.77 mmol/L), apoB (1.27 g/L) and HDL-C (1.53 mmol/L) but the lowest levels of triglyceride (1.47 mmol/L for the Swedes vs. 1.55 mmol/L and 1.93 mmol/L for the Americans and Iranians, respectively, all p<0.001). Americans have higher levels of LDL-C than Iranians (3.26 mmol/L vs. 3.09 mmol/L, p<0.001) but lower levels of apoB (1.04 g/L vs. 1.14 g/L, p<0.001). The absolute values for both HDL-C and apoA-I are higher in females than males of all three cultures throughout the population distribution. The levels of the atherogenic lipoproteins peak between 30 and 40 in males but continue to rise in females. The apoB/apoA-I ratio is highest in the Swedes (0.92, p<0.001) but similar in the Americans and Iranians (0.81 and 0.80, respectively, p NS). By contrast, the TC/HDL-C ratio is highest in the Iranians, intermediate in the Americans and lowest in the Swedes (4.41 vs. 4.36 vs. 4.22, all p<0.001). These data provide further evidence that complete characterization of lipoproteins requires measurement of apoB and apoA-I as well as lipoprotein lipids and that the changes in plasma lipoproteins over time differ between the genders.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Juglans regia L. on blood sugar in diabetes-induced rats.

Walnut is one of the medicinal plants used in traditional Iranian medicine as a treatment for diabetes, but little scientific documentation supports its antidiabetic action. This study is designed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic walnut leaf extract. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: nondiabetic rats, alloxan-induced diabetic rats with no treatment, alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extracts of Juglans regia (200 mg/kg), and alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg). Fasting blood sugar decreased meaningfully in diabetic rats treated with J. regia and diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide. Insulin level increased and glycosylated hemoglobin decreased significantly in diabetic groups receiving either glibenclamide or J. regia compared with the diabetic group with no treatment. The histological study revealed that the size of islets of Langerhans enlarged consequentially as compared with diabetic rats with no treatment. Effects of administering glibenclamide or extract of J. regia on all parameters discussed above showed no difference, and both tended to bring the values to near normal. Our data show the ethanolic extract from leaves of J. regia has a dramatic antidiabetic effect on diabetes-induced rats.

Subphrenic abscess and recurring focal lesions due to tuberculosis in a patient with IgA deficiency.

Subdiaphragmatic abscess has not yet been reported as a manifestation of tuberculosis. We report an IgA deficient patient with recurrent episodes of unusual extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis including subdiaphragmatic abscesses and metacarpophalangeal osteomyelitis that was improved each time with antituberculosis drugs. There was not any resistance to the drugs used against mycobacterium despite repeated courses of antituberculosis regimens. In such recurrent cases, one should rule out any immunodeficiency states.

Reduced susceptibility to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in cirrhotic rats: the roles of nitric oxide and endogenous opioid peptides.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The clinical relevance of QT prolongation, the most widely recognized cardiac electrophysiological abnormality of cirrhosis, is still undefined. The aim of this study is to examine the susceptibility of chronic (4-week) bile duct-ligated rats to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. The roles of nitric oxide and endogenous opioids were also evaluated. METHODS: Sham-operated and cirrhotic rats were treated with daily subcutaneous administrations of normal saline (1 ml/kg/day), L-NAME (a non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 3mg/kg/day), and naltrexone (20mg/kg/day) during the fourth week after operation. In order to evaluate the effects of acute nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, additional groups of animals were treated by acute intraperitoneal L-NAME injections (3mg/kg). Arrhythmias were induced by intravenous injections of 10 microg/kg epinephrine. RESULTS: Despite QT prolongation (P<0.001), epinephrine induced fewer arrhythmias in cirrhotic rats compared to sham-operated animals (P<0.05). Chronic, but not acute, L-NAME administration corrected the QT prolongation in cirrhotic rats (P<0.001), and restored the susceptibility of cirrhotic rats to arrhythmias (P<0.05). Naltrexone injection without a significant effect on epinephrine-induced arrhythmias corrected QT interval in cirrhotic rats (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that despite QT prolongation, cirrhotic animals are resistant against epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. This resistance is mediated by chronic nitric oxide overproduction.