Characterisation and in vitro antimicrobial potential of liposome encapsulated silver ions against Candida albicans.

Liposomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, controlled delivery systems with the ability to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds, including metal ions. Liposome encapsulated Ag(+) (lipo-Ag(+)), prepared by reverse-phase evaporation, was used as a controlled delivery system against Candida albicans. Characterisation of the lipo-Ag(+) indicated that the multilamellar vesicles with diameters ranging between ≈ 0.5 and 5.0 µm showed potential as a controlled delivery system to consistently deliver Ag(+) to C. albicans. Results from inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis showed higher association of cell bound Ag(+) at 15 mins post exposure when compared to unencapsulated Ag(+). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate detrimental effects of Ag(+) on C. albicans cell structure. These effects along with the ICP results also correlate with previously reported time kill experiment observations.

Secretory activity of the brain and peripheral organs: Spontaneous and stimulated release of noradrenaline in the ontogenesis of rats.

Spontaneous and K(+)-stimulated release of noradrenaline from the hypothalamus, adrenal gland, and organ of Zuckerkandl under their flowing incubation was investigated in the perinatal period of ontogenesis of rats. The results suggest that, during the investigated period of ontogenesis, adrenal glands are the main source of noradrenaline in the blood, whereas the contributions of the organ of Zuckerkandl and the brain are not as significant and change during this period.

Quantitatively profiling the dissolution and redistribution of silver nanoparticles in living rats using a knotted reactor-based differentiation scheme.

Whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) degrade and release silver ions (Ag(+)) in vivo has remained an unresolved issue. To evaluate the biodistribution and dissolution behavior of intravenously administered AgNPs in living rats, we employed a knotted reactor (KR) device to construct a differentiation scheme for quantitative assessment of residual AgNPs and their released Ag(+) ions in complicated animal tissues; to do so, we adjusted the operating parameters of the KR, namely, the presence/absence of a rinse solution and the sample acidity. After optimization, our proposed differentiation system was confirmed to be tolerant to rat tissue and organ matrix and provide superior reliability of differentiating AgNPs/Ag(+) than the conventional centrifugal filtration method. We then applied this differentiation strategy to investigate the biodistribution and dissolution of AgNPs in rats 1, 3, and 5 days postadministration, and it was found that the administered AgNPs accumulated predominantly in the liver and spleen, then dissolved and released Ag(+) ions that were gradually excreted, resulting in almost all of the Ag(+) ions becoming deposited in the kidney, lung, and brain. Histopathological data also indicated that toxic responses were specifically located in the AgNP-rich liver, not in the Ag(+)-dominated tissues and organs. Thus, the full-scale chemical fate of AgNPs in vivo should be integrated into future assessments of the environmental health effects and utilization of AgNP-containing products.