Health-related quality of life in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. / Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en cuidadores de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer.

INTRODUCTION: Informal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have a poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). HRQOL is an increasingly common user-focused outcome measure. We have evaluated HRQOL longitudinally in caregivers of AD patients at baseline and at 12 months. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients diagnosed with AD according to the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association) and their 97 respective primary caregivers were included in the study. We analysed the following data at the baseline visit: sociodemographic data of both patients and carers, patients' clinical variables, and data related to the healthcare provided to patients by carers. HRQOL of caregivers was measured with the SF-36 questionnaire at baseline and 12 months later. RESULTS: At 12 months, primary caregivers scored lower in the 8 subscales of the SF-36 questionnaire; differences were statistically significant in all dimensions except for 'physical function' and 'social function'. Baseline scores in our sample were lower than those of the general population. 'Vitality' is the dimension that presented the lowest scores. CONCLUSION: HRQOL in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease deteriorates over time and is poorer than that of the age- and sex-matched general population.

Euthanasia and assisted suicide in neurological diseases: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the neurological diseases for which euthanasia and assisted suicide are most frequently requested in the countries where these medical procedures are legal and the specific characteristics of euthanasia in some of these diseases, and to show the evolution of euthanasia figures. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review. RESULTS: Dementia, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease are the neurological diseases that most frequently motivate requests for euthanasia or assisted suicide. Requests related to dementia constitute the largest group, are growing, and raise additional ethical and legal issues due to these patients' diminished decision-making capacity. In some countries, the ratios of euthanasia requests to all cases of multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, or Huntington disease are higher than for any other disease. CONCLUSIONS: After cancer, neurological diseases are the most frequent reason for requesting euthanasia or assisted suicide.

[Memory, fluency, and orientation: a five-minute screening test for cognitive decline]. / Memoria, fluidez y orientación: prueba de cribado de deterioro cognitivo en 5 minutos.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) will double in the next 20 years, making early detection a key priority. OBJECTIVES: Validation of a 5-minute CI screening test. METHODS: Adults aged 60 and older were recruited from memory clinics and the community at large in the Santiago, Chile metropolitan area. Based on clinical examination they were categorised as No CI (NCI), Mild CI (MCI) and dementia sufferers (DS). We measured the validity of a new test, MEFO, evaluating memory (5 points), phonetic verbal fluency (2 points) and orientation (6 points) by comparing its results with those from the MMSE. RESULTS: We evaluated 214 subjects, comprising 49 with dementia, 47 with MCI, and 118 with no CI. The MEFO differentiated between all 3 groups whereas the MMSE did not discriminate between the MCI and NCI groups. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the MEFO distinguishing NCI subjects from dementia sufferers was 0.97; for NCI vs CI (dementia+MCI), 0.89; and for NCI vs MCI, 0.80. On the MMSE these values were 0.95, 0.84, and 0.73, respectively. A cut-off score of 6/7 on the MEFO identified dementia sufferers with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 96%. A cut-off score of 8/9 distinguished CI from NCI subjects with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 75%. CONCLUSIONS: The MEFO is a valid and reliable test for discriminating between dementia and CI sufferers and subjects with no CI. Its validity is similar to that the MMSE under these conditions, but it is more effective for identifying subjects with MCI and its administration time is shorter.

The CORCOBIA study: Cut-off points of Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers in a clinical cohort.

INTRODUCTION: The analysis of the core biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is recommended in the clinical units where it is available. Because of the absence of universal validated values, the determination of specific cut-off points for each center and its population is recommended. The main objective of the CORCOBIA study was to determine the cut-off points of core AD CSF biomarkers for several centers (Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona and Hospital General de Granollers), which work with the same reference laboratory (Laboratori de Referència de Catalunya). METHODS: Prospective study including cognitively unimpaired individuals (CU, n = 42), subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n = 35) and patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD, n = 48), in whom clinical and neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging, APOE genotyping and lumbar puncture to analyse amyloid beta peptides (Aß42, Aß40), total tau (tTau) and phosphorylated Tau (pTau181) using the Lumipulse G600II (Fujirebio) was performed. The values of sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), predictive values and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated, determining the cut-off point according to the Youden index by comparing the CU and AD groups. RESULTS: The resulting cut-offs and their AUC were the following: Aß42 750 pg/mL (AUC 0.809); Aß42/Aß40 0.062 (AUC 0.78); pTau181 69.85 pg/mL (AUC 0.81); tTau 522.0 pg/mL (AUC 0.79); Aß42/tTau 1.76 (AUC 0.86); Aß42/pTau181 10.25 (AUC 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The determination of cut-off points of core AD CSF biomarkers for the participating centers allows a better diagnostic accuracy. The ratio CSF Aß42/pTau181 shows the highest AUC and better balance between sensitivity and specificity.

