Tuning Fe3O4 for sustainable cathodic heterogeneous electro-Fenton catalysis by acetylated chitosan.

Peroxidase-like catalysts are safe and low-cost candidates to tackle the dilemma in constructing sustainable cathodic heterogeneous electro-Fenton (CHEF) catalysts for water purification, but the elusive structure-property relationship of enzyme-like catalysts constitutes a pressing challenge for the advancement of CHEF processes in practically relevant water and wastewater treatment. Herein, we probe the origins of catalytic efficiency in the CHEF process by artificially tailoring the peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4 through a series of acetylated chitosan-based hydrogels, which serve as ecofriendly alternatives to traditional carbon shells. The optimized acetylated chitosan wrapping Fe3O4 hydrogel on the cathode shows an impressive activity and stability in CHEF process, overcoming the complicated and environmentally unfavored procedures in the electro-Fenton-related processes. Structural characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that the amide group in chitosan can modulate the intrinsic redox capacity of surficial Fe sites on Fe3O4 toward CHEF catalysis via the neutral hydrogen bond. This work provides a sustainable path and molecule-level insight for the rational design of high-efficiency CHEF catalysts and beyond.

Induction-concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without sintilimab in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China (CONTINUUM): a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Anti-PD-1 therapy and chemotherapy is a recommended first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but the role of PD-1 blockade remains unknown in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We assessed the addition of sintilimab, a PD-1 inhibitor, to standard chemoradiotherapy in this patient population. METHODS: This multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was conducted at nine hospitals in China. Adults aged 18-65 years with newly diagnosed high-risk non-metastatic stage III-IVa locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (excluding T3-4N0 and T3N1) were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using blocks of four to receive gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent cisplatin radiotherapy (standard therapy group) or standard therapy with 200 mg sintilimab intravenously once every 3 weeks for 12 cycles (comprising three induction, three concurrent, and six adjuvant cycles to radiotherapy; sintilimab group). The primary endpoint was event-free survival from randomisation to disease recurrence (locoregional or distant) or death from any cause in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary endpoints included adverse events. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03700476) and is now completed; follow-up is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between Dec 21, 2018, and March 31, 2020, 425 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the sintilimab (n=210) or standard therapy groups (n=215). At median follow-up of 41·9 months (IQR 38·0-44·8; 389 alive at primary data cutoff [Feb 28, 2023] and 366 [94%] had at least 36 months of follow-up), event-free survival was higher in the sintilimab group compared with the standard therapy group (36-month rates 86% [95% CI 81-90] vs 76% [70-81]; stratified hazard ratio 0·59 [0·38-0·92]; p=0·019). Grade 3-4 adverse events occurred in 155 (74%) in the sintilimab group versus 140 (65%) in the standard therapy group, with the most common being stomatitis (68 [33%] vs 64 [30%]), leukopenia (54 [26%] vs 48 [22%]), and neutropenia (50 [24%] vs 46 [21%]). Two (1%) patients died in the sintilimab group (both considered to be immune-related) and one (<1%) in the standard therapy group. Grade 3-4 immune-related adverse events occurred in 20 (10%) patients in the sintilimab group. INTERPRETATION: Addition of sintilimab to chemoradiotherapy improved event-free survival, albeit with higher but manageable adverse events. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine whether this regimen can be considered as the standard of care for patients with high-risk locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China, Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation, Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission, and Cancer Innovative Research Program of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

m6A-enriched lncRNA LINC00839 promotes tumor progression by enhancing TAF15-mediated transcription of amine oxidase AOC1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Dysregulation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contributes to tumorigenesis by modulating specific cancer-related pathways, but the roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-enriched lncRNAs and underlying mechanisms remain elusive in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we reanalyzed the previous genome-wide analysis of lncRNA profiles in 18 pairs of NPC and normal tissues as well as in ten paired samples from NPC with or without post-treatment metastases. We discerned that an oncogenic m6A-enriched lncRNA, LINC00839, which was substantially upregulated in NPC and correlated with poor clinical prognosis, promoted NPC growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, by using RNA pull-down assay combined with mass spectrometry, we found that LINC00839 interacted directly with the transcription factor, TATA-box binding protein associated factor (TAF15). Besides, chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase report assays demonstrated that LINC00839 coordinated the recruitment of TAF15 to the promoter region of amine oxidase copper-containing 1 (AOC1), which encodes a secreted glycoprotein playing vital roles in various cancers, thereby activating AOC1 transcription in trans. In this study, potential effects of AOC1 in NPC progression were first proposed. Moreover, ectopic expression of AOC1 partially rescued the inhibitory effect of downregulation of LINC00839 in NPC. Furthermore, we showed that silencing vir-like m6A methyltransferase-associated (VIRMA) and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins 1 (IGF2BP1) attenuated the expression level and RNA stability of LINC00839 in an m6A-dependent manner. Taken together, our study unveils a novel oncogenic VIRMA/IGF2BP1-LINC00839-TAF15-AOC1 axis and highlights the significance and prognostic value of LINC00839 expression in NPC carcinogenesis.

