Cost-effective procedures for genotyping of human FCN2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms.

L-ficolin (ficolin-2) is a complement-activating pattern-recognition lectin taking part in the innate immune response. Both its serum concentration and sugar binding capacity are influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the corresponding FCN2 gene. Cost-effective and simple procedures, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for an investigation of four FCN2 SNPs are proposed: -64 A > C (rs7865453), -4 A > G (rs17514136; both located in the promoter region), +6359 C > T (rs17549193), +6424 G > T (rs7851696; both in exon 8). Variant alleles of -64 and +6424 (in strong linkage disequlibrium) are known to be associated with low L-ficolin level or activity. In contrast, variant alleles at positions -4 and +6359 (also in strong linkage disequlibrium) correspond to higher values. Since several L-ficolin clinical associations have been reported, FCN2 genotyping seems to be a valuable tool for disease association studies.

Ficolin-3 activity towards the opportunistic pathogen, Hafnia alvei.

Ficolin-3 (also called H-ficolin or Hakata antigen) is a complement-activating pattern recognition molecule, possessing a fibrinogen-like domain involved in carbohydrate binding. Amongst human ficolins, Ficolin-3 has the highest concentration in serum and is the most potent lectin pathway activator in vitro. Evidence for its physiological function is sparse, although its deficiency has been suggested to increase susceptibility to infections. The specificity of Ficolin-3 is poorly characterized and currently few ligands are known. Here we report agglutination of Hafnia alvei, a Gram-negative enteric commensal bacterium and opportunist pathogen, in the presence of recombinant Ficolin-3 and calcium. Ficolin-3 also augmented phagocytosis of H. alvei by macrophages and displayed bactericidal activity. Additionally, Ficolin-3 inhibited host cells' response to TLR4/MD-2/CD14-LPS dependent NF-κB activation. This is the first demonstration of protective activity of Ficolin-3 against a human bacterial pathogen. Although human Ficolin-3 does not recognise and bind to common pathogenic bacteria, it could be an important component of innate immunity providing protection, for example, from commensal flora that can cause extraintestinal, opportunistic infections.

Involvement of nitric oxide donor compounds in the bactericidal activity of human neutrophils in vitro.

The bactericidal activity of human neutrophils against extracellular and facultatively intracellular bacteria was studied in the presence of the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a molsidomine metabolite. SNP and molsidomine are drugs commonly used as nitrovasodilators in coronary heart disease. It is demonstrated here that the NO donor compounds themselves did not affect the viability and survival of the bacterial strains tested. Neither SNP nor SIN-1 had any effect on the process of bacteria ingestion. In contrast, NO donors enhanced the ability of neutrophils to kill Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella Anatum. However, strains differed in their susceptibility to SNP- and SIN-1-mediated killing by neutrophils. Removal of the superoxide anion reduced the bactericidal activity of SNP- and SIN-1-treated neutrophils against E. coli and S. Anatum. This suggests that the NO derivatives formed in the reaction of NO generated from donors with the reactive oxygen species released by phagocytosed neutrophils potentiate the bactericidal activity of human neutrophils in vitro. The above original observation discussed here suggests clinical significance for the treatment of patients with nitrovasodilators in the course of coronary heart disease therapy.

The relationship between FCN2 genotypes and serum ficolin-2 (L-ficolin) protein concentrations from a large cohort of neonates.

The human FCN2 gene codes for ficolin-2 (L-ficolin), a major pattern recognition molecule and activator of the lectin pathway of complement. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms of this gene were investigated in a large series of cord blood DNA samples. Mutations from the majority to the minority alleles at -602, -4 and +6359 were associated with an increase, while mutations at -986, -557, -64 and +6424 were associated with a decrease, in protein concentration. Full (7 loci) genotypes were obtained for 1229 unrelated neonates, 12 sets of twin siblings and one set of triplets. Forty-four separate genotypes were detected. Four genotypes accounted for more than half the unrelated neonates, and >90% had one of the 12 commonest genotypes. Genotypes were associated with significant differences in mean serum ficolin-2, but the intra-genotype concentration ranges were large and greater than the inter-genotype differences. Consequently, there were no associations between genotypes and low birthweight babies or perinatal infections, and only a weak relationship with preterm deliveries, despite all three adverse pregnancy features being significantly associated with serum ficolin-2 protein. FCN2 genotyping may be of value in clinical studies, but not as a substitute for total serum ficolin-2 protein measurement.

