The impact of changes in China's family patterns on family pension functions.

Using data from the Chinese census and the China Statistical Yearbook, this paper will analyze the historical changes and future trends of family households in China over the past 30 years and explore the changes of family pension functions and corresponding policies. Our analysis yielded 3 notable results. First, in family size miniaturization and structural simplification, 1- and 2-generation family households are the main body of contemporary China. Second, for family aging and changes in living patterns, which primarily manifest as an increase in; the proportion of elderly households and in middle-aged and elderly people in the family, the elderly model and the "multigenerational model" have become the 2 major residence models for the elderly in China. Third, nontraditional families have emerged in large numbers, such as the exclusively elderly family, empty nest family, grandparents family, Double Income, No Kids (DINK) family, older single family, and single-parent family. We argue that in the process of simplification, China's family structure is increasingly showing characteristics of networking. The change in family patterns entails the restoration of traditional functions and taking on new functions of the family by issuing relevant social policies. Only when these social policies are based on family functions and demands can they provide effective help to social members, particularly regarding the family's responsibilities to parent children and support the elderly.

[Study on manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control in the context of province level, city level and county level].

OBJECTIVE: To set the manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control. METHODS: Expected allocation manpower criteria was obtained through adjusting the current manpower allocation of disease prevention and control centers. The principle was to fulfill public function and promote professional efficiency. RESULTS: Based on function requirement, in 3 - 5 years, the manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control at provincial-level is 336 persons, at city-level is 102 persons, and at county-level is 33 persons, that means in whole country 140016 persons should be needed. In 10 years, the manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control at provincial-level is 386 persons, at city-level is 112 persons, and at county-level is 38 persons, that means in whole country 159086 persons should be needed. CONCLUSION: The manpower allocation criteria advanced in the study indicated that current manpower quantity should be greatly reduced. It is an inevitable trend that disease prevention and control centers reduce the staff quantity and promote their quality.

[Factors and indicators which should be considered in calculating human resources allocation criteria of the centers of disease prevention and control in China].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a series of factors and indicators which should be considered in calculating human resources allocation criteria of the centers of disease prevention and control in China. METHODS: Based on the measurement methodology on CDCs' human resources rational allocation, which has developed by the research team, the paper makes the method of experts' consultation and the datum on whether 168 simple CDCs agreed with these influencing factors and indicators. RESULTS: The paper develops 11 factors and 23 indicators, and finds these factors and indicators have a high agreement in simple CDCs. CONCLUSION: These factors and indicators are scientific, acceptable and reasonable.

[Implementation analysis of public functions of centers of disease prevention and control of China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of public function and items of the centers of disease prevention and control(CDC). METHODS: 161 centers of disease prevention and control have been investigated by two-stage stratified sampling. The implementation analysis of public function and items of CDC is measured by multiplying average operational proportion and average operational degree. RESULTS: 1. For investigated centers, the average rate of function implementation is 42.9% ,with 56.0% at provincial level and 43.7% at city level, 41.3% for the county level; while 49.3% in east areas, 45.4% in middle areas and 35.3% in west areas. 2. Among all 7 functional items, the implemented rate of disease prevention and control is 54.3%, 65.8% for emergency treatment, 35.0% for epidemic situation report and information management of health relative factors, 31.3% for inspection and control of health risk factors, 39.1% for the laboratory examination and evaluation, 36.4% for health education and health promotion, and 56.7% for technological guidance and application study. CONCLUSION: The implemented degree of public function of CDC was generally lower, varied with regions and levels. Among 7 public functional items, the emergency treatment function had the highest implementation, with the lowest for the inspection and control of health relative factors.

[Operational proportion of the public function and items of 161 centers of disease prevention and control in 7 provinces].

OBJECTIVE: To explicate the operational proportion of public function and items of the centers of disease prevention and control (CDC). METHODS: 161 CDC have been investigated by two-stage stratified sampling to provide the information about the operation of the public function and items of CDC. RESULTS: (1) The average operational proportion investigated CDC is 71.7%, the province level 92.0%, the city level 73.7%, the county level 68.5%. East areas 76.5%, middle areas 71.5%, west areas 68.1%. (2) The operational proportion of disease prevention and control function and emergency treatment function were higher, but that of epidemic situation report and information management of health relative factor, inspection and control of health relative factor, and the laboratory examination and evaluation were lower. CONCLUSION: Public function and items were rather poorly carried out by the centers of prevention and control in China, especially those in middle and west areas, and those in counties.

