Central Corneal Thickness in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS).

OBJECTIVE: Central corneal thickness influences intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. We examined the central corneal thickness of subjects in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) and determined if central corneal thickness is related to race. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand three hundred one OHTS subjects with central corneal thickness measurements. INTERVENTION: Central corneal thickness was determined with ultrasonic pachymeters of the same make and model at all clinical sites of the OHTS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation of mean central corneal thickness with race, baseline IOP, refraction, age, gender, systemic hypertension, and diabetes. RESULTS: Mean central corneal thickness was 573.0 ± 39.0 µm. Twenty-four percent of the OHTS subjects had central corneal thickness > 600 µm. Mean central corneal thickness for African American subjects (555.7 ± 40.0 µm; n = 318) was 23 µm thinner than for white subjects (579.0 ± 37.0 µm; P < 0.0001). Other factors associated with greater mean central corneal thickness were younger age, female gender, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: OHTS subjects have thicker corneas than the general population. African American subjects have thinner corneas than white subjects in the study. The effect of central corneal thickness may influence the accuracy of applanation tonometry in the diagnosis, screening, and management of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

24-2 Visual Fields Miss Central Defects Shown on 10-2 Tests in Glaucoma Suspects, Ocular Hypertensives, and Early Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of visual field defects in glaucomatous eyes, glaucoma suspects, and ocular hypertensives with 24-2 and 10-2 visual fields. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with or suspected glaucoma tested with 24-2 and 10-2. Patients were classified into 3 groups on the basis of the presence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and 24-2 visual field abnormalities: early glaucoma (GON and abnormal visual field, mean deviation >-6 decibels [dB]), glaucoma suspects (GON and normal visual field), and ocular hypertensives (normal disc, normal visual field, and intraocular pressure >22 mmHg). For the classification of visual field abnormalities, 24-2 and 10-2 tests performed on the same visit were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the prevalence of abnormal 24-2 versus 10-2 visual field results based on cluster criteria in each diagnostic group. RESULTS: A total of 775 eyes (497 patients) were evaluated. A total of 364 eyes had early glaucoma, 303 eyes were glaucoma suspects, and 108 eyes were ocular hypertensives. In the glaucoma group, 16 of the 26 eyes (61.5%) classified as normal based on cluster criteria on 24-2 tests were classified as abnormal on 10-2 visual fields. In eyes with suspected glaucoma, 79 of the 200 eyes (39.5%) classified as normal on the 24-2 test were classified as abnormal on 10-2 visual fields. In ocular hypertensive eyes, 28 of the 79 eyes (35.4%) classified as normal on the 24-2 were classified as abnormal on the 10-2. Patients of African descent were more likely to have an abnormal 10-2 result (67.3 vs. 56.8%, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Central visual field damage seen on the 10-2 test is often missed with the 24-2 strategy in all groups. This finding has implications for the diagnosis of glaucoma and classification of severity.

African Ancestry Is Associated with Higher Intraocular Pressure in Latinos.

PURPOSE: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor, as well as the only modifiable risk factor, for glaucoma. Racial differences have been observed in IOP measurements with individuals of African descent experiencing the highest IOP when compared with other ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between genetic ancestry and IOP in Latinos. DESIGN: Population-based genetic association study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3541 participants recruited from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. METHODS: Study participants were genotyped using the Illumina OmniExpress BeadChip (∼730K markers). We used STRUCTURE to estimate individual genetic ancestry. Simple and multiple linear regression, as well as quantile regression, analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between genetic ancestry and IOP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The relationship between genetic ancestry and IOP in Latinos. RESULTS: African ancestry was significantly associated with higher IOP in Latinos in our simple linear regression analysis (P = 0.002). After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, central corneal thickness, and type 2 diabetes, this association remained significant (P = 0.0005). The main association was modified by a significant interaction between African ancestry and hypertension (P = 0.037), with hypertensive individuals experiencing a greater increase in IOP with increasing African ancestry. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that African ancestry and its interaction with hypertension are associated with higher IOP in Latinos.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Spectralis and Cirrus Reference Databases in Differentiating between Healthy and Early Glaucoma Eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of global and sector analyses for detection of early visual field (VF) damage using the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) reference databases of the Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and Cirrus (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) devices. METHODS: Healthy subjects and glaucoma suspects from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) with at least 2 years of follow-up were included. Global and sectoral RNFL measures were classified as within normal limits, borderline (BL), and outside normal limits (ONL) on the basis of the device reference databases. The sensitivity of ONL classification was estimated in glaucoma suspect eyes that developed repeatable VF damage. RESULTS: A total of 353 glaucoma suspect eyes and 279 healthy eyes were included. A total of 34 (9.6%) of the glaucoma suspect eyes developed VF damage. In glaucoma suspect eyes, Spectralis and Cirrus ONL classification was present in 47 eyes (13.3%) and 24 eyes (6.8%), respectively. The sensitivity of the global RNFL ONL classification among eyes that developed VF damage was 23.5% for Cirrus and 32.4% for Spectralis. The specificity of within-normal-limits global classification in healthy eyes was 100% for Cirrus and 99.6% for Spectralis. There was moderate to substantial agreement between Cirrus and Spectralis classification as ONL. CONCLUSIONS: The Spectralis and Cirrus reference databases have a high specificity for identifying healthy eyes and good agreement for detection of eyes with early glaucoma damage.