[Experimental study on improvement of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease by different degrees of steaming and sunning of Polygoni Multiflori Radix based on fecal metabolomics].

The fecal metabolomics method was employed to investigate the cognitive improvement mechanism of Polygoni Multiflori Radix in Alzheimer's disease(AD) and examine the effects of different degrees of steaming and sunning on cognitive function in AD model mice. Additionally, the processing principle of Polygoni Multiflori Radix was discussed. Forty-eight 5-month-old APP/PS1 mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: model group, positive group, raw product group, three-steaming and three-sunning product group, six-steaming and six-sunning product group, and nine-steaming and nine-sunning product group. Seven negative control mice from the same litter were included as the blank group. After 150 days of intragastric administration, the learning and memory abilities of mice in each group were assessed by using the Barnes maze and dark avoidance tests. Fecal samples were collected for extensive targeted metabolomics testing. Principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and other multivariate statistical methods were utilized to analyze metabolites in mouse feces. Comparison of behavioral results between the model group and different product groups demonstrated that the six-steaming and six-sunning product group exhibited significantly reduced latency in the Barnes maze positioning and navigation test(P<0.05), as well as a notable decrease in the number of errors in the space exploration experiment(P<0.05). Moreover, the latency of mice entering the dark box for the first time in the dark avoidance experiment was significantly prolonged(P<0.05), indicating the best overall improvement in the learning and memory ability of AD model mice. Metabolomics results revealed that compared with the model group, the differential metabolites in other groups in descending order were as follows: six-steaming and six-sunning product group > nine-steaming and nine-sunning product group > raw product group > three-steaming and three-sunning product group, encompassing 146, 120, 95, and 81 potential biomarkers, respectively. Among them, 16 differential metabolites were related to AD disease. Further comparisons based on the degree of processing indicated that the six-steaming and six-sunning product group exhibited the most significant adjustments in total metabolic pathways, particularly regulating the interconversion of pentose and glucuronic acid, as well as amino acid anabolism and other pathways. In summary, the mechanism of Polygoni Multiflori Radix after processing in enhancing the learning and memory ability of APP/PS1 mice may be associated with improved amino acid metabolism and increased energy metabolism in the body. The six-steaming and six-sunning yielded the best outcomes.

Thyroid dysfunction in Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma after anti-PD-1 therapy and its association with treatment response.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade therapies have demonstrated efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Thyroid dysfunction is among the most common immune-related adverse events. This study aimed to explore the clinical pattern of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship with survival marker in nonmetastatic NPC after immunotherapy. METHODS: From January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021, 165 pairs of nonmetastatic NPC patients (165 with and 165 without anti-PD-1 immunotherapy) matched by the propensity score matching method were included in this study. Thyroid function was assessed retrospectively before the first treatment and during each immunotherapy cycle. RESULTS: The spectrum of thyroid dysfunction was different between the immunotherapy and control groups (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, patients in the immunotherapy group developed more hypothyroidism (14.545% vs. 7.273%), less hyperthyroidism (10.909% vs. 23.636%), and a distinct pattern, biphasic thyroid dysfunction (3.030% vs. 0%). Immunotherapy also accelerates the onset of hypothyroidism, which was earlier with a median onset time difference of 32 days (P < 0.001). Patients who acquired thyroid dysfunction during immunotherapy had better complete biological response to treatment (OR, 10.980; P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: For nonmetastatic NPC, thyroid dysfunction was associated with better response to treatment in immunotherapy but not in routine treatment. Thyroid function could be used as a predictor for survival and should be under regular and intensive surveillance in clinical practice of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for nonmetastatic NPC.

