[Knowledges And Practices Of Iron Prescription By The Pediatric Ward In CHU Gabriel Touré Of Bamako, Mali]. / Connaissances Et Pratiques De La Prescription Du Fer Par Le Personnel Du Service De Pediatrie Du Chu Gabriel Toure De Bamako.

GOAL: To assess knowledges and practices on iron prescription in pediatric ward in CHU Gabriel Touré of Bamako, Mali. TOOLS AND METHODS: It was a prospective and transversal study canied out. We submitted questionnaire and analyzed the case history of to the children aged 1-60 months old who received iron during the study period from 1rstto 30 July 2012. The prescriptators' consent were solicited and obtained at first of all. RESULTS: Fifty prestators were interviewed among them 10 pediatricians (20%), 31 pediatrics' resident (62 %), 2 generalists physicians (4%), 7 medical student (14%). One hundred 100 were analyzed medical records. More than half of the prestators known the need of iron in children. Thirty percent have received iron at 8 to 10mg/kg. The medication duration wasn't indicating in 92% of patients. In our context prestators well know about meaning and the needs of iron in children bout they're limited on iron food sources and iron storage. CONCLUSION: The well theorical knowledge on indications and prescription roules on iron in children didn't escape from miss practices in its prescription. Moreover works should analyze the reasons of discrepancies.

BUT: Evaluer les connaissances et les pratiques relatives à la prescription du fer dans le service de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré (CHU-GT) de Bamako, Mali. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale réalisée du 1 er au 30 Juillet 2012 à la pédiatrie. Nous avons soumis un questionnaire aux prestataires et analysé les dossiers des enfants âgés de 1 à 60 mois hospitalisés ayant reçu du fer. Le consentement des prescripteurs à été demandé et obtenu au préalable. RÉSULTATS: nous avons enquêté cinquante prestataires dont 10 pédiatres (20%), 31 médecins CES de pédiatrie (62 %), 2 médecins généralistes (4%), 7 étudiants en fin de cycle médical (14%) et analysé 100 dossiers. Trente pour cent des prestataires ont correctement défini le fer. Plus de la moitié des prestataires connaissaient les besoins en fer chez l'enfant. Les réserves en fer étaient connues de 42% des prestataires. Huit pour cent des prestataires savaient que les fers apportés par l'alimentation étaient le fer héminique ou le fer non héminique. Trente pourcent des malades ont reçu le fer à la dose de 8 à 10mg/kg. La durée du traitement n'a pas été précisée chez 92% des malades. CONCLUSION: Dans notre contexte la bonne connaissance théorique des indications et des règles de prescription du fer chez l'enfant n'excluait pas les mauvaises pratiques de sa prescription. D'autres travaux devraient analyser les raisons de cette discordance.

[Particularities of early neonatal bacterial infection in the hospital environment of the CHU Gabriel Touré in Bamako]. / Particularites de l'infection neonatale bacterienne precoce en milieu hospitalier du CHU Gabriel Toure de Bamako.

INTRODUCTION: Early neonatal bacterial infection (ENBI) is a major concern in neonatology. In Mali, no study had addressed this aspect, hence the initiation of this work to study the epidemiological-clinical, biological and bacteriological profile of ENBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive longitudinal study that took place from june 27 to september 3, 2016 involving newborns aged ≤ 72 hours hospitalized for ENBI confirmed by blood culture in the neonatology service of the pediatrics department of the Center Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Toure in Bamako. The parameters studied were the socio-demographic and obstetrical characteristics of the mothers, the clinical, biological and bacteriological characteristics of newborns infected early. RESULTS: Of the 324 blood cultures performed, 52 were positive, i.e. an ENBI frequency of 11.04%. The sex ratio was 1.3 with 73.1% low birth weight. On admission, 90.4% of newborns had less than 24 hours of life and 86.5% were births outside the CHU Gabriel Toure. The main clinical signs were hyperthermia or hypothermia and respiratory distress. The main bacteria isolated in blood culture were Staphylococcus aureus (55.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%) and Escherichia coli (07.7%). Sensitivity to first-line biantibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone + gentamicin) was low (63.6%) and that of amikacin was better (100%). Half of the newborns infected early died and 19.2% of exeat without medical agreement was recorded. CONCLUSION: Early neonatal bacterial infection is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. In our context, amikacin could be a better therapeutic alternative.

INTRODUCTION: L'infection néonatale bactérienne précoce (INBP) est une préoccupation majeure en néonatologie. Au Mali, aucune étude n'avait abordé cet aspect d'où l'initiation du présent travail afin d'étudier le profil épidémio-clinique, biologique et bactériologique de l'INBP. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'est agi d'une étude longitudinale descriptive qui s'est déroulée du 27 juin au 03 septembre 2016 ayant concerné les nouveau-nés d'âge ≤ à 72 heures hospitalisés pour INBP confirmée à l'hémoculture dans le service de néonatologie du département de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Touré de Bamako. Les paramètres étudiés étaient les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et obstétricales des mères, les caractéristiques cliniques, biologiques et bactériologiques des nouveau-nés infectés précocement. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 324 hémocultures réalisées, 52étaient positives soit une fréquence d'INBP de 11,04 %. Le sex-ratio était de 1,3 avec 73,1% de petit poids de naissance. A l'admission, 90,4 % des nouveau-nés avait moins de 24 H de vie et86, 5%étaient des naissances hors du CHU Gabriel Touré. Les principaux signes cliniques étaient l'hyperthermie ou l'hypothermie et la détresse respiratoire. Les principales bactéries isolées à l'hémoculture étaient Staphylococcus aureus (55,8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13,5 %) et Escherichia coli(07,7 %). La sensibilité à la biantibiothérapie de première intention (ceftriaxone + gentamicine)était faible (63,6%) et celle de l'amikacine était meilleure (100 %). La moitié des nouveau-nés infectés précocement est décédée et 19,2% d'exéat sans accord médical a été enregistrée. CONCLUSION: L'infection néonatale bactérienne précoce est une cause majeure de morbi-mortalité néonatale. Dans notre contexte, l'amikacine pourrait être une meilleure alternative thérapeutique.

