Monolithic 16-wavelength selector based on a chain of passband-flattened cyclic AWGs and optical switches.

An InP monolithically integrated wavelength selector based on combinations of integrated AWGs and SOAs selects one out of up to 16 input channels. Loss-compensated, error-free WDM channel selection operation with <2.3 dB penalties is reported, with an OSNR of up to 32.5 dB/0.1 nm.

Monolithic active-passive 16 × 16 optoelectronic switch.

We present what is to our knowledge the first active-passive monolithically integrated 16×16 switch. The active InP/InGaAsP elements provide semiconductor optical amplifier gates in a multistage rearrangeably nonblocking switch design. Thirty-two representative connections, including the shortest, longest, and comprehensive range of intermediate paths have been assessed across the switch circuit. The 10 Gb/s signal routing is demonstrated with an optical signal-to-noise ratio up to 28.3 dB/0.1 nm and a signal extinction ratio exceeding 50 dB.

Observations of visual sensations produced by Cerenkov radiation from high-energy electrons.

Ten cancer patients whose eyes were therapeutically irradiated with 6-18 MeV electrons reported visual light sensations. Nine reported seeing blue light and one reported seeing white light. Controls reported seeing no light. Additionally, tests with patients ruled out the x-ray contamination of the electron beam as being important. The photon yield due to Cerenkov radiation produced by radium and its daughters for both electrons and gamma rays was calculated; it was found to account for a turn-of-the-century human observation of the "radium" phosphene. We conclude that the dominant mechanism of this phosphene is Cerenkov radiation, primarily from betas. From our own patient data, based on the color seen and the Cerenkov production rates, we conclude that the dominant mechanism is Cerenkov radiation and that high-energy electrons are an example of particle induced visual sensations.

Reconstructive breast surgery following mastectomy and adjunctive radiation therapy.

With modern radiation, surgical therapy, and surgical reconstructive techniques, it is now possible to give adequate treatment for breast cancer and to reconstruct the breast as well, using a silicone implant prosthesis. Twelve mastectomies and reconstructions were performed on 8 patients. Seven of these had pre- or postoperative irradiation to one breast region, and 1 patient received irradiation to both breast areas. The clinical staging of patients with combined irradiation and surgery was Stage I--3 cases; Stage II--4 cases; and Stage III--1 case. Primary surgical procedures consisted of modified radical mastectomy for ten breast lesions and simple mastectomy for two others. Megavoltage radiotherapy was administered with a CO-60 Unit. Pre-operative irradiation of 4000 rads to the breast, chest wall, and regional lymphatics was given to 3 patients. Postoperative radiation therapy of 5000 rads to the chest wall and 4400-5000 rads to the regional lymphatics was given to 5 other patients, one of whom received bilateral irradiation. Adjunctive chemotherapy was employed in 5 patients with interruption during the period of implant surgery. Reconstructive surgery was performed 5 months to 14 months after irradiation in 7 patients and 51/2 years later in one patient. The procedure was a single stage operation with placement of a silicone prosthesis under the pectoralis muscle. No significant morbidity was encountered from radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or from the surgical procedures. Healing of surgical wounds after implantation was uncomplicated. Cosmetic results have been good. All patients are alive and well, 8 months to 6 1/2 years postirradiation and three months to three years post-breast reconstruction. Results to date have been most gratifying.