H-ficolin (ficolin-3) concentrations and FCN3 gene polymorphism in neonates.

Serum H-ficolin (ficolin-3) concentrations (n=613) and FCN3 genotypes (n=529) from a large group of neonates are presented. Both pre-term deliveries and low birthweight (independently of gestational age) were significantly associated with low H-ficolin concentrations but not with heterozygosity for the FCN3 1637delC frameshift mutation. The presence of the variant allele, however, apparently influenced the protein level. No association of FCN3 gene heterozygosity or relative functional H-ficolin insufficiency (determined as serum level ≤8.6 µg/ml) with perinatal infections was found. One premature newborn, with confirmed infection caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, was H-ficolin-deficient (FCN3 variant homozygote, no detectable protein). We present what is only the fourth case report of total H-ficolin deficiency in the world literature. This neonate was however previously found to be mannan-binding lectin (MBL) as well as MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) deficient and also had low serum L-ficolin.

Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) in a large cohort of neonates and its clinical associations.

One collectin (mannan-binding lectin, MBL) and three ficolins (M-ficolin/ficolin-1, L-ficolin/ficolin-2 and H-ficolin/ficolin-3) share the capability to activate complement via the lectin pathway. This property depends on the ability of these lectins to form complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs), particularly MASP-2. We report the results of an investigation of cord blood MASP-2 concentrations in a large, ethnically homogeneous cohort (n=1788) of neonates. The median value of MASP-2 in cord sera was determined to be 93 ng/ml (range <25-812). Serum MASP-2 concentrations correlated with gestational age and birthweight and were significantly lower in premature babies and other pre-term babies compared with term babies. Neonates with MASP-2 concentrations below 42 ng/ml were deemed to be MASP-2 deficient. That group had a shorter mean gestational age and a higher incidence of premature and low birthweight babies, but not of perinatal infections when compared with the others. Indeed, there was a trend towards higher MASP-2 concentrations amongst babies with infections. Among 362 samples tested for the D120G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the MASP2 gene, no homozygote for that mutation was found. Heterozygosity for this allele significantly influenced the protein concentration, but not the lectin pathway of complement activity (MBL-MASP-2 complex activity). Moreover, no association of this SNP was apparent with prematurity, low birthweight or perinatal infections.

L-ficolin (ficolin-2) insufficiency is associated with combined allergic and infectious respiratory disease in children.

We previously reported an association between relative L-ficolin deficiency and recurrent respiratory infections co-existing with allergic disorders in children. To confirm and extend this preliminary finding, we performed a prospective study on children of a similar age (mean 8.9 years) designed to establish whether the principal relationship was with infection or allergy. Serum L-ficolin values in healthy children were normally distributed with a mean value of 3838 ng/ml. L-ficolin concentrations were generally lower in patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis with (mean 3413 ng/ml; p=0.02) or without (3512 ng/ml; p<0.07) respiratory infections, but not in patients with respiratory infections without allergic disease (3623 ng/ml; p=0.2). The lower average values in the group comprised of children with respiratory allergy and infections were largely due to a high proportion of very low values: 18.3% had values below 2150 ng/ml compared to only 5.5% of healthy controls (OR=3.9; p=0.01). This relationship was not apparent in the groups characterized by allergy without infection or infections without allergy. An association between mannan-binding lectin (MBL) insufficiency and recurrent respiratory infections was also confirmed. One of the patients was MASP-2 deficient, evidenced both by MASP2 genotyping and by lectin pathway activity measurement. In conclusion, L-ficolin may confer some protection from microorganisms that exacerbate allergic inflammation in the lung and its relative deficiency may contribute to enhanced susceptibility to respiratory infections. MBL insufficiency and MASP-2 deficiency are risk factors for recurrence of infections independently of allergic disease.