Excision in girls: Life-threatening acute complications in girls within 7 days of excision: Experience of the Pediatric Department of the University Hospital Gabriel Toure in Bamako, Mali.

The practice of excision in girls poses a significant risk to their health. The objective of this study was to determine the immediate acute complications associated with this practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study over a period of 15 months including all girls aged 0-15 years hospitalized for acute complications related to excision within 7 days of the practice in the pediatric department of the University Hospital Gabriel Toure. RESULTS: We collected 17 patient files. The median consultation time was 43 h. The main reason for consultation was post-excision bleeding in 76.4% of the cases. Pallor associated with respiratory distress was found in almost all cases. On admission, four girls (23.5%) were comatose and five girls (29.4%) showed signs of shock. The reasons for hospitalization were hemorrhage associated with post-excisional sepsis (52.9%), complicated shock anemia (23.5%), and severe post-excision anemia (23.5%). The average hemoglobin level was 5.5 g/dL; there was severe anemia in 94.1% of the girls (Hb <7g/dl). All the girls received blood transfusions with red blood cell concentrate. The other treatments received were local care (100%), administration of analgesics (100%), antibiotic therapy (82.4%), and oxygen therapy (41.2%). The outcome was unfavorable in two patients (11.8% deaths). CONCLUSION: This study shows the seriousness of the immediate complications associated with the practice of excision.

[Portal cavernoma at child about two observations]. / Cavernome portal chez l'enfant a propos de deux observations.

We report two observations of portal cavernoma diagnosed successively in Bamako and Dakar. The first is a 6-year-old male admitted to the service for ascites and abdominal pain. At admission the clinical parameters (weight, height, temperature, cranial perimeter and temperature) were within the norms for age. The clinical examination noted a moderate skin-mucosal pallor, asthenia. The biological assessment returned to moderate normochrome anemia with impaired pancreatic function while renal and hepatic functions were maintained. The abdominal scan performed after two low-contribution abdominal ultrasounds, objected signs in favor of a portal cavernoma with perisplenic and gastric varicose veins. The second is an 8-year-old male child born from an unborn marriage and from a followed pregnancy with premature delivery. His pathological history includes a notion of prematurity that required a stay in neonatology with umbilical catheterization and repeated abdominal pain. He had an acute abdominal episode in March 2015 justifying a surgical hospitalization for suspicion of appendicitis. At admission the clinical parameters (weight, height, temperature, cranial perimeter and temperature) were within the norms for age. The abdominal ultrasound prescribed for this was suggestive of portal cavernoma, later confirmed by abdominal computed tomography.

Nous rapportons deux observations de cavernome portal diagnostiqué successivement à Bamako et à Dakar. Le premier est un enfant de 6 ans de sexe masculin admis dans le service pour ascite et douleurs abdominales. L'examen clinique notait une pâleur cutanéo-muqueuse modérée, une asthénie. Le bilan biologique retrouvait une anémie modérée normochrome normocytaire avec une fonction pancréatique perturbée tandis que les fonctions rénales et hépatiques étaient conservées. Le scanner abdominal réalisé après deux échographies abdominales peu contributives, objectivait des signes en faveur d'un cavernome portal avec varice péri-splénique et gastrique. Le second est un enfant de 8 ans de sexe masculin né d'un mariage non consanguin et issu d'une grossesse suivie avec accouchement prématuré. Il est le 3e enfant de sa fratrie et scolarisé. On retrouve dans ses antécédents pathologiques une notion de prématurité ayant nécessitée un séjour en néonatologie avec cathétérisme ombilical et des douleurs abdominales à répétition. L'enfant a commencé à se plaindre de douleurs abdominales récurrentes vers l'âge de 6 ans. Douleurs de siège péri ombilical sans réveil nocturne dans un contexte de constipation chronique d'allure fonctionnelle. Il a fait un épisode abdominal aigu justifiant une hospitalisation en chirurgie pour suspicion d'appendicite. A l'admission les paramètres cliniques (poids, taille, température, périmètre crânien et température) étaient dans les normes pour l'âge. L'échographie abdominale prescrite à cet effet était évocatrice de cavernome porte, confirmé par la suite par la tomodensitométrie abdominale.

[Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 12 cases in Mali]. / Leucémie aiguë lymphoblastique de l'enfant: 12 observations au Mali.

INTRODUCTION: Data about childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common childhood malignancy in industrialized countries, are scarce in African publications. The purpose of this prospective, unicentric study were to assess the socio-demographic, clinic and laboratory characteristics of the children treated for lymphoblastic leukemia in our pediatric oncology unit in Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital in Bamako, Mali. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study includes all children between 1 and 15 years old treated for cytologically documented acute lymphoblastic leukemia from January 1, 2007 to September 30, 2009. RESULTS: A total of 12 cases including 8 boys and 4 girls (sex ration, 2) were treated during the study period. Mean age was 92 months. Age was less than 4 years old in 2 cases. 5 (41,7%) were between 5 and 9 years in 5 (41.7%) and between 10 to 15 years in five. At the time of presentation, 9 patients (75%) were in a cachectic state; 10 had lymphadenopathies, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly; and 2 had neurological involvement. The delay for definitive diagnosis was 5 months in 4 cases (33,3 %) and less than 5 months in the remaining cases. Initial white blood cell count was more than 50 000/mm3 in 10 cases and less less than 50 000/mm3 in 2 cases. All patients were treated using the LAL GFAOP protocol including LAL1 in 6 cases, LAL2 in 5 and LAL3 in 1. Treatment complications were included 6 undocumented infections in 6 cases, hemorrhage in 2 and severe anemia in 4. Four patients died. At 5 years follow-up, overall survival rate was 66,7%. CONCLUSION: A multicentric study including a greater number of children is needed to increase understanding of the characteristics of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in sub-Saharan Africa.