Euthanasia and assisted suicide in neurological diseases: a systematic review. / Eutanasia y suicidio asistido en enfermedades neurológicas: una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the neurological diseases for which euthanasia and assisted suicide are most frequently requested in the countries where these medical procedures are legal and the specific characteristics of euthanasia in some of these diseases, and to show the evolution of euthanasia figures. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review. RESULTS: Dementia, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease are the neurological diseases that most frequently motivate requests for euthanasia or assisted suicide. Claims related to dementia constitute the largest group, are growing, and raise additional ethical and legal issues due to these patients' diminished decision-making capacity. In some countries, the ratios of euthanasia requests to all cases of multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, or Huntington disease are higher than for any other disease. CONCLUSIONS: After cancer, neurological diseases are the most frequent reason for requesting euthanasia or assisted suicide.

Case fatality of COVID-19 in patients with neurodegenerative dementia. / Análisis de letalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes con demencia neurodegenerativa.

INTRODUCTION: The elderly population is the group most threatened by COVID-19, with the highest mortality rates. This study aims to analyse the case fatality of COVID-19 in a cohort of patients with degenerative dementia. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive case-control study of a sample of patients diagnosed with primary neurodegenerative dementia. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the 88 patients with COVID-19 included in the study died: 10/23 (43.4%) patients diagnosed with dementia and 14/65 (21.5%) controls; this difference was statistically significant. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that case fatality of COVID-19 is significantly higher among patients with primary degenerative dementia than in other patients with similar mean ages and comorbidities.

[Design and validation of two scales about attitudes and knowledge regarding doll therapy in dementia]. / Diseño y validación de dos escalas sobre actitudes y conocimientos ante la terapia con muñecas en demencias.

INTRODUCTION: Non-pharmacological interventions are often the subject of debate in the scientific field. Therefore, it is essential to know the attitudes that health professionals have towards the novel Doll Therapy in Dementia (DTD). The objective of this study was to design and validate two questionnaires to find out the attitudes and knowledge on DTD in health professionals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 120 Spanish-speaking Geriatrics and Gerontology professionals, with a mean age of 38.3 years (DT = 10.99), participated, mostly women (88.3%). A questionnaire (TCM_DEMCO) on knowledge about the DTD and a questionnaire (TCM_DEMAC) on attitudes towards the DTD were designed and applied. The construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis, and reliability was calculated using Cronbach's α. RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis of the TCM_DEMCO questionnaire retained 10 items in 5 factors ("environment and dementia", "therapeutic application", "activities", "methodology" and "benefits and implications") that explained 70.1% of the total variability, giving a Cronbach α coefficient value > 0.50. The exploratory factor analysis of the TCM_DEMAC questionnaire retained 10 items in two factors ("positive attitudes" and "negative attitudes") that explained 61.2% of the total variability, giving a Cronbach α value > 0.85. CONCLUSIONS: Both questionnaires are a brief tool to learn about the attitudes and knowledge of Spanish-speaking Geriatrics and Gerontology professionals in matters of DTD. The reliability and validity analyses performed showed good psychometric properties of these tools.

Mentira terapêutica: a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro sobre uma estratégia de comunicação controversa no atendimento ao paciente com demência / Therapeutic lying: Brazilian speech and language therapists' point of view about a controversial communication strategy employed in the care for people with dementia

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro a respeito da utilização da mentira terapêutica como estratégia de comunicação no manejo de pacientes com demência. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, transversal, de caráter descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada de modo online através de um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha e resposta aberta. Resultados Os resultados quantitativos indicaram que a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos já fizeram uso da estratégia e desejam aprender mais sobre, julgando a técnica como relativamente válida, ética e adequada. Os dados qualitativos indicaram os motivos para o uso da técnica, sendo estes: tranquilizar o paciente em situação de agitação; estimular o engajamento na terapia; evitar estresse relacionado à perda de memória; manejar dificuldade ou recusa alimentar; manejar dificuldade ou recusa ao tratamento medicamentoso; evitar que paciente evada o local; manejar situações de delírio, confusão e/ou paranoia; garantir a segurança; e quando outras estratégias não funcionam. Conclusão A maioria dos fonoaudiólogos brasileiros utilizam a mentira terapêutica em sua prática clínica e o fazem levando em consideração o benefício da pessoa com demência, embora reconheçam a falta de conhecimento e preparo acerca do assunto. Consideraram essa estratégia de comunicação relativamente ética, válida e adequada. O artigo chama atenção para a necessidade de formação e de recomendações sobre o uso da mentira terapêutica entre pessoas com demência pelos fonoaudiólogos.