The Philadelphia Glaucoma Detection and Treatment Project: Detection Rates and Initial Management.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the detection rates of glaucoma-related diagnoses and the initial treatments received in the Philadelphia Glaucoma Detection and Treatment Project, a community-based initiative aimed at improving the detection, treatment, and follow-up care of individuals at risk for glaucoma. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1649 individuals at risk for glaucoma who were examined and treated in 43 community centers located in underserved communities of Philadelphia. METHODS: Individuals were enrolled if they were African American aged ≥50 years, were any other adult aged ≥60 years, or had a family history of glaucoma. After attending an informational glaucoma workshop, participants underwent a targeted glaucoma examination including an ocular, medical, and family history; visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and corneal pachymetry; slit-lamp and optic nerve examination; automated visual field testing; and fundus color photography. If indicated, treatments included selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), or IOP-lowering medications. Follow-up examinations were scheduled at the community sites after 4 to 6 weeks or 4 to 6 months, depending on the clinical scenario. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection rates of glaucoma-related diagnoses and types of treatments administered. RESULTS: Of the 1649 individuals enrolled, 645 (39.1%) received a glaucoma-related diagnosis; 20.0% (n = 330) were identified as open-angle glaucoma (OAG) suspects, 9.2% (n = 151) were identified as having narrow angles (or as a primary angle closure/suspect), and 10.0% (n = 164) were diagnosed with glaucoma, including 9.0% (n = 148) with OAG and 1.0% (n = 16) with angle-closure glaucoma. Overall, 39.0% (n = 64 of 164) of those diagnosed with glaucoma were unaware of their diagnosis. A total of 196 patients (11.9%) received glaucoma-related treatment, including 84 (5.1%) who underwent LPI, 13 (0.8%) who underwent SLT, and 103 (6.2%) who were prescribed IOP-lowering medication. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting individuals at risk for glaucoma in underserved communities in Philadelphia yielded a high detection rate (39.1%) of glaucoma-related diagnoses. Providing examinations and offering treatment, including first-line laser procedures, at community-based sites providing services to older adults are effective to improve access to eye care by underserved populations.

Glaucoma Structural and Functional Progression in American and Korean Cohorts.

PURPOSE: To compare the rate of glaucoma structural and functional progression in American and Korean cohorts. DESIGN: Retrospective longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred thirteen eyes from 189 glaucoma and glaucoma suspects, followed up for an average of 38 months. METHODS: All subjects were examined semiannually with visual field (VF) testing and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. All subjects had 5 or more reliable visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The rates of change of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios, and VF mean deviation (MD) were compared between the cohorts. Variables affecting the rate of change for each parameter were determined, including ethnicity, refraction, baseline age and disease severity, disease subtype (high- vs. normal-tension glaucoma), clinical diagnosis (glaucoma vs. glaucoma suspect), and the interactions between variables. RESULTS: The Korean cohort predominantly demonstrated normal-tension glaucoma, whereas the American cohort predominantly demonstrated high-tension glaucoma. Cohorts had similar VF parameters at baseline, but the Korean eyes had significantly thicker mean RNFL and larger cups. Korean glaucoma eyes showed a faster thinning of mean RNFL (mean, -0.71 µm/year vs. -0.24 µm/year; P < 0.01). There were no detectable differences in the rate of change between the glaucoma cohorts for C/D ratios and VF MD and for all parameters in glaucoma suspect eyes. Different combinations of the tested variables significantly impacted the rate of change. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnicity, baseline disease severity, disease subtype, and clinical diagnosis should be considered when comparing glaucoma progression studies.

Low serum testosterone and increased diastolic ocular perfusion pressure: a risk for retinal microvasculature.