[Management of patients with Covid 19: analysis of prescription drugs at Gabriel Touré University Hospital]. / Prise en charge des patients atteints de Covid 19 : analyse des prescriptions médicamenteuses au CHU Gabriel Touré.

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020. For case management, Mali has created several treatment sites including the site of the CHU Gabriel Touré. AIMS: The objective of the study was to analyse drug prescriptions for the COVID-19 treatment at the CHU Gabriel Touré. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and descriptive study from April to September 2020. Drug prescriptions and hospital records were used to collect data. Prescriptions and hospital records were used to collect data. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were hospitalized. The median age was 44 years, 75.90% of patients had at least one pathology associated with COVID-19. The number of prescriptions was 333 comprising 870 lines of prescriptions including 33.21% for standard treatments, and 66.79% for associated pathologies. with 86.23% available at the Hospital Pharmacy. Chloroquine, dosed at 250mg, was administered at 500mg twice a day. The national guidelines from the treatment of COVID-19 recommends 200mg of chloroquine in two doses. Vitamin C was prescribed for all patients although not included in the national guidelines. The class of drugs for the blood and blood-forming organs was the most prescribed (31.49%). The average cost of treatments was 65,602 ± 106,858 FCFA with a maximum of 567,860 FCFA. An evaluation of prescriptions in other treatment sites is necessary.

La COVID-19 est une infection virale qui s'est propagé dans tout le monde. Pour la prise en charge des cas, le Mali a créé des sites de traitement dont celui du CHU Gabriel Touré. OBJECTIF: C'était d'analyser les prescriptions médicamenteuses pour le traitement de la COVID-19 au CHU Gabriel Touré. MÉTHODOLOGIE: L'étude était rétrospective et descriptive et a concerné la période d'avril à septembre 2020. Elle s'est déroulée au Centre de Traitement COVID-19 du CHU Gabriel Touré et à la Pharmacie Hospitalière de cet hôpital. Les ordonnances et les registres d'hospitalisation ont servi à collecter les données. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 29 patients ont été hospitalisés. L'âge médian était de 44ans, 75,90% des patients présentaient au moins une pathologie associée à la COVID-19. Le nombre d'ordonnances était de 333 comportant 870 lignes de prescriptions dont 33,21% de traitements standards et 66,79% pour les pathologies associées avec 86,23% disponibles à la Pharmacie Hospitalière. Le phosphate de chloroquine, dosé à 250mg, était administré à 500mg deux fois quotidiennement. Dans les directives nationales le phosphate de chloroquine était à 100mg pour 200mg trois fois quotidienne. La vitamine C non prévue dans les directives a été prescrite à tous les patients. La classe des médicaments du sang et des organes hématopoïétiques a été les plus prescrits (31,49%). Le coût moyen des traitements était de 65602±106858 FCFA avec maximum de 567860 FCFA. Une évaluation des prescriptions dans les autres sites de traitement est nécessaire.

[Socio-demographic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of adolescents treated and followed for HIV infection at the Hospital Gabriel Toure paediatric center]. / Profil epidemio-clinique et therapeutique du VIH de l'adolescent au departement de pediatrie du chu Gabriel Toure.

HIV infection is a chronic infectious disease requiring long-term management and regular follow-up of patients. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study was to describe the socio-demographic, clinical, biological and therapeutic aspects of adolescents treated and followed for HIV infection at the Hospital Gabriel Toure paediatric center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 01/01/2001 to 31/12/2017, the medical records of children followed for HIV infection until adolescence were analyzed. It was a descriptive and analytical retrospective study. RESULTS: One thousand five hundred and fourteen patients received antiretroviral treatment and 587 were still in follow-up on 31 December 2017, including 393 adolescents (sex-ratio = 1.2). The median age was 14.25 years and 55.1% of children had lost at least one parent. HIV serology was positive among mothers in 61.7% of cases (n=342), and 63% of them were on ARVs. Sixty-eight per cent of children were WHO Stage III or IV at the time of ART initiation. The median age at onset of ART was 53 months (26-96 months). The combination of 2 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) was used in 89% of patients. The median CD4 count before ARV treatment was 438/mm3. The average duration of follow-up under treatment was 9.8 ± 3.4 years. Fifty-one percent of adolescents had undetectable viral load. There was a correlation between the initiation of a second line of treatment and treatment failure (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The adherence of adolescents to ARV treatment requires the implementation of innovative strategies to improve the therapeutic success rate.

L'infection à VIH est une maladie chronique infectieuse nécessitant une prise en charge longue et un suivi régulier des patients. OBJECTIFS: L'objectif de ce travail était de décrire les aspects socio-démographiques, clinico-biologiques et thérapeutiques du VIH chez l'adolescentau centre d'excellence pédiatrique de prise en charge du CHU Gabriel Toure. PATIENTS ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale avec recueil rétrospectif de données, qui s'est déroulée du 01/01/2001 au 31/12/2017. C'était une étudetransversale à visée analytique portant sur les dossiers des adolescents d'au moins10 ans. RÉSULTATS: Trois cent quatre-vingt-treize (393) adolescents d'au moins10 ansont été inclus. La sérologie VIH était positive chez les mères dans 61,7% des cas (n=342), et 63% d'entre elles étaient sous ARV. Soixante-huit pour cent des enfants étaient classés stade III ou IV de l'OMS au moment de la mise sous TARV. L'association de 2 inhibiteurs nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse (INTI) à un inhibiteur non nucléotidique de la transcriptase inverse (INNTI) a été utilisée chez 89% des patients. Le taux de CD4 médian avant la mise sous traitement ARV était de 438/mm3 La durée moyenne de suivi sous traitement était de 9,8 ± 3,4 ans. Cinquante un pourcent (51%) des adolescents étaient en succès thérapeutique avec une charge virale indétectable (< 1000 copies/ml). Il y avait une corrélation entre l'instauration d'une seconde ligne de traitement et l'échec thérapeutique (p<0,001). CONCLUSION: L'adhésion des adolescents au traitement ARV nécessite la mise en place de stratégies innovantes permettant d'améliorer le taux de succès thérapeutique.