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this research was to obtain the speech and language therapists' point of view about the use of therapeutic lying as a communication strategy in dementia care. Methods The present research was a quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected through an online survey with multiple choices and open answer questions. Results The quantitative results indicated that the majority of the speech and language therapists have already used therapeutic lying as a communicative strategy and wish to learn more about it, considering the technique as relatively valid, ethical and adequate. The qualitative results indicated the reasons for the usage of the technique: to reassure the patient in case of agitation; to encourage engagement in therapy; to avoid stress-related to memory loss; to manage difficulty or refusal to eat; to manage difficulty or refusal for drug treatment; to prevent patients from leaving the building; to manage delirium, confusion and/or paranoia; to ensure safety; and for use when other strategies do not work. Conclusion The majority of speech and language therapists use therapeutic lying in their clinical practice, taking into consideration the best interest of the person with dementia, although professionals recognize their lack of knowledge on the subject. They have considered the communication strategy as relatively ethical, valid and adequate. The article calls attention to the necessity of education and guidelines for speech and language therapists in the use of therapeutic lying among people with dementia.

[Non-pharmacological interventions]. / Intervenciones no farmacológicas.

Non-pharmacological therapies are currently one of the cornerstones of the prevention of the possible causes of cognitive impairment. Among other topics, the present article discusses the importance of identifying and working with elements such as a person's life history, interests, values, beliefs, and personal tastes and preferences and of combining them with techniques with proven effectiveness.

Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in a Low and Middle-Income Country / Impacto do COVID-19 na saúde mental em um país de baixa e média renda

Abstract Mental disorders (MD) are commonly comorbid with cardiovascular, metabolic, and some infectious diseases. Since the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic is affecting the most multimorbid individuals, we might expect that the epidemic will be particularly problematic for people with MD. Understanding the burden of an outbreak on mental health is fundamental to effective action towards containing the spread of the disease, as psychopathology might reduce endurance during the lockdown. This can potentially reduce adhesion to ongoing treatment resulting in avoidable recurrence of a disorder. Additionally, there is the stress caused by the eminent risk of infection or economic uncertainty, especially in low-middle income settings. This is an overview on the expected influence of the COVID-19 on mental health from a research group that has not long ago been involved in the Zika epidemic. It aims to discuss the effects of the pandemic on a Low and Middle-Income country (LMIC), Brazil.

Resumo Os Transtornos Mentais (TM) são comorbidades comuns associadas a doenças cardiovasculares, metabólicas e algumas doenças infecciosas. Como a atual epidemia de SARS-CoV-2 está afetando mais os indivíduos multimórbidos, podemos esperar que a epidemia seja particularmente problemática para pessoas com TM. Compreender o ônus de um surto na saúde mental é fundamental para uma ação de contenção eficaz da propagação da doença, pois a psicopatologia pode reduzir a resistência durante o confinamento. Que pode potencialmente reduzir a adesão ao tratamento em andamento, resultando na recorrência evitável de um distúrbio. Além disso, há o estresse causado pelo risco eminente de infecção ou incerteza econômica, especialmente em ambientes de baixa e média renda. Esta é uma "overview" sobre a potencial influência do COVID-19 na saúde mental realizada por um grupo de pesquisa que não faz muito tempo esteve envolvido na epidemia de Zika. Ela tem como objetivo discutir os efeitos da pandemia do COVID-19 em um país de baixa e média renda, Brasil.

Ekbom Syndrome associated with Lewy Body Dementia: A case report / Síndrome de ekbom associada à demência com corpos de lewy: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Ekbom Syndrome, also known as parasitosis delusion or psychogenic parasitosis, is a rare condition in which patients present with a fixed belief of being infested by parasites, vermin or small insects, along with tactile hallucinations (such as pruritus or sensations of the parasites crawling over or under the skin). The syndrome may occur idiopathically or be associated with other medical conditions and drug use. This case report describes the occurrence of Ekbom syndrome in a patient diagnosed with Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), a neurodegenerative disease that commonly presents with sensory perception and thought disorders and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although visual hallucination is considered a core diagnostic criterion, other modalities of psychiatric symptoms can also occur posing a further challenge for correct diagnosis. Proper recognition allows early diagnosis and adequate treatment, preventing hazardous antipsychotic use in these patients.

RESUMO A síndrome de Ekbom, também conhecida como delírio parasitário ou parasitose psicogênica, é uma condição rara na qual os pacientes apresentam crença fixa de estarem infestados por parasitas, vermes ou insetos, acompanhada de alucinações táteis (como prurido ou sensação dos parasitas andando sobre ou sob a pele). A síndrome pode ocorrer de forma idiopática ou associada a outras condições médicas ou uso de drogas. Este relato de caso descreve a ocorrência da síndrome de Ekbom em um paciente diagnosticado com Demência com corpos de Lewy (DCL), uma doença degenerativa que comumente se apresenta com desordens de sensopercepção e pensamento, e outros sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. A alucinação visual é considerada um dos critérios diagnósticos nucleares, entretanto outras modalidades de sintomas psiquiátricos podem ocorrer criando desafios adicionais ao diagnóstico correto. O reconhecimento apropriado permite o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado, prevenindo o uso arriscado de antipsicóticos nesses pacientes.