Elective upper-neck versus whole-neck irradiation of the uninvolved neck in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, multicentre, randomised phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this trial was to address whether elective ipsilateral upper-neck irradiation (UNI) sparing the uninvolved lower neck provides similar regional relapse-free survival compared with standard whole-neck irradiation (WNI) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS: This open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was done at three Chinese medical centres. Patients aged 18-65 years with untreated, non-keratinising, non-distant metastatic (M0) nasopharyngeal carcinoma; with N0-N1 disease (according to International Union Against Cancer-American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM classification, seventh edition); and a Karnofsky performance status score of 70 or higher were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive elective UNI or WNI of the uninvolved neck. Total radiation doses of 70 Gy (for the primary tumour volume and the enlarged retropharyngeal nodes), 66-70 Gy (for the involved cervical lymph nodes), 60-62 Gy (for the high-risk target volume), and 54-56 Gy (for the low-risk target volume) were administered in 30-33 fractions, five fractions per week. Patients with stage II-IVA disease were recommended to receive combined intravenous cisplatin-based chemotherapy (either induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone). Randomisation was done centrally by the Clinical Trials Centre of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre by means of a computer-generated random number code with a block size of four. Patients were stratified according to treatment centre and nodal status. Investigators and patients were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was regional relapse-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Non-inferiority was indicated if the upper limit of the 95% CI of the difference in 3-year regional relapse-free survival between the UNI and WNI groups was within 8%. Adverse events were analysed in the safety population (defined as all patients who commenced the randomly assigned treatment). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02642107, and is closed. FINDINGS: Between Jan 22, 2016, and May 23, 2018, 446 patients from 469 screened were randomly assigned to receive UNI (n=224) or WNI (n=222). Median follow-up was 53 months (IQR 46-59). 3-year regional relapse-free survival was similar in the UNI and WNI groups (97·7% [95% CI 95·7-99·7] in the UNI group vs 96·3% [93·8-98·8] in the WNI group; difference -1·4% [95% CI -4·6 to 1·8]; pnon-inferiority<0·0001). Although acute radiation-related toxic effects were similar between the groups, the incidence of late toxicity was lower in the UNI group than in the WNI group, including any-grade hypothyroidism (66 [30%] of 222 patients vs 87 [39%] of 221), skin toxicity (32 [14%] vs 55 [25%]), dysphagia (38 [17%] vs 71 [32%]), and neck tissue damage (50 [23%] vs 88 [40%]). No patients died during treatment. After treatment, one patient in the WNI group died from a non-cancer-related cause (dermatomyositis). INTERPRETATION: Elective UNI of the uninvolved neck provides similar regional control and results in less radiation toxicity compared with standard WNI in patients with N0-N1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma. FUNDING: Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program, the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, and the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Metronomic capecitabine as adjuvant therapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma have a high risk of disease relapse, despite a high proportion of patients attaining complete clinical remission after receiving standard-of-care treatment (ie, definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without induction chemotherapy). Additional adjuvant therapies are needed to further reduce the risk of recurrence and death. However, the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma remains controversial, highlighting the need for more effective adjuvant treatment options. METHODS: This multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was done at 14 hospitals in China. Patients (aged 18-65 years) with histologically confirmed, high-risk locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III-IVA, excluding T3-4N0 and T3N1 disease), no locoregional disease or distant metastasis after definitive chemoradiotherapy, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, sufficient haematological, renal, and hepatic function, and who had received their final radiotherapy dose 12-16 weeks before randomisation, were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either oral metronomic capecitabine (650 mg/m2 body surface area twice daily for 1 year; metronomic capecitabine group) or observation (standard therapy group). Randomisation was done with a computer-generated sequence (block size of four), stratified by trial centre and receipt of induction chemotherapy (yes or no). The primary endpoint was failure-free survival, defined as the time from randomisation to disease recurrence (distant metastasis or locoregional recurrence) or death due to any cause, in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of capecitabine or who had commenced observation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02958111. FINDINGS: Between Jan 25, 2017, and Oct 25, 2018, 675 patients were screened, of whom 406 were enrolled and randomly assigned to the metronomic capecitabine group (n=204) or to the standard therapy group (n=202). After a median follow-up of 38 months (IQR 33-42), there were 29 (14%) events of recurrence or death in the metronomic capecitabine group and 53 (26%) events of recurrence or death in the standard therapy group. Failure-free survival at 3 years was significantly higher in the metronomic capecitabine group (85·3% [95% CI 80·4-90·6]) than in the standard therapy group (75·7% [69·9-81·9]), with a stratified hazard ratio of 0·50 (95% CI 0·32-0·79; p=0·0023). Grade 3 adverse events were reported in 35 (17%) of 201 patients in the metronomic capecitabine group and in 11 (6%) of 200 patients in the standard therapy group; hand-foot syndrome was the most common adverse event related to capecitabine (18 [9%] patients had grade 3 hand-foot syndrome). One (<1%) patient in the metronomic capecitabine group had grade 4 neutropenia. No treatment-related deaths were reported in either group. INTERPRETATION: The addition of metronomic adjuvant capecitabine to chemoradiotherapy significantly improved failure-free survival in patients with high-risk locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with a manageable safety profile. These results support a potential role for metronomic chemotherapy as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. FUNDING: The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, the Innovation Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education, and the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Platinum-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care for patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Additional gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy has shown promising efficacy in phase 2 trials. METHODS: In a parallel-group, multicenter, randomized, controlled, phase 3 trial, we compared gemcitabine and cisplatin as induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy with concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone. Patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive gemcitabine (at a dose of 1 g per square meter of body-surface area on days 1 and 8) plus cisplatin (80 mg per square meter on day 1), administered every 3 weeks for three cycles, plus chemoradiotherapy (concurrent cisplatin at a dose of 100 mg per square meter every 3 weeks for three cycles plus intensity-modulated radiotherapy) or chemoradiotherapy alone. The primary end point was recurrence-free survival (i.e., freedom from disease recurrence [distant metastasis or locoregional recurrence] or death from any cause) in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary end points included overall survival, treatment adherence, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 480 patients were included in the trial (242 patients in the induction chemotherapy group and 238 in the standard-therapy group). At a median follow-up of 42.7 months, the 3-year recurrence-free survival was 85.3% in the induction chemotherapy group and 76.5% in the standard-therapy group (stratified hazard ratio for recurrence or death, 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.77; P = 0.001). Overall survival at 3 years was 94.6% and 90.3%, respectively (stratified hazard ratio for death, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.77). A total of 96.7% of the patients completed three cycles of induction chemotherapy. The incidence of acute adverse events of grade 3 or 4 was 75.7% in the induction chemotherapy group and 55.7% in the standard-therapy group, with a higher incidence of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, nausea, and vomiting in the induction chemotherapy group. The incidence of grade 3 or 4 late toxic effects was 9.2% in the induction chemotherapy group and 11.4% in the standard-therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: Induction chemotherapy added to chemoradiotherapy significantly improved recurrence-free survival and overall survival, as compared with chemoradiotherapy alone, among patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (Funded by the Innovation Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01872962.).

Cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy improved the survival of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after induction chemotherapy by reducing early treatment failure.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study focusing on Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC) were mainly two-fold: on the one hand, to establish a cut-off value to differentiate early and late failure based on prognosis after recurrence or metastasis; and on the other hand, to investigate the duration of concurrent cisplatin benefit over follow-up time. The results of our study have the potential to guide clinical practice and follow-up. METHODS: In total, 3123 patients with stage III-IVa NPC receiving Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent cisplatin or not were analysed. The cut-off value of treatment failure was calculated using the minimum P-value approach. Random survival forest (RSF) model was to simulate the cumulative probabilities of treatment failure (locoregional recurrence and /or distant metastasis) over-time, as well as the monthly time-specific, event-occurring probabilities, for patients at different treatment groups. RESULTS: Based on subsequent prognosis, early locoregional failure (ELRF) should be defined as recurrence within 14 months (P = 1.47 × 10 - 3), and early distant failure (EDF) should be defined as recurrence within 20 months (P = 1.95 × 10 - 4). A cumulative cisplatin dose (CCD) > 200 mg/m2 independently reduced the risk of EDF (hazard ratio, 0.351; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.169-0.732; P = 0.005). Better failure-free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS) were observed in concurrent chemotherapy settings ([0 mg/m2 vs. 1-200 mg/m2 vs. >200 mg/m2]: FFS: 70.4% vs. 74.4% vs. 82.6%, all P < 0.03; OS: 79.5% vs. 83.8% vs. 90.8%, all P < 0.01). In the monthly analysis, treatment failure mainly occurred during the first 4 years, and the risk of distant failure in patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy never exceeded that of patients without concurrent chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Locoregional failure that developed within 14 months and/or distant failure within 20 months had poorer subsequent survival. Concurrent chemotherapy provides a significant FFS benefit, primarily by reducing EDF, translating into a long-term OS benefit.

