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Low propagation loss Ge23Sb7S70 waveguides (0.56 dB/cm) are fabricated in a wafer scale process. Simulation of a 2 cm long, 1.2 µm wide waveguide with 100 ps/nm/km peak dispersion predicts coherent supercontinuum generation at 1.55 µm pump wavelength. Octave-spanning supercontinuum using a dispersive wave is experimentally demonstrated using picojoule-level energy (26 pJ, 240 fs pulse width, 77 W peak power) pulses.
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Miniaturization of frequency-comb sources could open a host of potential applications in spectroscopy, biomedical monitoring, astronomy, microwave signal generation, and distribution of precise time or frequency across networks. This review article places emphasis on an architecture with a semiconductor mode-locked laser at the heart of the system and subsequent supercontinuum generation and carrier-envelope offset detection and stabilization in nonlinear integrated optics.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of common sinogram-based DECT reconstruction methods for radiotherapy tissue characterization and to evaluate the advantage of combining them with a stoichiometric calibration. METHODS: The sinogram-based DECT method defined byAlvarez and Macovski ["Energy-selective reconstructions in x-ray computerized tomography," Phys. Med. Biol. 21, 733-744 (1976)] is adapted to the XCOM photon cross sections database and also generalized to a two-material decomposition method. A theoretical framework is developed using a test phantom containing human tissue compositions for comparing the sinogram-based methods and the calibration-based method, being defined as the application of the stoichiometric calibration technique of Bourque et al. ["A stoichiometric calibration method for dual energy computed tomography," Phys. Med. Biol. 59, 2059-2088 (2014)] on monoenergetic images being generated with a sinogram-based method. Applying a bias correction to the sinogram-based method, its performance in extracting human tissue parameters in the presence of noise as well as by altering the photon energy spectrum is compared to the calibration-based method. RESULTS: In the absence of noise and without spectrum alteration, the calibration-based method is found to have no benefit on the sinogram-based method. However, the calibration-based method is shown to be potentially more reliable than bias-corrected sinogram-based methods in situations comparable to the clinical environment, where noise is present and the photon energy spectra can differ from what is used during image reconstruction. In determining electron density, the performance of all methods is comparable in the presence of noise only. Moreover, combined with heavy spectrum alteration, the mean errors on electron density are found higher in sinogram-based methods in comparison with the calibration-based method, with 1.2% versus 0.2%. In the presence of significant noise, bias-corrected sinogram-based methods yield mean errors on effective atomic number of about 2.5%, as compared to 0.5% for the calibration-based method. When combined with heavy spectrum alteration, bias-corrected sinogram-based methods can lead to error of up to 4% on the effective atomic number versus 1.8% for the calibration-based method. CONCLUSIONS: While sinogram-based methods have the advantage of eliminating beam hardening effects, results of this study suggest improvements in the accuracy and reliability of extracting tissue parameters by applying the DECT stoichiometric calibration of Bourqueet al. to monoenergetic images being generated with such DECT reconstruction methods.