Demência rapidamente progressiva por linfoma primário do sistema nervoso central: um relato de caso / Rapidly progressive dementia due to primary central nervous system lymphoma: a case report

As demências rapidamente progressivas são condições que impactam a vida do paciente, entretanto nem sempre são consideradas durante a investigação da síndrome demencial. Este relato descreve uma paciente portadora de artrite reumatoide em uso crônico de corticoterapia que evoluiu com um quadro de demência rapidamente progressiva no período de cinco meses. Durante a investigação, evidenciou-se o linfoma primário de sistema nervoso central como causa de sua síndrome demencial. Faz-se importante destacar que o uso prolongado de corticoide pode estar associado a um estado de imunossupressão, o que é fator de risco para o surgimento do linfoma de sistema nervoso central.

Rapidly progressive dementias are conditions that worsening the patient's life; however they are not always considered during the investigation of dementia syndrome. This report describes the case of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic use of corticosteroid therapy, who developed rapidly progressive dementia within 5 months. During the investigation, the primary lymphoma of the central nervous system was evidenced as the cause of its dementia syndrome. Importantly, prolonged use of corticosteroids may be associated with a state of immunosuppression, which is a risk factor for the onset of central nervous system lymphoma.

Percepción de las demencias y la intersectorialidad en el contexto del Policlínico Docente Playa / Dementias' and intersectotiality's perception in to Teaching Polyclinic Playa's area

Introducción: Las demencias son consideradas la primera causa de discapacidad en los adultos mayores. A la vez, los ancianos, por lo general, suelen necesitar progresivas atenciones y, por lo tanto, se vuelven en cierta medida dependientes, contribuyendo así a la carga económica y al estrés psicológico de sus familiares, cuidadores, enfermeros y de sí mismos. Objetivos: Evaluar la percepción acerca de las demencias y la intersectorialidad en el área del Policlínico Docente de Playa. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en un universo conformado por actores de los sectores socioeconómicos de la comunidad, del cual, por muestreo intencional, se seleccionó un líder de los sectores: CDR, FMC, Cultura, Deporte, Institución Religiosa, Comercio, Gastronomía, Educación, Asistencia Social; y se incluyeron todos los médicos de la familia (14) y los 63 cuidadores (sector población), que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Se emplearon cuestionarios autoadministrados. Resultados: Las demencias fueron percibidas como problema solo por 59,8 por ciento de los encuestados; 95,2 por ciento de los cuidadores percibió dificultades para el control de las demencias en el contexto en contraste con los demás sectores; la intersectorialidad se consideró pertinente para el control de las demencias en 72,4 por ciento de las respuestas; principalmente a expensas de los cuidadores. 63,2 por ciento de los encuestados fue incapaz de mencionar elementos que favorecían la intersectorialidad y 59,8 por ciento percibió obstáculos. Conclusiones: De forma general, las demencias no fueron percibidas de manera adecuada, lo cual conspira contra la adopción de acciones intersectoriales encaminadas a un mejor control de sus causas y repercusiones, esta situación debe ser valorada a la hora de concebir acciones para su abordaje en el contexto estudiado(AU.

Introduction: Dementia is considered the first disability cause in bigger adults, the bigger dependence taxpayer; it overloads economic and psychological stress for sick persons, caregivers and relatives. Objective: To evaluate the perception about dementia and intersectoriality in the area of the Teching Polyclinic Playa. Method: It was carried out a descriptive study of traverse court in an universe conformed by the socioeconomic sectors of the community of which was selected a leader of the sectors, CDR, FMC, Culture, Sport, Religious Institution, Trade, Gastronomy, Education, Social Attendance by intentional sampling; also 14 doctors of the family and 63 caregivers. The approaches were picked up through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Dementias were perceived as a problem only by 59,8 percent of the respondents; 95,2 percent of the caregivers perceived difficulties in the control of dementias in the context in contrast with the other sectors; the intersectoriality was considered relevant for the control of dementias in 72,4 percent; mainly at the expense of caregivers. The majority of respondents 63,2 percent were unable to mention elements that favored intersectoriality and 59,8 percent perceived obstacles. Conclusions: The dementias were not perceived adequately in the context, which conspires against the adoption of intersectorial actions aimed at a better control of their causes and repercussions(AU)

Reserva Cognitiva: revisión de su conceptualización y relación con la Enfermedad de Alzheimer / Cognitive Reserve: a revision of its conceptualization and its relation with Alzheimer´s Disease