Effect of Radiotherapy Alone vs Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy on Survival Without Disease Relapse in Patients With Low-risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has been the standard treatment for stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) based on data using 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy. There is limited evidence for the role of chemotherapy with use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Objective: To assess whether concurrent chemotherapy can be safely omitted for patients with low-risk stage II/T3N0 NPC treated with IMRT. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3, noninferiority clinical trial was conducted at 5 Chinese hospitals, including 341 adult patients with low-risk NPC, defined as stage II/T3N0M0 without adverse features (all nodes <3 cm, no level IV/Vb nodes; no extranodal extension; Epstein-Barr virus DNA <4000 copies/mL), with enrollment between November 2015 and August 2020. The final date of follow-up was March 15, 2022. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive IMRT alone (n = 172) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (IMRT with cisplatin, 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles [n = 169]). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was 3-year failure-free survival (time from randomization to any disease relapse or death), with a noninferiority margin of 10%. Secondary end points comprised overall survival, locoregional relapse-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, adverse events, and health-related quality of life (QOL) measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30; range, 0-100 points; minimum clinically important difference ≥10 for physical function, symptom control, or health-related QOL; higher score indicates better functioning and global health status or worse symptoms). Results: Among 341 randomized patients (mean [SD] age, 48 [10] years; 30% women), 334 (98.0%) completed the trial. Median follow-up was 46 months (IQR, 34-58). Three-year failure-free survival was 90.5% for the IMRT-alone group vs 91.9% for the concurrent chemoradiotherapy group (difference, -1.4%; 1-sided 95% CI, -7.4% to ∞; P value for noninferiority, <.001). No significant differences were observed between groups in overall survival, locoregional relapse, or distant metastasis. The IMRT-alone group experienced a significantly lower incidence of grade 3 to 4 adverse events (17% vs 46%; difference, -29% [95% CI, -39% to -20%]), including hematologic toxicities (leukopenia, neutropenia) and nonhematologic toxicities (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, mucositis). The IMRT-alone group had significantly better QOL scores during radiotherapy including the domains of global health status, social functioning, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, insomnia, appetite loss, and constipation. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with low-risk NPC, treatment with IMRT alone resulted in 3-year failure-free survival that was not inferior to concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02633202.

Unraveling tumour microenvironment heterogeneity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma identifies biologically distinct immune subtypes predicting prognosis and immunotherapy responses.

Currently, there is no strong evidence of the well-established biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we aimed to reveal the heterogeneity of tumour microenvironment (TME) through virtual microdissection of gene expression profiles. An immune-enriched subtype was identified in 38% (43/113) of patients, which was characterized by significant enrichment of immune cells or immune responses. The remaining patients were therefore classified as a non-Immune Subtype (non-IS), which exhibited highly proliferative features. Then we identified a tumour immune evasion state within the immune-enriched subtype (18/43, 42%), in which high expression of exclusion- and dysfunction-related signatures was observed. These subgroups were designated the Evaded and Active Immune Subtype (E-IS and A-IS), respectively. We further demonstrated that A-IS predicted favourable survival and improved ICI response as compared to E-IS and non-IS. In summary, this study introduces the novel immune subtypes and demonstrates their feasibility in tailoring immunotherapeutic strategies.

Liquid biopsy posttreatment surveillance in endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a cost-effective strategy to integrate circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA.

BACKGROUND: The optimal posttreatment surveillance strategy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. Circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus (cfEBV) DNA has been recognized as a promising biomarker to facilitate early detection of NPC recurrence. Therefore, we aim to determine whether integrating circulating cfEBV DNA into NPC follow-up is cost-effective. METHODS: For each stage of asymptomatic nonmetastatic NPC patients after complete remission to primary NPC treatment, we developed a Markov model to compare the cost-effectiveness of the following surveillance strategies: routine follow-up strategy, i.e., (1) routine clinical physical examination; routine imaging strategies, including (2) routine magnetic resonance imaging plus computed tomography plus bone scintigraphy (MRI + CT + BS); and (3) routine 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT); cfEBV DNA-guided imaging strategies, including (4) cfEBV DNA-guided MRI + CT + BS and (5) cfEBV DNA-guided PET/CT. Clinical probabilities, utilities, and costs were derived from published studies or databases. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: For all disease stages, cfEBV DNA-guided imaging strategies demonstrated similar survival benefits but were considerably more economical than routine imaging strategies. They only required approximately one quarter of the number of imaging studies compared with routine imaging strategies to detect one recurrence. Specifically, cfEBV DNA-guided MRI + CT + BS was most cost-effective for stage II (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER] $57,308/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]) and stage III ($46,860/QALY) patients, while cfEBV DNA-guided PET/CT was most cost-effective for stage IV patients ($62,269/QALY). However, routine follow-up was adequate for stage I patients due to their low recurrence risk. CONCLUSIONS: The cfEBV DNA-guided imaging strategies are effective and cost-effective follow-up methods in NPC. These liquid biopsy-based strategies offer evidence-based, stage-specific surveillance modalities for clinicians and reduce disease burden for patients.

Fecal Fusobacterium nucleatum harbored virulence gene fadA are associated with ulcerative colitis and clinical outcomes.

