In-Vitro dual inhibition of protein glycation, and oxidation by some Arabian plants.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of epidemic proportion, projected to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world in future. Despite extensive research in understanding this disease at molecular level, and the discovery of new drugs, diabetes and its complications remain largely untreated. Many of the late diabetic complications are associated with the glycation of proteins in the body. Natural flora has long been a rich source for therapeutic agents, especially against diabetes. The present study deals with the anti-glycation properties of some medicinally important plants of Arabian region. METHODS: Twenty-six medicinal plants, commonly found in different regions of Arabian Peninsula, were evaluated for their protein anti-glycation activity by using BSA-MG glycation assay in-vitro. The extracts were incubated with BSA and MG at 37 °C for 9 days, each sample was then examined for the presence of fluorescence (λex 330 nm, and λem 420 nm), which represent the extent of protein glycation. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), iron chelation, and superoxide radical scavenging asaays. RESULTS: The data revealed that out of 26 medicinal plants, five plants viz. Sida cordifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, Tribulus terrestris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Rosa indica were active against the in-vitro protein glycation with IC50 values between 0.408- 1.690 mg/mL. Among the active plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was found to be the most potent (IC50 = 0.408 ± 0.027 mg/mL), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.596 ± 0.0179 mg/mL), and Sida cordifolia L. (IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.009 mg/mL). The antioxidant potential of these plant extracts were also determined by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), iron chelation, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Among five plants, Sida cordifolia exhibited a potent anti-oxidant activity in both DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays (IC50 = 0.005 ± 0.0004, and 0.078 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.023 ± 0.0005 and 0.141 ± 0.003 mg/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Protein glycation in hyperglycemic conditions involve oxidative changes. Therefore dual inhibition of protein glycation and oxidation are desirable properties in any test substance investigated for therapeutic purposes.

Amelioration of phytotoxic impact of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria facilitates the growth and biochemical responses of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) under nanoparticles stress.

The consistently increasing use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in crop optimization practices and their persistence in agro-environment necessitate expounding their influence on sustainable agro-environment. Attempts have been made to understand nanoparticle-plant beneficial bacteria (PBB)- plant interactions; the knowledge of toxic impact of nanomaterials on soil-PBB-vegetable systems and alleviating nanotoxicity using PBB is scarce and inconsistent. This study aims at bio-fabrication of ZnONPs from Rosa indica petal extracts and investigates the impact of PBB on growth and biochemical responses of biofertilized eggplants exposed to phyto-synthesized nano-ZnO. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques revealed nanostructure, triangular shape, size 32.5 nm, and different functional groups of ZnONPs and petal extracts. Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter chroococcum improved germination efficiency by 22% and 18% and vegetative growth of eggplants by 14% and 15% under NPs stress. Bio-inoculation enhanced total chlorophyll content by 36% and 14 %, increasing further with higher ZnONP concentrations. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in nano-ZnO and P. fluorescens inoculated eggplant shoots reduced by 15-23% and 9-11%. Moreover, in situ experiment unveiled distortion and accumulation of NPs in roots revealed by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser microscope. The present study highlights the phytotoxicity of biosynthesized ZnONPs to eggplants and demonstrates that PBB improved agronomic traits of eggplants while declining phytochemicals and antioxidant levels. These findings suggest that P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum, with NPs ameliorative activity, can be cost-effective and environment-friendly strategy for alleviating NPs toxicity and promoting eggplant production under abiotic stress, fulfilling vegetable demands.

Size-Dependent Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, and Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Solvent Extraction of Rosa indica L. Petals.

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized through a green approach by employing Rosa indica L. petal (RE) extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents, which are extracted using three different solvents: ethanol (Et), acetone (Ac), and water (Aq). The phase formation of the AgNPs is confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Morphological analysis is performed using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), which reveals that the AgNPs are spherical in shape. The size is estimated using ImageJ software, which is found to be ~12, 18, and 770 nm for RE-Ac-Ag, RE-Et-Ag, and RE-Aq-Ag, respectively. The phytochemicals of Rosa indica L. petals involved in the formation of the AgNPs are studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, these materials are studied for their antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and hemolytic activity, as well as cell toxicity properties. The materials, RE-Ac-Ag and RE-Et-Ag, are found to be more effective than RE-Aq-Ag in inhibiting E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria) and S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria). Hemolytic studies reveal that all of the samples show concentration-dependent activity up to 50 µg/mL. RE-Ac-Ag and RE-Et-Ag exhibit nonhemolytic behavior, whereas RE-Aq-Ag remains nonhemolytic until 100 µg/mL. The antidiabetic ability of the AgNPs is evaluated using α-amylase inhibition assay (DNSA assay) and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The results are found to be effective, with IC50 values of α-amylase and α-glycosidase being 50, 50, and 75 µg/mL for RE-Et-Ag, RE-Ac-Ag, and RE-Aq-Ag, respectively. DPPH assay shows that the AgNPs inhibited the antioxidants well, with IC50 values of 40 µg/mL for RE-Et-Ag and RE-Ac-Ag and 60 µg/mL for RE-Aq-Ag. The toxicity study reveals that the AgNPs show size- and concentration-dependent behavior. Overall, it is realized from the findings that RE-Ac-Ag, RE-Et-Ag, and RE-Aq-Ag show size-dependent antibacterial, antidiabetic, and toxicity properties.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using ethanolic petals extract of Rosa indica and characterization of its antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.

The present study was aimed at biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ethanolic extract of rose (Rosa indica) petals and testing their potential antibacterial activity using selective human pathogenic microbes, anticancer activity using human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell line HCT 15 as well as anti-inflammatory activity using rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The biologically synthesized AgNPs were also characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized AgNPs showed an effective antibacterial activity against Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) than Gram positive (Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis) bacteria. MTT assay, analysis of nuclear morphology, mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bax and protein expression of caspase 3 as well as 9, indicated potential anticancer activity. In addition, green synthesized AgNPs also attenuated cytotoxicity, nuclear morphology and free radical generation (O2(-) and NO) by rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The results of our study show the potential green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in mitigating their toxicity while retaining their antibacterial activities.