Introducción: La reserva cognitiva permite la activación de conexiones sinápticas adicionales y nuevas redes neurales frente a demandas del ambiente. Objetivo: Delimitar qué variables contribuyen a la formación de la reserva cognitiva y establecer su expresión en el desarrollo de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica sistemática y evaluativa de tipo cualitativa. Resultados: La educación, actividades de ocio, estilo de vida, estatus socioeconómico e inteligencia son las principales variables que aportan a la formación de la reserva cognitiva. Sujetos con alta reserva tienen menor prevalencia e incidencia de demencia. Aquellos que lleguen a desarrollar la enfermedad lo harán a una edad más tardía y con mayor severidad de síntomas. Conclusión: Las variables que contribuyen a la formación de la reserva cognitiva son, principalmente, variables socio-ambientales. La reserva se considera factor de protección frente a la enfermedad. Además, atrasaría la aparición de la demencia, logrando, en algunos casos, que nunca se llegue a desarrollar la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Cognitive reserve allows the activation of additional synaptic connections and new neural networks against environmental demands. Objective: Establish the variables that contribute to the formation of cognitive reserve and its expression in relation with Alzheimer´s Disease. Method: Systematic and evaluative review of qualitative type. Results: Education, leisure activities, lifestyle, socioeconomic status and intelligence are the main variables which contribute to the formation of cognitive reserve. Subjects with high reserve have lower prevalence and incidence of dementia. Those who develop Alzheimer´s Disease will do so at a later age and with more severe symptoms. Conclusions: The variables which contribute to the formation of cognitive reserve are, mainly, socio-environmental variables. The reserve is considered a protective factor against disease. It delays the onset of dementia avoiding, in some cases, the development of the pathology(AU)

Relación entre depresión y características sociodemográficas en cuidadores principales de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer / Relationship between depression and sociodemographic characteristic in principal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease

RESUMEN Introducción: Las demencias constituyen unos de los problemas de salud pública más importantes del siglo XXI, la enfermedad de Alzheimer es la causa más frecuente. El mayor costo es el humano, en especial, los cuidadores principales, que contraen riesgos sobre la salud física y mental, provocándole depresión. Objetivo: Identificar la relación que existe entre la depresión y algunas características sociodemográficas de los cuidadores principales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional en el Policlínico "Carlos Manuel Portuondo" del municipio Marianao, desde enero de 2010 hasta septiembre de 2012, en un universo de 35 cuidadores principales de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer en estadios leve y moderado. La información se obtuvo con el Cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico, e Inventario de depresión de Beck, se procesó y analizó con frecuencias absolutas y porcentaje. Se evaluó la asociación a través de la prueba paramétrica coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: De los 35 cuidadores principales, el 82,85 por ciento pertenecían al sexo femenino; el 60,00 por ciento eran las hijas; el 45,71 por ciento tenía 60 años y más, sin vínculo laboral (85,71 por ciento), con un nivel superior de escolaridad (45,71 por ciento) y el 68,60 por ciento no recibía apoyo en el cuidado del paciente; el 37,10 por ciento mostró depresión leve. Se evidenció correlación negativa y positiva débil entre la depresión y algunas de las características sociodemográficas y clínicas del cuidador principal. Conclusión: Se identificó relación negativa y positiva débil entre la depresión y algunas características sociodemográficas de los cuidadores principales de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dementias are one of the issues most important public health of the century, Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause. The biggest cost is the human, especially primary caregivers, who contract risks on physical and mental health, causing depression. Objective: To identify the relationship between depression and some sociodemographic characteristics of the main caregivers. Methods: Descriptive correlational Polyclinic "Carlos Manuel Portuondo" Marianao municipality, from January 2010 to September 2012, in a universe of 35 primary caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease in mild and moderate. The information was obtained with the sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory, processed and analyzed with absolute and percentage frequencies. The association through parametric test Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated. Results: Of the 35 primary caregivers the 82.85 percent were female; The 60.00 percent were daughters; 45.71 percent were 60 years and over, without employment (85.71 percent), with a higher level of education (45.71 percent) and 68.60 percent did not receive support patient care; the 37.10 percent showed mild depression. negative and weak positive correlation was found between depression and some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of primary caregiver. Conclusion: Negative and weak positive relationship between depression and some sociodemographic of primary caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease characteristics were identified(AU)

El tratamiento de las demencias en el sistema de salud de Uruguay / Dementias: Treatment within Uruguayan Health System / Tratamento das demências no sistema de saúde do Uruguai

Resumen: La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha exhortado a los gobiernos del mundo a declarar la demencia como una prioridad de salud pública. Recientemente ha definido un plan de acción mundial sobre la respuesta de salud pública a la demencia 2017-2025. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer la respuesta que da el sistema de salud de Uruguay en materia de tratamientos de la demencia, aportando al área de tratamientos y atención de dicho plan. Se diseña un estudio descriptivo e interpretativo basado en las trayectorias de atención, que utiliza métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para estudiar dos poblaciones: familiares y médicos. Los principales resultados indican que el sistema de salud de Uruguay es accesible para las personas con demencia, pero da una respuesta muy limitada en cuanto a tratamientos, no cumpliendo con el estándar de calidad y buenas prácticas definido internacionalmente. El tratamiento brindado es exclusivamente farmacológico y no existe disponibilidad de tratamientos psicosociales dentro del propio sistema de salud. De esta forma, todos los aspectos de la enfermedad - cognitivos, afectivos, conductuales, de sufrimiento psíquico - son abordados de forma exclusivamente neuroquímica, lo que hace muy ineficiente al propio sistema. Las personas con demencia atendidas presentan un alto consumo de fármacos psicotrópicos, incluido algunos que están especialmente contraindicados por sus efectos secundarios. Se discuten estas estrategias de atención como parte de un dispositivo biopolítico y una perspectiva de enfermedad objetivo-natural, que implican un riesgo de iatrogenia. Finalmente, se realizan algunas recomendaciones para revertir esta situación y mejorar el sistema de salud.