OBJECT: Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.nucleatum), a gram-negative, obligately anaerobe of oral commensal，has been regarded as culprit of periodontal diseases previously and is being unveiled as possible pathogen of gastrointestinal disorders. The key virulence factor of F.nucleatum is FadA adhesin for binding and invading of the host's epithelial cells. Here, we detected fecal F.nucleatum and virulence gene fadA in patients with ulcerative colitis(UC) and evaluated the clinical relevance with UC. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: A total of 310 subjects were enrolled including 100 patients with UC, 70 healthy controls (HC), 70 patients with irritable bowel syndrome subtype diarrhea(IBS-D), and 70 colorectal cancer patients(CRC). Stool samples of UC patients compared with healthy controls as well as IBS-D and CRC patients were collected for Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) detection of F.nucleatum (based on 16s rRNA) and virulence gene fadA. RESULTS: The detection rate of 16s rRNA based PCR for F.nucleatum of UC patients(39/100, 39.00%) and CRC(26/70, 37.14%) patients are significantly higher than HC (12/70, 17.14%, P < 0.01) and IBS-D patients (14/70, 20.00%, P < 0.01). Moreover, 19 samples were detected fadA positive from 39 F.nucleatum positive samples of UC patients (19/39, 48.72%), which is significantly higher than HC(2/12, 16.66%, P < 0.05). There were 3 samples detected fadA positive from 14 F.nucleatum positive samples of IBS-D patients(3/14, 21.43%) and 13 out of 26(50.00%) of CRC patients, which were both no significant differences compared with UC patients(21.4% vs 48.72%, P > 0.05; 50.00% vs 48.72%, P > 0.05). For both F.nucleatum and fadA gene positive patients, there were no statistical significances between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells(WBC), and hemoglobin compared with negative patients(defined by either F.nucleatum or fadA negative, or both negative). However, it is worth noting that detection rate of F.nucleatum with virulence gene fadA in patients of severe ulcerative colitis was significantly higher than patients with mild and moderate colitis(28.89% vs 10.91%, P < 0.05). In addition, the fecal F.nucleatum and fadA gene positive patients were more likely to have pancolitis other than left-sided colitis(pancolitis/left-sided colitis: 26.92% vs 10.42%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of F.nucleatum and fadA gene increased in UC patients, especially in patients with severe colitis and pancolitis. Strains of F.nucleatum harbored virulence gene fadA are suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of UC.

Imaging Changes and Clinical Complications After Drug-Eluting Bead Versus Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND. Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) has emerged as an alternative to conventional TACE (cTACE) for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although selection between the approaches remains controversial. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare DEB-TACE and cTACE in the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC in terms of hepatobiliary changes on imaging and clinical complications. METHODS. This retrospective study included 1002 patients (871 men, 131 women; mean age, 59 ± 12 years) from three centers who had previously untreated unresectable HCC and underwent DEB-TACE with epirubicin (780 procedures in 394 patients) or cTACE with ethiodized oil mixed with doxorubicin and oxaliplatin (1187 procedures in 608 patients) between May 2016 and November 2018. Among these patients 83.4% had hepatitis B-related liver disease, 57.6% had Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A or B HCC, and 42.4% had three or more nodules. Mean tumor size was 6.3 ± 4.2 cm. Hepatobiliary changes and tumor response were evaluated with CT or MRI 1 month after TACE. Clinical records were reviewed for adverse events. RESULTS. Bile duct dilatation (p < .001) and portal vein narrowing (p = .006) on imaging and liver failure (p = .03) and grade 3 abdominal pain (p < .001) in clinical follow-up occurred at higher frequency in the DEB-TACE group (15.5%, 4.6%, 2.3%, and 6.1%) than in the cTACE (7.4%, 1.6%, 0.7%, and 2.1%) group. Higher frequency of bile duct dilation in patients who underwent DEB-TACE was observed in subgroup analyses that included patients with BCLC stage A or B HCC (p = .001), with cirrhosis (p < .001), without cirrhosis (p = .04), and without main portal vein tumor thrombus (p = .002). Total bilirubin level 1 month after treatment was 1.5 ± 2.4 mg/dL (95% CI, 1.2-1.8 mg/dL) for DEB-TACE versus 1.3 ± 2.0 mg/dL (95% CI, 1.1-1.5 mg/dL) for cTACE (p = .02). The cTACE and DEB-TACE groups did not differ in other manifestations of postembolization syndrome or systemic toxicity (p > .05). Local tumor disease control rates did not differ between the cTACE and DEB-TACE groups (1 month, 96.7% vs 98.5%, p = .06; 3 months, 81.8% vs 82.4%, p = .87), but overall DCR was significantly higher in the cTACE than in the DEB-TACE group (1 month, 87.5% vs 80.0%, p = .001; 3 months, 78.5% vs 72.1%, p = .02). CONCLUSION. Compared with cTACE, DEB-TACE was associated with greater frequency of hepatobiliary injury and severe abdominal pain. CLINICAL IMPACT. Greater caution and closer follow-up are warranted for patients who undergo DEB-TACE for unresectable HCC than for those who undergo cTACE.

