Mental health outcomes of multiracial individuals: A systematic review between the years 2016 and 2022.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that multiracial individuals are at high risk for mental health problems. Systematic and ongoing synthesis of literature is necessary to understand mental health among multiracial individuals. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of scholarly articles published during the years 2016-2022. Studies must have focused explicitly on mental health outcomes of biracial/multiracial individuals using quantitative methods. A total of 22 articles met criteria for this review. RESULTS: Studies were mainly from the United States, with one study from the United Kingdom and one from the Netherlands. Sample sizes ranged from 57 to 393,681. Findings revealed a complicated picture between multiracial identity and mental health, which may be a function of how multiracial identity is defined and empirically examined. Among studies comparing multiracial individuals with monoracial groups, multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health, with notable exceptions depending on the multiracial subgroup, the mental health outcome, and the reference group. Among studies that only examined multiracial individuals, discrimination and ethno-racial identity emerged as complex explanatory factors that can shape mental health, though each of these constructs can be explored more deeply across social milieu. LIMITATIONS: The review focused on studies explicitly examining multiracial mental health, published during a limited time frame. CONCLUSION: Multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health outcomes compared to their monoracial counterparts, with variations depending on the outcomes, populations/subgroups, contexts, and reference groups. Racial discrimination and ethno-racial identity may shape mental health trajectories of multiracial people, calling for more research to inform targeted interventions.

The application of GIS in homelessness research and service delivery: A qualitative systematic review.

GIS is increasingly popular in the study of complex social issues, such as homelessness. This study aims to assess how GIS has been leveraged and applied to homelessness research and service delivery. Systematic searching of sixteen databases was completed between January and March of 2021 using the terms "homeless" and "Geospatial Information Systems (GIS)." A final sample of 19 sources were identified from a total of 1719 identified sources. Through quantitative and qualitative methods, the included sources examined 1) static location characteristics associated with homelessness, and 2) mobility of homeless persons.