[Management of Acute Malnutrition in Children in a Sahelian Secondary Hospital]. / Prise en charge de la Malnutrition Aigüe chez l'enfant dans un Hopital Secondaire Sahelien.

Malnutrition among children under five is a major public health problem in low-income countries, and contributes significantly to mortality in this age group. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical profile of malnourished children at the Nara hospital in north of Mali. METHOD: It was a retrospective and descriptive study, from 01/01/2016 to 31/12/2016. Children aged 6 months to 59 months admitted for acute malnutrition were included. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty-one children had malnutrition, representing 15% of consultations and 50% of hospitalizations. The median age was 26 months (2 months-93 months). The sex ratio was 0.92 (M = 222, F = 239). Nineteen percent of the patients had progressive weaning (n = 90), and it was brutal in 371 patients (80%). The distribution of patients according to the Z-score was as follows: Z-score <-1 (n = 15, 3%), Z-score <-2 (n = 46, 10%), Z-score <-3 (n = 400, 87%). Mean MUAC was 105 mm (99mm-124mm). Hypoglycemia was noted in 45% (n = 204). The marasmus cases accounted for 80% (n = 367) kwashiorkor 10% (n = 48). The mixed form of malnutrition accounted for 10% (n = 46). The disease associated with malnutrition were pneumonia (n = 219, 47%), malaria (n = 115, 25%) and gastroenteritis (n = 68, 15%). The F75 milk was administered predominantly for 3 months in 93% of cases. For phase 2 of treatment, Plumpy Nut and F100 milk were respectively administered in 88% and 12%. The nutritional recovery rate was 95% (n = 435). Five percent of the patients died (n = 26). Pneumonia was the cause of death in 85% of cases. The cure rate for marasmus and kwashiorkor cases was respectively 94% and 93%. CONCLUSION: Acute malnutrition remains frequent in the Sahelian environment. Better knowledge of mothers about weaning and dietary diversification will improve the nutritional status of children.

La malnutrition chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans est un problème majeur de santé publique dans les pays à faibles revenus, et contribue de manière significative à la mortalité dans cette tranche d'âge. Le but de ce travail était d'évaluer le profil épidémio- clinique et thérapeutique des enfants malnutris pris en charge au centre de santé de référence de Nara. MÉTHODE: IL s'est agi d'une étude rétrospective et descriptive, allant du 01/01/2016 au 31/12/2016. Tous les enfants d'âge compris entre 6 mois et 59 mois, admis pour malnutrition aigüe ont été inclus. RÉSULTATS: La malnutrition a été diagnostiquée chez quatre cent soixante un enfant, soit 15% des consultations et 50% des hospitalisations. L'âge médian était de 26 mois (2 mois-93 mois). Le sex ratio était 0,92 (M=222 ; F=239).Dix-neuf pour cent des patients ont eu un sevrage progressif (n=90), et il a été brutal chez 371 patients, soit 80%. La répartition des patients selon le Z-score était le suivant : Z-score < -1 (n=15 ; 3%), Z-score < -2 (n=46 ; 10%), Z-score < -3 (n=400 ; 87%). Le périmètre brachial moyen était de 105 mm (99mm-124mm). A l'admission, l'hypoglycémie a été notée chez 45% (n=204). Les cas de marasme représentaient 80% (n=367) kwashiorkor 10% (n=48). La forme mixte de la malnutrition a représentée 10% (n=46). Les pathologies associées à la malnutrition étaient : les pneumopathies (n=219 ; 47%), le paludisme (n=115 ; 25%) et les gastroentérites (n=68 ; 15%).Le F75 a été administré majoritairement pendant 3 mois dans 93% des cas. Pour la phase 2 du traitement, le Plumpy Nut et le F100 ont été respectivement administré à 88% et 12%. Le taux de récupération nutritionnelle était de 95% (n=435). Cinq pour cent des patients sont décédés (n=26). La pneumonie a été la cause du décès dans 85% des cas. Le taux de guérison pour les cas de marasme et de kwashiorkor était respectivement de 94% et 93%. CONCLUSION: la malnutrition aigüe demeure fréquente et préoccupante en milieu pédiatrique sahelien. Une meilleure connaissance des mères sur le sevrage et la diversification alimentaire permettront d'améliorer l'état nutritionnel des enfants.

Childhood brain tumors in Mali.

to assess epidemiologic and clinical aspects of childhood brain tumors in Mali. a retrospective, descriptive study of children aged 0-15 years with brain tumors, conducted in the pediatrics department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital Center in Bamako, Mali, from January 31, 2007 to December 3, 2012. In all, 41 cases of brain tumors were recorded during this period (mean: 5.5 years old; range: 1-12 years). Brain tumors were most frequent in the children aged 2-5 years (53.7%) and among boys (53.7%). Late stage at presentation was relatively frequent (34.1%) with a mean time to diagnosis of 10 months. Features of elevated intracranial pressure were the most frequent mode of revelation of primary tumors (26.8%). Supratentorial tumors accounted for 83% of the cases, and gliomas were most frequently (29.3%) identified on computed tomography. Only five patients underwent surgical tumor removal. A broader study including the other hospitals in Bamako could help to assess more accurately the epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in Mali.