Abstract: World Health Organization has called Governments to make dementia a public health priority. A global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025 has recently been defined. The aim of the present study is to know the response given by the Uruguayan health system regarding treatments for dementia, addressing to areas of this plan. A descriptive and interpretative study is designed based on care trajectories; it uses quantitative and qualitative methods to study two populations: family and doctors. The main results indicate that the health system of Uruguay is accessible to people with dementia, but it gives a very limited response in terms of treatments, not complying with the internationally defined standards of quality and good practice. The treatment provided is exclusively pharmacological and there is no availability for psychosocial treatments within the health system itself. In this way, all aspects of the disease - cognitive, affective, behavioral, psychic suffering, etc. - are dealt within an exclusively neurochemical way, which makes the system itself very inefficient. People treated for dementia show a high consumption of psychotropic drugs, including some that are especially contraindicated due to their side effects. These care strategies are discussed as part of a biopolitical device and a perspective of objective-natural disease, which imply a high risk of iatrogenesis. We conclude by making some recommendations to reverse this situation.

Resumo: A Organização Mundial da Saúde convidou os governos do mundo a declararem a demência como uma prioridade de saúde pública. Recentemente, definiu um plano de ação global sobre a resposta da saúde pública à demência 2017-2025. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer a resposta do sistema de saúde uruguaio em termos de tratamentos da demência, contribuindo para a área de terapêuticas e cuidados desse plano. Este estudo, descritivo e interpretativo com base em trajetórias das assistência que utilizam métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, estudou duas populações: família e médicos. Os principais resultados indicam que o sistema de saúde do Uruguai é acessível para pessoas com demência, mas dá uma resposta muito limitada em termos de tratamentos, não cumprindo a qualidade internacional e o padrão das boas práticas. O que é fornecido é exclusivamente farmacológico e não há disponibilidade de tratamentos psicossociais dentro do próprio sistema de saúde. Desta forma, todos os aspetos da doença - sofrimento cognitivo, afetivo, comportamental, psíquico, etc. - são tratados de forma exclusivamente neuroquímica, tornando muito ineficiente o próprio sistema. As pessoas com demência tratadas apresentam alto consumo de drogas psicotrópicas, incluindo algumas que são especialmente contraindicadas devido aos efeitos colaterais. Essas estratégias de atenção são discutidas como parte de um dispositivo biopolítico e uma perspetiva de doença meta-natural, implicando um alto risco de iatrogenia; e fazendo algumas recomendações para reverter essa situação.

Relación entre síntomas psicológicos-conductuales de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer y sobrecarga percibida por sus cuidadores / Behavioral relationship between psychological symptoms of patients with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers perceived overload

RESUMEN Introducción: La demencia es un síndrome clínico, que se acompaña de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos y emocionales, la enfermedad de Alzheimer es la más frecuente. El cuidado de estos pacientes representa un desafío porque sus síntomas afectan la salud y calidad de vida del cuidador, así como sobrecarga. Objetivo: Identificar la relación que existe entre los síntomas psicológicos-conductuales de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer leve y moderada, y la sobrecarga percibida por sus cuidadores principales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional en el Policlínico "Carlos Manuel Portuondo" del municipio Marianao desde enero de 2010 hasta septiembre de 2012, en un universo de 35 cuidadores principales de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer en los estadios leve y moderado, seleccionados por un muestreo por conveniencia. La información fue recolectada con el uso del Inventario Neuropsiquiátrico y la Escala de Zarit. Para el procesamiento y análisis estadístico de la información se confeccionaron tablas de frecuencia absoluta, porcentaje. Se evaluó la asociación a través de la prueba paramétrica coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: Se evidenció correlación positiva débil para las variables repeticiones (r= 0,412) (s=0,014), depresión (r= 0,269) (s=0,118), agitación o agresión (r= 0,433) (s=0,009), desinhibición (r=0,433) (s=0,009), irritabilidad (r=0,433) (s=0,009), ansiedad (r= 0,331) (s=0,052), apatía (r= 0,416) (s=0,013) y delusiones (r= 0,242) (s=0,151); y correlación positiva media para las alucinaciones (r=0,589) (s=0,000). Conclusión: Se identificó relación entre algunos síntomas psicológicos y conductuales de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer y la sobrecarga percibida por sus cuidadores principales(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by neuropsychiatric and emotional disorders and the Alzheimer's disease is the cause more frequent. This means a challenge in the care of these patients because of its symptom affect the caregiver's health and quality of life, and this causes them overload. Objective: to identify the relationship between psychological-behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer diseases and the overload perceived by its principal caregivers. Methods: a descriptive and correlative study of 35 principal caregivers of patients with minor and moderate Alzheimer disease from the policlinic "Carlos Manuel Portuondo" of Marianao municipality, from January of 2010 to September of 2012, they were select by a self - interest sampling. The information was picked up with the Neuropsychiatric inventory and the Zarit scale; it was processing with absolute and percentage frequency distributions, also the association were evaluated with the Pearson Correlation coefficient (r). Results: It was show a weak positive relationship for the repetitions (r= 0.412) (s=0.014), the depression (r= 0.269) (s=0.118), the agitation or aggression (r= 0.433) (s=0.009), the disinhibition (r=0.433) (s=0.009), the irritability (r=0.433) (s=0.009), anxiety (r= 0.331) (s=0.052), the apathy (r= 0.416) (s=0.013) and the delusions (r= 0.242) (s=0.151); and a mean positive relationship for the hallucinations (r=0.589) (s=0.000). Conclusions: It was identifying the relationship between some psychological-behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer diseases and the overload perceived by its principal caregivers(AU)