Chemoselective Amide-Forming Ligation Between Acylsilanes and Hydroxylamines Under Aqueous Conditions.

We report the facile amide-forming ligation of acylsilanes with hydroxylamines (ASHA ligation) under aqueous conditions. The ligation is fast, chemoselective, mild, high-yielding and displays excellent functional-group tolerance. Late-stage modifications of an array of marketed drugs, peptides, natural products, and biologically active compounds showcase the robustness and functional-group tolerance of the reaction. The key to the success of the reaction could be the possible formation of the strong Si-O bond via a Brook-type rearrangement. Given its simplicity and efficiency, this ligation has the potential to unfold new applications in the areas of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.

Prognostic potential of liquid biopsy tracking in the posttreatment surveillance of patients with nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to investigate whether circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA (cfEBV DNA) would be useful for posttreatment surveillance in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: The authors identified a total of 1984 nondisseminated NPC patients from an institutional big-data research platform. Blood samples were collected within 3 months of the completion of radiotherapy and every 3 to 12 months thereafter for cfEBV DNA analysis. Patients were followed until disease recurrence was detected or for a median of 60 months. Diagnostic performance was assessed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy based on the clinical detection of disease recurrence by conventional surveillance modalities (imaging scans and pathological examination). RESULTS: During follow-up, a total of 767 patients (38.7%) had detectable cfEBV DNA. The recurrence rate among these patients was 63.8% (489 of 767 patients), which was significantly higher than that in patients with undetectable cfEBV DNA (8.6%; 105 of 1217 patients). cfEBV DNA sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 68.8%, 80.0%, and 78.2%, respectively, for local recurrence; 80.2%, 80.0%, and 85.9%, respectively, for regional recurrence; and 91.1%, 80.0%, and 92.8%, respectively, for distant metastasis. cfEBV DNA was found to have higher sensitivity for the detection of extrapulmonary metastases (94.9%-96.5%) compared with pulmonary metastases (78.4%). It is interesting to note that among the patients with disease recurrence with detectable cfEBV DNA, positive cfEBV DNA results preceded radiological and/or clinical evidence of disease recurrence by a median of 2.3 months (interquartile range, 0.1-9.5 months). In addition, of the 278 cfEBV DNA-positive patients who did not develop disease recurrence, 227 (81.7%) had transiently positive cfEBV DNA that fell to undetectable levels during long-term monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma cfEBV DNA in patients with NPC appears to be an early sign of tumor recurrence, especially extrapulmonary metastases.

Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy in Nonmetastatic Head and Neck Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor that is prone to local recurrence. The NCCN Guidelines for Head and Neck Cancers recommend that all patients with ACC receive postoperative radiotherapy (PORT). However, whether PORT can improve local control and which patients can benefit from PORT are unknown. This study aimed to assess the role of PORT and provide individualized suggestions for postoperative therapy in patients with ACC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with nonmetastatic head and neck ACC who underwent surgery with or without PORT. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was performed to categorize the patients and predict local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). The survival outcome was compared between non-PORT and PORT groups. RESULTS: A total of 319 patients were included. PORT was identified as a prognostic factor for LRFS in univariate (P=.01) and multivariate analysis (P<.01). However, it did not improve distant metastasis-free survival, disease-free survival, or overall survival in univariate analysis. RPA categorized patients into 3 prognostic groups: low-risk (negative margin, T1-T2, primary location = major or minor salivary gland), intermediate-risk (negative margin, T1-T2, primary location = other locations instead of a major or minor salivary gland; negative margin, T3-T4; positive margin, without bone invasion), and high-risk (positive margin, with bone invasion). Significant LRFS improvements in the PORT group were observed among intermediate-risk (P<.01) and high-risk patients (P<.05). LRFS improvements among low-risk patients were relatively insignificant (P=.10). CONCLUSIONS: PORT was shown to be a positive prognostic factor for improved LRFS in ACC. Furthermore, PORT could significantly improve LRFS in intermediate-risk and high-risk patients with ACC, but whether low-risk patients could benefit from PORT needs further study.