[Implementation analysis of public functions of 161 centers of disease prevention and control in 7 provinces].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of public function and items of the centers of disease prevention and control (CDC). METHODS: 161 centers of disease prevention and control have been investigated by two-stage stratified sampling. The implementation analysis of public function and items of CDC is measured by multiplying average operational proportion and average operational degree. RESULTS: (1) For investigated centers, the average rate of function implementation is 42.9%, with 56.0% at provincial level and 43.7% at city level, 41.3% for the county level, while 49.3% in east areas, 45.4% in middle areas and 35.3% in west areas. (2) Among all 7 functional items, the implemented rate of disease prevention and control is 54.3%, 65.8% for emergency treatment, 35.0% for epidemic situation report and information management of health relative factors, 31.3% for inspection and control of health risk factors, 39.1% for the laboratory examination and evaluation, 36.4% for health education and health promotion, and 56.7% for technological guidance and application study. CONCLUSION: The implemented degree of public function of CDC was generally lower, varied with regions and levels. Among 7 public functional items, the emergency treatment function had the highest implementation, with the lowest for the inspection and control of health relative factors.

[Human resources allocation in centers of disease prevention and control in China].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the human resources allocation of CDC in different areas and different levels. METHODS: By stratified cluster sampling we get 70 CDC's manpower data, which come from different areas(east, middle part, west)and different levels (province, city, county). RESULTS: (1) The average number of CDC's staff is 62. (2)CDC of province level are understaffed by 15%, while CDC of county level are overstaffed by 3%, and CDC of county level are overstaffed by 12%. (3) Structure of age: The average age of CDC's staff is 62, people under 35 years old in CDC is 39.4%, people above 55 years old is 3.5% (4) Structure of education: People with graduate degree are only 0.8%, and people come from technicalsecondary school are 57.0%. (5) Structure of specialty: A majority of people's majors are clinical medicine, and the percent of people having a non-medical-major are 36.6%. (6) Area distributing. Distribution of average quality score of staff are imbalance in different areas, the average quality score of staff in east area are 1.07 times than that in middle area, and 1.12 times than that in west area.

[Reform steps of reestablishing disease prevention and control system of China].

OBJECTIVE: To develop and demonstrate the reform steps of reestablishing disease prevention and control system of China. METHODS: A model named "strategies of fulfilling public functions of disease prevention and control system of China" has been employed to develop reform steps. 154 centers for disease prevention and control (CDC) have been sampled to consult the opinions about the reform steps developed by research team. RESULTS: To reestablish the disease prevention and control system of China, the following reform steps should be kept to: (1) increase government's attention to disease prevention and control, (2) insure feasible government investment to disease prevention and control, (3) increase the stability and efficiency of government financing, (4) reform management system to enhance the operation efficiency of the CDC, (5) revise labor regulation to attract and stabilize specialists, (6) be carefully to dispose the non-public-service now delivered by the CDC. The consent percent of all sampling CDC was 98.7%.

[A study on the cause of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system of China].

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the cause of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system of China. METHODS: 205 literatures in 8 national academic journals concerning health service management have been reviewed. The method of boundary analysis has been employed to conclude the various causes of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system of China. RESULTS: Literatures review demonstrated that the financing from government to disease prevention and control system of China was insufficiency and show lower efficiency, which has been agreed by 99.3% of CDC. Literatures review demonstrated that the financing administration idea of permitting charging service caused the fee-for-service played a key role in the economic reimbursement of various levels of CDC, which has been agreed by 96.0% of CDC. CONCLUSION: The causes of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system of China were the government financing insufficiency and the defective administration strategies.

[Fundamental strategies to address the problem of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system of China].

OBJECTIVE: To develop and demonstrate the strategies to solve the problem of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system of China. METHODS: 205 literatures in 8 national academic journals concerning health service management have been reviewed. The method of boundary analysis has been employed to conclude the various reform strategies. Based on the causes and mechanism of public health service delivery insufficiency of disease prevention and control system, the logic analysis has been employed to develop fundamental strategies, which has been demonstrated by 154 CDC using intention questionnaires. RESULTS: There are fundamental strategies to which the agreeing rate for sampling CDC was over 95%: to make sure government should afford the financing function of disease prevention and control and secure the feasible investment for centers of disease prevention and control. Meanwhile, the working efficiency of CDC should be improved through strengthening management and reforming government investing manner.