RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) is caused by a deficiency in alpha-L iduronidase (IDUA), which leads to lysosomal accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan and heparan sulfate. While the currently available therapies have good systemic effects, they only minimally affect the neurodegenerative process. Based on the neuroprotective and tissue regenerative properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), we hypothesized that the administration of MSCs transduced with a murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector expressing IDUA to IDUA KO mouse brains could reduce GAG deposition in the brain and, as a result, improve neurofunctionality, as measured by exploratory activity. METHODS: MSCs infected with an MLV vector encoding IDUA were injected into the left ventricle of the brain of 12- or 25-month-old IDUA KO mice. The behavior of the treated mice in the elevated plus maze and open field tests was observed for 1 to 2 months. Following these observations, the brains were removed for biochemical and histological analyses. RESULTS: After 1 or 2 months of observation, the presence of the transgene in the brain tissue of almost all of the treated mice was confirmed using PCR, and a significant reduction in GAG deposition was observed. This reduction was directly reflected in an improvement in exploratory activity in the open field and the elevated plus maze tests. Despite these behavioral improvements and the reduction in GAG deposition, IDUA activity was undetectable in these samples. Overall, these results indicate that while the initial level of IDUA was not sustainable for a month, it was enough to reduce and maintain low GAG deposition and improve the exploratory activity for months. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that gene therapy, via the direct injection of IDUA-expressing MSCs into the brain, is an effective way to treat neurodegeneration in MPSI mice.
RESUMEN
Os lentivírus, bem como os oncovírus e os spumavírus, pertencem à família Retroviridae. Essa família possui genoma composto por duas fitas simples de RNA e enzima transcriptase reversa. Os vírus de imunodeficiência humana (HIV), felina (FIV) e simiana (SIV) são os representantes mais bem conhecidos dos lentivírus, devido aos seus efeitos patológicos. O genoma dos lentivírus apresenta uma organização mais complexa do que dos oncovírus e muitos dos seus processos moleculares já estão descritos OU já são conhecidos. Além disso, são capazes de infectar inclusive células quiescentes, características essa que se opõe ao tropismo dos oncovírus. Essas propriedades levaram ao desenvolvimento de vetores lentivirais para terapia gênica e a perspectiva do emprego terapêutico dos mesmos na clínica por exemplo, para síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Uma série de modificações de engenharia genética no lentivetor baseado em HIV levou ao desenvolvimento do primeiro protocolo clínico de terapia gênica lentiviral contra a SIDA, nos EUA. Atualmente, existem vários protocolos clínicos com lentivetores em andamento, seguindo a tendência de empregá-los também em outras doenças.(AU)
Lentivirus, oncovirus and spumavirus belong to the Retroviridae family. The genome of this family is composed of two single strands of RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme. The human, feline and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV, FIV, SIV) are well known lentivirus in our society due to their pathological effects. The Lentiviral genome is more complex than the oncovira and much of its molecular mechanisms are already known. In addition, they are able to infect also quiescent cells, in opposition to oncovirus tropism. These properties lead to the development of gene therapy lentiviral vectors and to their possible therapeutic use at clinical level acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), for example. After intense genetic engineering, a HIV based lentivector was first used in a clinical trial in a gene therapy protocol for AIDS, in USA. Currently, there are several clinical trials in progress using lenviral vectors, following the tendency of evaluating their potential to treat many other diseases.(AU)