Deep Learning for Automated Contouring of Primary Tumor Volumes by MRI for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) may be cured with radiation therapy. Tumor proximity to critical structures demands accuracy in tumor delineation to avoid toxicities from radiation therapy; however, tumor target contouring for head and neck radiation therapy is labor intensive and highly variable among radiation oncologists. Purpose To construct and validate an artificial intelligence (AI) contouring tool to automate primary gross tumor volume (GTV) contouring in patients with NPC. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, MRI data sets covering the nasopharynx from 1021 patients (median age, 47 years; 751 male, 270 female) with NPC between September 2016 and September 2017 were collected and divided into training, validation, and testing cohorts of 715, 103, and 203 patients, respectively. GTV contours were delineated for 1021 patients and were defined by consensus of two experts. A three-dimensional convolutional neural network was applied to 818 training and validation MRI data sets to construct the AI tool, which was tested in 203 independent MRI data sets. Next, the AI tool was compared against eight qualified radiation oncologists in a multicenter evaluation by using a random sample of 20 test MRI examinations. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to compare the difference of Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of pre- versus post-AI assistance. Results The AI-generated contours demonstrated a high level of accuracy when compared with ground truth contours at testing in 203 patients (DSC, 0.79; 2.0-mm difference in average surface distance). In multicenter evaluation, AI assistance improved contouring accuracy (five of eight oncologists had a higher median DSC after AI assistance; average median DSC, 0.74 vs 0.78; P < .001), reduced intra- and interobserver variation (by 36.4% and 54.5%, respectively), and reduced contouring time (by 39.4%). Conclusion The AI contouring tool improved primary gross tumor contouring accuracy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which could have a positive impact on tumor control and patient survival. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Chang in this issue.

Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a large institution-based cohort study from an endemic area.

BACKGROUND: Findings remain unclear whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) detrimentally affects advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) prognosis. We aim to evaluate the prognostic value of NLR in patients with NPC based on a large-scale cohort from an endemic area. METHODS: We selected patients retrospectively from a cohort examining long-term cancer outcomes following diagnosis. Neutrophil counts and lymphocyte counts were assessed prior to treatment. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to calculate and compare survival outcomes. Additionally, Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to carry out univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Between October 2009 and August 2012, we enrolled 1550 consecutive NPC patients staged II-IVB. The median value of NLR was 2.27 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.71-3.12). Determined by operating characteristic curve using overall survival (OS) as an endpoint, the cutoff value for NLR was 2.50. At 5 years, NLR > 2.50 was associated with inferior OS (90.3% vs 82.5%; P < 0.001), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS, 89.4% vs 85.0%; P = 0.014), and progression-free survival (PFS, 80.9% vs 76.5%; P = 0.031) than NLR ≤2.50. In multivariate analysis, NLR was found to be a significant prognostic factor for OS (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 131-2.24; P < 0.001), DMFS (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.10-1.92; P = 0.009), and PFS (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04-1.59; P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment NLR independently affects survival. Our findings suggest that NLR measurements will be of great clinical significance in the management of NPC.

Pan-cancer genomic analyses reveal prognostic and immunogenic features of the tumor melatonergic microenvironment across 14 solid cancer types.

We performed comprehensive genomic analyses of the melatonergic system within the tumor microenvironment and their clinical relevance across a broad spectrum of solid tumors. RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) of 14 solid tumors representing 6658 human samples were analyzed. The tumor melatonergic system was characterized by the rates of melatonin synthesis and metabolism using a two-gene expression model (melatonin synthesis/metabolism Index). We calculated three indexes according to different melatonin metabolism isoenzymes (Index-I [ASMT:CYP1A1], Index-II [ASMT:CYP1A2], and Index-III [ASMT:CYP1B1]). Samples of each cancer type were classified into two subgroups (high vs low) based on median values. Clinical outcomes, mutational burden, and neoepitope abundance were analyzed and compared. We found that the ability of the tumor microenvironment to synthesize and accumulate melatonin varied across cancer types and negatively correlated with tumor burden. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and multivariable modeling showed that the three indexes played different roles across different cancers and harbored prognostic values in breast cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]Index-II  = 0.65 [0.44-0.97]; P = 0.03), cervical cancer (AHRIndex-I  = 0.62 [0.39-0.98]; P = 0.04), lung squamous cell carcinoma (AHRIndex-III  = 0.75 [0.56-0.99]; P = 0.04), melanoma (AHRIndex-I  = 0.74 [0.55-0.98]; P = 0.04), and stomach adenocarcinoma (AHRIndex-III  = 0.68 [0.41-0.94]; P = 0.02). We further investigated its clinical relevance with tumor immunogenic features (mutational burden and neoantigen abundance), which may predict immunotherapy benefits. We observed significant negative correlations with mutational burden in the majority of tumors (P < 0.05), except cervical cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma. Our study provides a systematic overview of the oncostatic values of the melatonergic system and highlights the utilization of this simple and promising gene signature as a prognosticator and potential predictor of response to immunotherapy.