[Accidental household poisoning of the child at the Gabriel Toure university hospital center in Bamako]. / Les intoxications accidentelles domestiques de l'enfant au Chu Gabriel Toure.

INTRODUCTION: Household accidental child poisonings are frequent pediatric medical emergencies in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological, etiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of acute accidental domestic poisoning in children aged 0 to 15 years admitted to the pediatric emergency department of Gabriel Toure. METHOD: This was a prospective, descriptive study that ran from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. All patients aged 0 to 15 years admitted to pediatric emergencies for acute intoxication were included. RESULTS: A hundred cases of acute accidental poisoning were collected. Children under five accounted for 94%. The majority of mothers was housewives and had custody of children (83%). Forty-nine percent of the mothers were unschooled. The place of storage of the product was indoor in 96% of cases. The product was taken by the child himself (88%). A gesture at the scene of the accident was reported in 68% of cases, the ingestion of milk (72%) and water (10%) were the first acts used. The hospital was the first resort (72%). The time between taking the product and admission to hospital was 1 to 5 hours in 58% of cases. Vomiting (37 cases), agitation (17 cases) and respiratory distress (16 cases) were the most common symptoms. Domestic products (48%) followed by drugs (33%) ranked first among the families of poisons. Caustic soda (18%) and bleach (17%) were the most commonly found intoxication products. The evolution was good with a cure without sequelae (93%). CONCLUSION: Accidental acute intoxications to household products are common in Mali. The hospital admission deadline is still long; the actions taken by patients at the accident site often aggravate their states but are largely done by the parents before the use of health care.

Les intoxications accidentelles domestiques de l'enfant sont des urgences médicales pédiatriques fréquentes dans les pays en développement. Le but de notre travail était d'étudier les aspects épidémiologiques, étiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des intoxications aiguës accidentelles domestiques chez les enfants âgés de 0 à 15 ans admis aux urgences pédiatriques du CHU Gabriel Touré. MÉTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive à collecte prospective qui s'est déroulée du 01 janvier 2014 au 31 décembre 2014. Ont été inclus tous les patients âgés de 0 à 15 ans admis aux urgences pédiatriques pour intoxications aiguës accidentelles. RÉSULTATS: Cent cas d'intoxications accidentelles aiguës ont étés colligés. Les enfants âgés de moins de cinq ans représentaient 94%. La majorité des mères était des femmes au foyer et avait la garde des enfants (83%). Quarante-neuf pour cent des mères n'étaient pas scolarisées. Le lieu de stockage du produit était intradomiciliaire dans 96% des cas. Le produit était pris par l'enfant lui-même (88%). Un geste sur le lieu de l'accident était rapporté dans 68% des cas, l'ingestion de lait (72 %) et de l'eau (10%) avaient été les premiers gestes utilisés. L'hôpital était le lieu du premier recours (72%). La durée entre la prise du produit et l'admission à l'hôpital était de 1 à 5 heures dans 58% des cas. Les vomissements (37 cas), l'agitation (17 cas) et la détresse respiratoire (16 cas) étaient les symptômes les plus rencontrés. La soude caustique (18%) et l'eau de javel (17 %) étaient les produits d'intoxication les plus retrouvés. Les produits domestiques (48%) suivis des médicaments (33%) venaient en tête parmi les familles de toxiques. L'évolution était bonne avec une guérison sans séquelle (93%). CONCLUSION: Les intoxications aiguës accidentelles aux produits domestiques sont courantes au Mali. Le délai d'admission à l'hôpital reste toujours long, les gestes inappropriés apportés aux patients sur le lieu de l'accident aggravent souvent le tableau mais sont largement effectués par les parents avant le recours aux soins de santé.

[Maxillofacial location of Burkitt's lymphoma in children treated at the University Hospital Center in Bamako, Mali: a 24-case series]. / Le lymphome de Burkitt à localisation maxillo-faciale en milieu pédiatrique au CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali: à propos de 24 cas.

Burkitt's lymphoma was first described in Africa where it remains one of the most common malignant tumors in children. To our knowledge there have been no large series describing Burkitt's lymphoma involving the maxillofacial area or any other location in Malian children. The purpose of this retrospective single-center study was to describe clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic findings in children treated for maxillofacial Burkitt's lymphoma in the Oncology Unit of the Gabriel Touré Pediatric Hospital in Bamako, Mali from January to December 2006. A total of 38 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma were diagnosed during the study period. This series includes 24 children (63.2%) under the age of 15 years in whom diagnosis of previously untreated maxillofacial Burkitt's lymphoma was confirmed by cytology. All patients were treated using the GFA 2005 protocol for Burkitt's lymphoma. There were 17 boys and 7 girls (sex ratio of 2.4). In all cases the disease was advanced, i.e. stage III in 87.5% and stage IV in 12.5%. Following three cycles of Endoxan in association with 3 injections of metothrexate and hydrocortisone, complete remission was observed in 37.5% and 16.6% were lost from follow-up. Treatment complications after 6 cycles included hematologic toxicity in 71.5% and alopecia in 100%. Most patients (70.8%.) presented no infectious episode. Follow-up examination at one year showed that 29.2% of patients remained in complete remission. Despite limited resources for treatment and surveillance, the survival rate in our series of patients treated for advanced stage Burkitt's lymphoma was about 30%. It is likely that a strategy based on an information campaign to enhance the awareness and knowledge of parents, training of medical and paramedical staff, and improvement of management facilities could further reduce mortality due to Burkitt's lymphoma in Malian children.

[Blackwater fever in children during cerebral malaria: 3 case reports in Bamako]. / La fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique chez l'enfant: à propos de 3 observations à Bamako.