Mutual help group for family members of older adults with dementia: unveiling perspectives / Grupo de ayuda mutua a familiares de adultos mayores con demencia: revelando perspectivas / Grupo de ajuda mútua a familiares de pessoas idosas com demência: desvelando perspectivas

ABSTRACT Objective: to understanding the reasons why members of a Mutual Help Group for family caregivers of older adults with Dementia participate in it and to identify the difficulties and benefits of such participation. Method: a qualitative exploratory descriptive study with data collected through observation and interviews with nine family caregivers, five family volunteers and five health professionals from the group. Data analysis involved content analysis and theoretical support of the Cultural Care Theory. Results: the respondents pointed out their reasons for seeking the group and the benefits they perceived from participating in it. However, difficulties to participate continuously in the group faced by both family caregivers and volunteers were also evidenced. Nontheless, all of them valued the possibility of being part of this group. Conclusion: the Mutual Help Group has proven to be an important supportive strategy for family caregivers of older adults with dementia, however, much remains to be done in order to make this strategy feasible for all families. Among the difficulties identified for maintaining the group are voluntary work and a way to attract more people to this work.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender los motivos por los cuales los integrantes de un Grupo de Ayuda Mutua a cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores con demencia participan del mismo e identificar las dificultades y los beneficios de esta participación. Métodos: investigación cualitativa, exploratoria y descriptiva, cuyos datos fueron recolectados por medio de observación y entrevistas con nueve cuidadores familiares, cinco familiares voluntarios y cinco profesionales de salud integrantes de este grupo. El análisis de los datos envolvió el análisis de contenido y el soporte teórico surgió de la Teoría del Cuidado Cultural. Resultados: los informantes apuntaron los motivos para buscar el grupo y los beneficios que percibían a partir de su participación en el mismo. Sin embargo, las dificultades para participar continuamente tanto por los cuidadores familiares como por los voluntarios, también fueron evidenciadas. Además, todos ellos valorizaron la posibilidad de formar parte del grupo. Conclusión: el grupo de ayuda mutua reveló una importante estrategia de soporte para los cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores con demencia, sin embargo, hay mucho que hacer aun para tornar esta estrategia viable para todas las familias. Entre las dificultades apuntadas para el mantenimiento del grupo es el trabajo voluntario y la forma de atraer más personas para este trabajo.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender os motivos pelos quais os integrantes de um Grupo de Ajuda Mútua a cuidadores familiares de pessoas idosas com Demências participam do mesmo e identificar as dificuldades e os benefícios dessa participação. Método: pesquisa qualitativa exploratória descritiva, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de observação e entrevistas com nove cuidadores familiares, cinco familiares voluntários e cinco profissionais da saúde integrantes deste grupo. A análise dos dados envolveu a análise de conteúdo e suporte teórico da Teoria do Cuidado Cultural. Resultados: os informantes apontaram os motivos para buscar o grupo e os benefícios que percebiam a partir de sua participação no mesmo. No entanto, as dificuldades para participar continuamente do grupo, enfrentadas tanto pelos cuidadores familiares como pelos voluntários, também foram evidenciadas. Porém todos eles valorizaram a possibilidade de fazer parte desse grupo. Conclusão: o Grupo de Ajuda Mútua revelou-se uma importânte estratégia de suporte para cuidadores familiares de idosos com demência, no entanto, muito ainda há para ser feito a fim de tornar essa estratégia viável a todas as famílias. Entre as dificuldades apontadas para manutenção do grupo é o trabalho voluntário e a forma de atrair mais pessoas para esse trabalho.

