Climate uncertainty and vulnerability of urban flooding associated with regional risk using multi-criteria analysis in Mumbai, India.

The study made a comprehensive effort to examine climatic uncertainties at both yearly and monthly scales, along with mapping flood risks based on different land use categories. Recent studies have progressively been engrossed in demonstrating regional climate variations and associated flood probability to maintain the geo-ecological balance at micro to macro-regions. To carry out this investigation, various historical remote sensing record, reanalyzed and in-situ data sets were acquired with a high level of spatial precision using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) web-based remote sensing platform. Non-parametric techniques and multi-layer integration methods were then employed to illustrate the fluctuations in climate factors alongside creating maps indicating the susceptibility to floods. The study reveals an increased pattern in LST (Land Surface Temperature) (0.03 °C/year), albeit marginal declined in southern coastal regions (-0.15 °C/year) along with uneven rainfall patterns (1.42 mm/year). Moreover, long-term LULC change estimation divulges increased trends of urbanization (16.4 km2/year) together with vegetation growth (8.7 km2/year) from 2002 to 2022. Furthermore, this inquiry involves numerous environmental factors that influence the situation (elevation data, topographic wetness index, drainage density, proximity to water bodies, slope, and soil properties) as well as socio-economic attributes (population) to assess flood risk areas through the utilization of Analytical Hierarchy Process and overlay methods with assigned weights. The outcomes reveal nearly 55 percent of urban land is susceptible to flood in 2022, which were 45 and 37 percent in 2012 and 2002 separately. Additionally, 106 km2 of urban area is highly susceptible to inundation, whereas vegetation also occupies a significant proportion (52 km2). This thorough exploration offers a significant chance to formulate flood management and mitigation strategies tailored to specific regions during the era of climate change.

Population Aging in India: A Micro-Level Estimate Using Gridded Population Data.

As population aging continues to become a major demographic trend globally, it is essential to examine the demographic shifts at the micro-level to understand the changing scenario of older populations. A lack of adequate data in India on older populations is a hindrance to the government's efforts to provide social security for them. This study uses gridded population data to analyze the spatial patterns, micro-level trends, and the share of older populations in India for 2030 and 2040. The study's findings demonstrate that India has seen a dramatic shift in population aging trends, with large intra-state variability. The micro-level analysis shows that certain districts have a higher percentage of older people. Further, the share of older populations is predicted to rise considerably over the next two decades. The results highlight the need to shift from national and state-level policies to a more localized approach. The findings provide a comprehensive analysis of population aging at the micro-level in India and highlight the need for targeted policies and programs to ensure the well-being of older populations. The results of this study can inform policymakers in their efforts to provide social security for older people and improve their quality of life.

Prediction of in vivo plasma concentration-time profile from in vitro release data of designed formulations of milnacipran using numerical convolution method.

The aim of this study was to predict the in vivo plasma drug level of milnacipran (MIL) from in vitro dissolution data of immediate release (IR 50 mg and IR 100 mg) and matrix based controlled release (CR 100 mg) formulations. Plasma drug concentrations of these formulations were predicted by numerical convolution method. The convolution method uses in vitro dissolution data to derive plasma drug levels using reported pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of a test product. The bioavailability parameters (Cmax and AUC) predicted from convolution method were found to be 106.90 ng/mL, 1138.96 ng/mL h for IR 50 mg and 209.80 ng/mL, 2280.61 ng/mL h for IR 100 mg which are similar to those reported in the literature. The calculated PK parameters were validated with percentage predication error (% PE). The % PE values for Cmax and AUC were found to be 7.04 and -7.35 for IR 50 mg and 11.10 and -8.21 for IR 100 mg formulations. The Cmax, Tmax, and AUC for CR 100 mg were found to be 120 ng/mL, 10 h and 2112.60 ng/mL h, respectively. Predicted plasma profile of designed CR formulation compared with IR formulations which indicated that CR formulation can prolong the plasma concentration of MIL for 24 h. Thus, this convolution method is very useful for designing and selection of formulation before animal and human studies.

Study the effect of formulation variables on drug release from hydrophilic matrix tablets of milnacipran and prediction of in-vivo plasma profile.

The objective of this study was to design oral controlled release (CR) matrix tablets of Milnacipran using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the retardant polymer and to study the effect of various formulation factors such as polymer proportion, polymer viscosity, compression force and also the pH of dissolution medium on the in-vitro release of drug. Two viscosity grade of HPMC (15 K and 100 K) were used in the proportion of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg per CR tablet. In-vitro release rate was characterized using various model dependent approaches and model independent dissolution parameters [T50% and T80% dissolution time, mean dissolution time (MDT), mean residence time (MRT), dissolution efficiency (DE)]. The statistical analysis was performed on all the model independent approaches using student t test and ANOVA. Results were found that as polymer concentration (50 mg to 200 mg) and viscosity (15 K to 100 K) increases, the MDT, MRT, T50% and T80% extended significantly. Drug release rate was found to be significantly different at different hardness. In-vivo human plasma concentration--time profile was predicted from in-vitro release data using convolution method. Predicted human pharmacokinetic parameters shows that the design CR formulation has capability to sustained the plasma drug level of milnacipran.

Design and characterization of controlled release gastro-retentive floating tablet of an atypical psychotropic agent.

The purpose of the present work was to design and evaluate the once daily sustained release matrix type gastro-retentive floating tablet of Quetiapine Fumarate base on hydrophilic matrices of HPMC, sodium CMC and Carbopol. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent to give buoyancy. In-vitro drug release studies were performed in pH 1.2 buffer using USP type II paddle at 50 rpm. The release rate of drug decreased with increasing polymer proportion of HPMC K15M from 20 to 60 mg. Formulation with desired drug release achieved with combination of sodium CMC and K15M in ratio of 1:3. The drug release mechanism was predominantly found to be Non-Fickian diffusion and Higuchi controlled.