BACKGROUND: Blackwater fever is a rare but serious form of malaria in children. Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms and on the color of the urines. OBJECTIVES: To describe blackwater fever in children, a disease whose prevalence seems to be increasing. METHOD: We report 3 cases of blackwater fever observed in our institution. RESULTS: In 2 cases, acute renal insufficiency with oligoanuria was observed. In all the 3 cases, treatment with quinine was stopped and replaced by injectable artemether. Evolution was dependent on renal function, and included in 1 patient neurological sequels consisting in aphasia. CONCLUSION: Blackwater fever is a severe affection whose diagnosis should be evoked using the color of urine. Evolution is usually favorable in the pediatric population, when adequate care can be provided.

[Treatment of childhood cancer in Africa. Action of the Franco-African childhood cancer group]. / Le traitement des cancers de l'enfant en Afrique. Travaux du groupe franco-africain d'oncologie pédiatrique.

The childhood cancer survival rate is currently 75% in industrialized countries. Rates in developing countries are much lower. The Franco-African Childhood Cancer Group (French acronym, GFAOP) was founded in 2000 with aim of reducing this unfavorable situation in Africa. The GFAOP has developed two forms of action. The main form consists of organizing two- to twelve-month training sessions for physicians and nurses in France and Morocco. The other form involves assessing the feasibility of modern treatment protocols for various cancers in Africa. The first feasibility trials were carried out on nephroblastoma and Burkitt's lymphoma in 12 pilot units in North Africa, West Africa, and Madagascar. In the first study from 2001 to 2005 we treated 306 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma using French LMB protocols adapted to the African setting and achieved a survival rate of 61%. A second study started in 2005 using Endoxan alone achieved a highly satisfactory survival rate of 73% for neuroblastoma in all stages except bilateral. Altogether from 2001 to 2007 more than 1000 cases of nephroblastoma and Burkitt's lymphoma were treated in African hospitals by African doctors and nurses. No patients were transferred to Europe. The GFAOP supplied drugs when necessary and took care of most travel expenses. African and French doctors worked together on protocol design, trial management, and data analysis. These promising results show that the latest therapeutic techniques can be used to treat childhood cancer in Africa by adapting the protocol to conditions in developing countries. Sanofi-Aventis Laboratories in association with the International Union against Cancer has launched a major campaign to improve Pediatric Oncology in developing countries. Projects in four GFAOP units are being financed through this campaign. In 2006 the GFAOP began assessment of two new treatment protocols, i.e., one for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the other for Hodgkin's disease. Two other projects are being planned, i.e., one for treatment of retinoblastoma and the other for treatment of some types of brain tumors.

[Congenital Hypothyroidism: 2 observed cases at the Gabriel Toure University Hospital of Bamako, Mali]. / Hypothyroïdie congenitale: a propos de deux observations au CHU Gabriel Toure de Bamako-Mali.

We report two observations of congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed in 2011 in the university hospital of Gabriel Toure in Bamako. The first occurred in a male infant of 40 days, admitted for respiratory distress and anterior compressive cervical swelling. Although his neonatal period occurred without any medical particularity, family medical history revealed the presence of unexplored goiter in three paternal uncles. Neurological examination was normal with the presence of constipation. A cervical-thoracic scan showed a homogeneous and symmetric hypertrophy of thyroid lobes with a compression of the trachea. The dosage of thyroid hormones confirmed hypothyroidism (FT4 = 1.6 pmol/l, TSH = 60 µUI/ml). After one month of treatment using Levothyroxine, 10 mg/kg, there was a drastic improvement of respiratory distress, a regression of goiter and normalization of thyroid hormones. At six months of life he had no goiter and psychomotor development was normal. The second case occurred in a male infant of 2 years, from an area of endemic goiter. Puffiness of the face without lower limb edema, constipation, and delayed independent walking were the reasons for consultation. On examination, we noted the absence of goiter, large anterior fontanel with facial dysmorphism (lunar facies, hypertelorism, flat nose, macroglossia) and infiltration of the skin more marked in the face with cold extremities. He required support to sit. The thyroid function tests confirmed hypothyroidism (FT4 = 72 nmol/l, FT3 = 0.40 nmol/l, TSH > 60 µUI/l). Under levothyroxine, there was normalization of thyroid hormones after one month of treatment and disappearance of the skin infiltration. At six months of treatment he had acquired independent walking. Mental prognosis remains to be evaluated. These cases confirm the necessity of routine neonatal diagnosis of hypothyroidism.

Nous rapportons deux observations d'hypothyroïdie congénitale diagnostiquées en 2011 au CHU Gabriel Touré de Bamako. Il s'agit d'un nourrisson de 40 jours, de sexe masculin admis dans le service pour une détresse respiratoire et une tuméfaction cervicale antérieure compressive. Son passé néonatal était sans particularités, il aurait trois oncles paternels ayant un goitre non exploré. Une constipation chronique était le seul signe fonctionnel tandis que l'examen neurologique était normal. Une tomodensitométrie cervico-thoracique montrait une hypertrophie homogène et symétrique des lobes thyroïdiens avec compression de la trachée. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes confirmait l'hypothyroïdie (T4L = 1,6 pmol/l, TSH= 60 µUI/ml). Sous lévothyroxine à 10 µg /kg, on notait une disparition de la détresse respiratoire, une régression du goitre et la normalisation du taux des hormones thyroïdiennes à un mois de traitement. A six mois de vie, il n'avait pas de goitre et son développement psychomoteur était normal. Le second est un nourrisson de 2 ans, de sexe masculin, provenant d'une zone d'endémie goitreuse. Une bouffissure du visage sans œdème des membres inférieurs, une constipation, un retard de la marche autonome constituaient les motifs de consultation. A l'examen, on notait l'absence de goitre, une fontanelle antérieure large avec une dysmorphie faciale (facies lunaire, hypertélorisme, nez aplati, macroglossie) et une infiltration de la peau plus marquée au visage avec une froideur des extrémités. Il s'asseyait avec appui. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes a confirmé l'hypothyroïdie (T4L = 72 nmol/l, T3L= 0,40 nmol/l, TSH > 60 µUI/l). Sous lévothyroxine, on notait la normalisation des hormones thyroïdiennes à un mois de traitement et la disparition de l'infiltration de la peau. A six mois de traitement il avait acquis la marche autonome. Le pronostic mental reste à être évalué. Ces observations confirment la nécessité du diagnostic néonatal de l'hypothyroïdie.