Alternativas instrumentales para la exploración cognitiva breve del adulto mayor: más allá del Minimental Test / Instrumental alternatives for brief cognitive exploration in the senior adult: beyond the Minimental Test

Introducción: en Cuba, la esperanza de vida al nacer supera actualmente los 77 años. Esta realidad trae consigo un incremento exponencial en el número de adultos mayores que son diagnosticados con un síndrome demencial. Uno los instrumentos de screening cognitivo más conocido y utilizado es el Minimental Test A pesar de su extendido uso, desde hace más de dos décadas se sugiere la necesidad de emplear otras herramientas en lugar del tradicional Minimental, aludiendo entre otras razones dificultades estructurales y problemas psicométricos. Objetivo: realizar una valoración crítica del Minimental y ofrecer una panorámica general de instrumentos alternativos de screening cognitivo que pueden emplearse en la práctica clínica y que superan las limitaciones del Minimental Test. Conclusiones: el empleo del Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised, el Montreal Cognitive Assessment, y el INECO Frontal Screening sería de inestimable valor para el personal médico que tiene bajo su responsabilidad la atención de adultos mayores en todos los niveles de atención, superando con su uso las múltiples limitaciones que presenta el Minimental Test(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, life expectancy at birth now surpasses the rate of 77 years. This reality brings about an exponential increase in the number of senior adults diagnosed with dementia syndrome. One of the most well-known and used cognitive screening instruments is the Minimental Test. Despite its widespread use, it has been suggested for more than two decades the need to use other tools instead of the traditional Minimental test, referring, among other reasons, structural difficulties and psychometric problems. Objective: To carry out a critical assessment of the Minimental test and to offer an overview of alternative cognitive screening instruments that can be used in clinical practice and that overcome the limitations of the Minimental Test. Conclusions: The use of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the INECO Frontal Screening would be of inestimable value for the medical staff responsible for the care of senior adults at all levels, while its use would overcome the multiple limitations presented by the Minimental test(AU)

The importance of recognizing faciobrachial dystonic seizures in rapidly progressive dementias / A importância do reconhecimento das crises distônicas faciobraquiais nas demências rapidamente progressivas

ABSTRACT Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is the prototypical cause of rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Nonetheless, efforts to exclude reversible causes of RPD that mimic prion disease are imperative. The recent expanding characterization of neurological syndromes associated with antibodies directed against neuronal cell surface or sympathic antigens, namely autoimmune encephalitis is shifting paradigms in neurology. Such antigens are well known proteins and receptors involved in synaptic transmission. Their dysfunction results in neuropsychiatric symptoms, psychosis, seizures, movement disorders and RPD. Faciobrachial dystonic seizure (FBDS) is a novel characterized type of seizure, specific for anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Objective: In order to improve clinical recognition we report the cases of two Brazilian patients who presented with characteristic FDBS (illustrated by videos) and anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Methods: We have included all patients with FBDS and confirmed anti-LGI1 encephalitis and video records of FDBS in two tertiary Brazilian centers: Department of Neurology of Hospital das Clínicas, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil and Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2015. Results: Both patients presented with clinical features of limbic encephalitis associated with FBDS, hyponatremia and normal CSF. None of them presented with tumor and both showed a good response after immunotherapy. Conclusion: FBDSs may be confounded with myoclonus and occurs simultaneously with rapid cognitive decline. Unawareness of FDBS may induce to misdiagnosing a treatable cause of RPD as CJD.

RESUMO Embasamento: A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) é o protótipo de demência rapidamente progressiva (DRP). No entanto, é imperativo que sejam excluídas causas reversíveis de DRPs que possam simular doença priônica. A recente caracterização de síndromes neurológicas associadas a anticorpos direcionados contra antígenos de superfície neuronal ou sinapse, assim denominadas de encefalites autoimunes, está mudando paradigmas em neurologia. Esses antígenos estão envolvidos na transmissão sináptica, sendo que as disfunções destes podem resultar em sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, psicose, crises epilépticas, distúrbios do movimento e DRP. A crise distônica faciobraquial (CDFB) é um tipo de crise recentemente caracterizada e específica da encefalite anti-LGI1. Objetivo: Para promover um melhor reconhecimento da doença relatamos os casos de 2 pacientes brasileiros que apresentaram CDFBs (ilustradas com vídeos) associadas à encefalite anti-LGI1. Métodos: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes com CDFBs e encefalite anti-LGI1 confirmados em 2 centros brasileiros terciários: Departamento de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil e o Hospital Geral de Fortaleza entre 01 de janeiro de 2011 e 31 de dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Ambos os casos apresentaram quadro clinico típico de encefalite límbica associada a CDFBs e exame do LCR sem alterações. Nenhum caso associou-se à presença de neoplasia e ambos apresentaram boa resposta à imunoterapia. Conclusão: A CDFB podem ser confundidas com mioclonias e ocorrer simultaneamente com rápido declínio cognitivo, o seu não reconhecimento pode induzir ao diagnóstico errôneo de uma causa potencialmente tratável de DRP como sendo DCJ.