RESUMEN
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases and form an important innovation of 19th century research. It contains a protein that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weak or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccines are agents that stimulate the body's immune system to recognize the antigen. Now, a new form of vaccine was introduced which will have the power to mask the risk side of conventional vaccines. This type of vaccine was produced from plants which are genetically modified. In the production of edible vaccines, the gene-encoding bacterial or viral disease-causing agent can be incorporated in plants without losing its immunogenic property. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating transgene in to the selected plant cell. At present edible vaccine are developed for veterinary and human use. But the main challenge faced by edible vaccine is its acceptance by the population so that it is necessary to make aware the society about its use and benefits. When compared to other traditional vaccines, edible vaccines are cost effective, efficient and safe. It promises a better prevention option from diseases.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/inmunología , Inmunidad Mucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Organismos Modificados Genéticamente/inmunología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/inmunología , Vacunas Comestibles/inmunología , Administración Oral , Agrobacterium/genética , Agrobacterium/inmunología , Animales , Biolística/métodos , Chlorophyta/genética , Chlorophyta/inmunología , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Humanos , Insectos/genética , Insectos/inmunología , Lactobacillales/genética , Lactobacillales/inmunología , Agricultura Molecular , Virus de Plantas/genética , Virus de Plantas/inmunología , Levaduras/genética , Levaduras/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Current methods of classification of astrocytoma based on histopathologic methods are often subjective and less accurate. Although patients with glioblastoma have grave prognosis, significant variability in patient outcome is observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify glioblastoma diagnostic and prognostic markers through microarray analysis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We carried out transcriptome analysis of 25 diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma samples [WHO grade II--diffuse astrocytoma, grade III--anaplastic astrocytoma, and grade IV--glioblastoma (GBM)] using cDNA microarrays containing 18,981 genes. Several of the markers identified were also validated by real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analysis on an independent set of tumor samples (n = 100). Survival analysis was carried out for two markers on another independent set of retrospective cases (n = 51). RESULTS: We identified several differentially regulated grade-specific genes. Independent validation by real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis found growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha (GADD45alpha) and follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) to be up-regulated in most GBMs (both primary and secondary), whereas superoxide dismutase 2 and adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 were up-regulated in the majority of primary GBM. Further, identification of the grade-specific expression of GADD45alpha and FSTL1 by immunohistochemical staining reinforced our findings. Analysis of retrospective GBM cases with known survival data revealed that cytoplasmic overexpression of GADD45alpha conferred better survival while the coexpression of FSTL1 with p53 was associated with poor survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that GADD45alpha and FSTLI are GBM-specific whereas superoxide dismutase 2 and adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 are primary GBM-specific diagnostic markers. Whereas GADD45alpha overexpression confers a favorable prognosis, FSTL1 overexpression is a hallmark of poor prognosis in GBM patients.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Glioblastoma/diagnóstico , Glioblastoma/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/mortalidad , Glioblastoma/mortalidad , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Pronóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
Epilepsy is a neurological condition associated with seizures, neurodegeneration, circuit reorganization, and other structural and functional abnormalities. These elements ultimately lead to behavioural alterations such as anxiety, depression, and importantly cognitive impairment like learning disability and memory impairment. These factors can attribute to acceleration of aging and cognitive impairment in middle-aged people, which is otherwise evident in dementia and Alzheimer's disease among elderly people. In addition to epilepsy per se, several studies have shown that conventional anti-epileptic drugs used to treat epilepsy also contributes to aging and cognitive deficits through their adverse effects. The current review focuses on prevention of accelerated aging and cognitive impairment through an unconventional approach of combining non-pharmacological (enriched environment) and pharmacological therapy, which reduces the factors responsible for accentuated aging and memory impairment in chronic epileptic condition.