[Knowledge and practices regarding iron prescription by medical staff of the pediatric ward in the Gabriel Touré university hospital of Bamako, Mali]. / Connaissances et pratiques de la prescription du fer par le personnel du service de pediatrie du CHU Gabriel Toure de Bamako.

GOAL: To assess knowledge and practices on iron prescription in the pediatric ward of the Gabriel Touré university hospital of Bamako, Mali. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st to 31st July 2012 in the service. We presented the participants with a questionnaire and analyzed the medical files of children aged 1-60 months old who received an iron prescription. Each prescriber's consent was solicited and obtained prior to the study. RESULTS: Fifty prescribers were interviewed, among them 10 pediatricians (20%), 31 pediatrics' residents (62%), 2 generalist physicians (4%), 7 medical student (14%); and 100 medical records were analyzed. More than half of the prescribers were aware of the need of iron in children, with 42% knowing about iron reserves. 8% of prescribers knew that iron absorbed through food was heme iron or non-heme iron. Thirty percent of patients received iron at a dose of 8 to 10mg/kg. Length of treatment was not indicated in 92% of patients. CONCLUSION: In our context, sufficient theoretical knowledge and of children's iron need did not exclude bad prescription practices. Future studies should analyze the reasons of behind this discrepancy.

BUT: Evaluer les connaissances et les pratiques relatives à la prescription du fer dans le service de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré (CHU-GT) de Bamako, Mali. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale réalisée du 1 er au 30 Juillet 2012 à la pédiatrie. Nous avons soumis un questionnaire aux prestataires et analysé les dossiers des enfants âgés de 1 à 60 mois hospitalisés ayant reçu du fer. Le consentement des prescripteurs à été demandé et obtenu au préalable. RÉSULTATS: nous avons enquêté cinquante prestataires dont 10 pédiatres (20%), 31 médecins CES de pédiatrie (62 %), 2 médecins généralistes (4%), 7 étudiants en fin de cycle médical (14%) et analysé 100 dossiers. Trente pour cent des prestataires ont correctement défini le fer. Plus de la moitié des prestataires connaissaient les besoins en fer chez l'enfant. Les réserves en fer étaient connues de 42% des prestataires. Huit pour cent des prestataires savaient que les fers apportés par l'alimentation étaient le fer héminique ou le fer non héminique. Trente pourcent des malades ont reçu le fer à la dose de 8 à 10mg/kg. La durée du traitement n'a pas été précisée chez 92% des malades. CONCLUSION: Dans notre contexte la bonne connaissance théorique des indications et des règles de prescription du fer chez l'enfant n'excluait pas les mauvaises pratiques de sa prescription. D'autres travaux devraient analyser les raisons de cette discordance.

[Mothers knowledges, attitudes and practices on female genital excision in Bamako]. / Connaisssances, attitudes et pratiques des meres relatives a l'excision a Bamako.

AIM: In Mali society, female excision is a cultural practice. Despite the awareness campaigns, it affects nearly 85% of the female population (EDSM IV). This study was initiated to assess the knowledges, attitudes and practices of mothers about female circumcision. METHOD: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study from June 1 to July 31, 2011, in the Department of Pediatrics of the teaching hospital of Gabriel Touré, Bamako, regarding the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers related to the female excision. RÉSULTS: We interviewed 224 mothers. The prevalence of female circumcision was 73%. In 72.7% of cases, the area affected by the mutilation was unknown to the mother. Nearly seventy percent (69.6%) of mothers thought that female circumcision had advantages only and should even be mandatory (74.6%). Female circumcision was associated with tradition, and it would be a religious obligation for 65%, and 21.4% of mothers, respectively. More than half of the girls were circumcised before their first year (76.3%) and 26.3% in the neonatal period. The majority of mothers were against a law banning the practice of female circumcision (54%). Ninety five percent of mothers reported that they would renew the experience of female circumcision. CONCLUSION: Female circumcision remains a well-established practice. Policies to fight against female circumcision are faced to very deep beliefs.

RÉSUMÉ: Au Mali, l'excision est une pratique culturelle dans la société. Malgré les campagnes de sensibilisation, elle toucherait 85% de la population féminine (EDSM IV). Ce travail a été initié pour évaluer les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des mères sur l'excision de leurs filles. MÉTHODE: Nous avons effectué une étude prospective transversale du 1er juin au 31 juillet 2011, dans le département de pédiatrie du CHU Gabriel Touré portant les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des mères relatives à l'excision. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons interrogé 224 mères. La prévalence de l'excision était de 73%. Dans 72,7% des cas, la zone concernée par la mutilation était méconnue de la mère. Les mères pensaient dans 69,6% des cas que l'excision n'avait que des avantages et qu'elle doit être obligatoire (74,6%). L'excision était associée à la tradition pour 65% des mères. Elle serait une obligation religieuse pour 21,4% des mères. Plus de la moitié des filles était excisée avant leur première année (76,3%) et 26,3% dans la période néonatale. La majorité des mères étaient contre une loi interdisant la pratique de l'excision (54%). Sur 100, 95 mères affirmaient qu'elles renouvelleraient l'expérience de l'excision. CONCLUSION: L'excision reste une pratique bien ancrée. Les politiques de lutte contre l'excision se heurtent ainsi à des croyances très profondes.

[Epidemiology and prognosis of childhood cancers at Gabriel-Touré Teaching Hospital (Bamako, Mali)]. / Épidémiologie et pronostic des cancers pédiatriques au CHU Gabriel-Touré de Bamako (Mali).

UNLABELLED: Cancer today is being treated as a public health problem in Africa, as in developed countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the epidemiology and outcome of children treated in the Pediatric Oncology Unit of Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital in Bamako (Mali), six years after it opened. METHODS: Retrospective study of the files of all children aged 15 and younger diagnosed with cancer and treated by chemotherapy between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010. RESULTS: The study included 690 children. Their mean age was 24 months. The time from observation of first symptoms to consultation was less than 3 months in 200 cases (29%), from 3 to 10 months in 256 (37.1%), and more than 10 months in 234 (33.9%). The five most common childhood cancers were malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (n=231, 33.5%), retinoblastoma (n=170, 24.6%), nephroblastoma (n=102, 14.8%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n=54, 7%), and Hodgkin's disease (n=34, 4%). Six years after the unit opened and after a mean follow-up of 3 years, we recorded 272 deaths (39.4%); at least 238 children are still alive (34.5%), with 180 cases (26.1%) lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Childhood cancer survival is still low in Mali, and the rate of loss to follow-up quite high.

Preliminary evaluation of children treated with metronomic chemotherapy and valproic acid in a low-income country: Metro-Mali-02.

BACKGROUND: Metronomics is defined by the combination of metronomic chemotherapy and drug repositioning. Since off-patent chemotherapeutic drugs can be used and given the low toxicity profile of this approach, metronomics appears to be an invaluable alternative to bring affordable targeted therapies in low-income countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report on the preliminary efficacy and safety of a metronomic vincristine/cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/valproic acid regimen given to children with refractory cancer of various tumor types or with a very advanced disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, single-center study evaluated the use of a metronomics protocol, consisting of a first cycle of weekly vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 (days: 1, 8, 15 and 22), daily cyclophosphamide 25 mg/m2 (days: 1-21), twice weekly methotrexate 15 mg/m² (days: 21-42) and daily valproic acid (30 mg/kg/d) followed by a 1-week break. For the following cycles, vincristine was administrated only at week 1 and 5 of the cycle. This treatment was proposed to children with refractory disease and patients who were not eligible for the protocols available in the hospital. Adverse events were determined through laboratory analyses and investigator observations. RESULTS: From January 2010 to January 2011, 7 children (mean age: 5.4 ± 3 years old) were treated. Most frequent diagnosis was retinoblastoma. Two partial responses were observed in patients with neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma. These two patients are alive with stable disease at last follow-up (6 and 26 months, respectively) after stopping treatment. CONCLUSION: Metronomics allows treating patients with advanced or refractory or relapsing disease and the introduction of targeted treatments in low-income countries. The potential of metronomics in children and young adults living in middle- and low-income countries warrants further larger studies.

[Reasons for hospitalisation of hiv-infected children in pediatric service of the Gabriel Toure teaching hospital, Bamako]. / Causes d'hospitalisation des enfants infectes par le vih dans le service de pediatrie du CHU Gabriel Toure de Bamako.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to determine the reasons of hospitalization of HIV-infected children in our context and to identify factors associated with mortality in the course of hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Our study took place in the department of pediatrics of the Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital. It involved all the children hospitalized between March 1st and August 31st, 2010 to whom an infection with HIV was diagnosed before or during the hospitalization. RESULTS: Thirty seven HIV-infected children were hospitalized. The average age at admission was 46,9 months and the sex ratio was 0,76. HIV infection was discovered during the hospitalization for 29 children (78,4%). Fifteen children were orphan of at least a parent. The medical pathological history include sickle cell disease (2 cases) and tuberculosis (1 case). The great majority (91,9%) were at WHO stage 3 or 4. The main AIDS-defining events were severe malnutrition (73%) and pneumonia (45,9%). They were followed by bacterial infections (21,6%) and malaria (13,5%). An anemia was found at 85,7 % of the children. CONCLUSION: Efforts must be made for early diagnosis and management of pediatric's HIV infection.

BUT: L'objectif de notre étude était de déterminer les raisons d'hospitalisation des enfants infectés par le VIH dans notre contexte et d'identifier les facteurs associés à la mortalité en cours d'hospitalisation. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODE: Elle s'est déroulée dans le service de pédiatrie du CHU Gabriel Touré. Elle a concerné tous les enfants hospitalisés entre le 1er mars et le 31 août 2010 chez lesquels une infection à VIH a été diagnostiquée avant ou pendant l'hospitalisation. RÉSULTATS: Trente sept enfants infectés par le VIH ont été hospitalisés. L'âge moyen à l'admission était de 46,9 mois avec un sexe ratio de 0,76. L'infection au VIH a été découverte pendant l'hospitalisation pour 29 enfants (78,4%). Quinze enfants étaient orphelins d'au moins un parent. Les antécédents pathologiques médicaux retrouvés étaient la drépanocytose (2 cas) et la tuberculose (1 cas). La grande majorité (91,9%) était à un stade 3 ou 4 de l'OMS. Les principales affections classant SIDA retrouvées ont été la dénutrition (73%) et la pneumonie (45,9%) sévères. Elles ont été suivies des infections bactériennes (21,6%) et du paludisme (13,5%). Une anémie a été retrouvée chez 85,7% des enfants. CONCLUSION: Des efforts doivent être fournis pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge précoces de l'infection à VIH pédiatrique.