BACKGROUND: Low levels of testosterone in men and changes in retinal microvascular calibre are both associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk. Sex hormones are also associated with blood flow in microvascular beds which might be a key intermediate mechanism in the development of hypertension. Whether a direct association between endogenous testosterone and retinal microvascular calibre exists is currently unknown. We aimed to determine whether testosterone is independently associated with ocular perfusion via a possible association with retinal vascular calibre or whether it plays only a secondary role via its effect on blood pressure in a bi-ethnic male cohort. PROBANDS AND METHODS: A total of 72 black and 81 white men (28-68 years of age) from the follow-up phase of the Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) study were included in this sub-study. Ambulatory pulse pressure and intraocular perfusion pressures were obtained, while metabolic variables and testosterone were measured from fasting venous blood samples. Retinal vascular calibre was quantified from digital photographs using standardised protocols. RESULTS: The black men revealed a poorer cardiometabolic profile and higher pulsatile pressure (>50 mm Hg), intraocular pressure and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure than the white men (p≤0.05). Only in the white men was free testosterone positively associated with retinal calibre, i.e. arterio-venular ratio and central retinal arterial calibre and inversely with central retinal venular calibre. These associations were not found in the black men, independent of whether pulse pressure and ocular perfusion pressure were part of the model. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an independent, protective effect of testosterone on the retinal vasculature where an apparent vasodilatory response in the retinal resistance microvessels was observed in white men.

Meta-analysis of stratus OCT glaucoma diagnostic accuracy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of glaucoma in different stages, different types of glaucoma, and different ethnic groups using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: We searched MEDLINE to identify available articles on diagnostic accuracy of glaucoma published between January 2004 and December 2011. A PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) search using medical subject headings and keywords was executed using the following terms: "diagnostic accuracy" or "receiver operator characteristic" or "area under curve" or "AUC" and "Stratus OCT" and "glaucoma." The search was subsequently limited to publications in English. The area under a receiver operator characteristic (AUC) curve was used to measure the diagnostic performance. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled AUC value of the 17 parameters (average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, temporal quadrant, superior quadrant, nasal quadrant, inferior quadrant, and 1 to 12 o'clock). Meta-regression analysis was used to check the significance of some important factors: (1) glaucoma severity (five stages), (2) glaucoma types (four types), and (3) ethnicity (four categories). RESULTS: The orders of accuracy among those parameters were as follows: average > inferior > superior > 7 o'clock > 6 o'clock > 11 o'clock > 12 o'clock > 1 o'clock > 5 o'clock > nasal > temporal > 2 o'clock > 10 o'clock > 8 o'clock > 9 o'clock > 4 o'clock > 3 o'clock. After adjusting for the effects of age, glaucoma severity, glaucoma types, and ethnicity, the average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness provided highest accuracy compared with the other parameters of OCT. The diagnostic accuracy in Asian populations was significantly lower than that in whites and the other two ethnic types. CONCLUSIONS: Stratus OCT demonstrated good diagnostic capability in differentiating glaucomatous from normal eyes. However, we should be more cautious in applying this instrument in Asian groups in glaucoma management.

Priorities for health outcomes in glaucoma in an ethnically diverse UK cohort: an observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether patients from minority ethnic groups have different perceptions about the quality-of-life outcomes that matter most to them. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: High volume eye centres serving the most ethnically diverse region in the UK, recruiting from July 2021 to February 2022. PARTICIPANTS: 511 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and the predisease state of ocular hypertension. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome was participants' self-reported priorities for health outcomes. RESULTS: Participants fell into one of four clusters with differing priorities for health outcomes, namely: (1) vision, (2) drop freedom, (3) intraocular pressure and (4) one-time treatment. Ethnicity was the strongest determinant of cluster membership after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with white patients prioritising vision alone, the OR for black/black British patients was 7.31 (95% CI 3.43 to 15.57, p<0.001) for prioritising drop freedom; 5.95 (2.91 to 12.16, p<0.001) for intraocular pressure; and 2.99 (1.44 to 6.18, p=0.003) for one-time treatment. For Asian/Asian British patients, the OR was 3.17 (1.12 to 8.96, p=0.030) for prioritising intraocular pressure as highly as vision. Other ethnic minority groups also had higher ORs for prioritising health outcomes other than vision alone: 4.50 (1.03 to 19.63, p=0.045) for drop freedom and 5.37 (1.47 to 19.60, p=0.011) for intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnicity is strongly associated with differing perceptions about the health outcomes that matter. An individualised and ethnically inclusive approach is needed when selecting and evaluating treatments in clinical and research settings.

Retinal vascular geometry and glaucoma: the Singapore Malay Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To determine the associations of geometric measurements (tortuosity, branching angle, and fractal dimension) of retinal vessels with glaucoma. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 40 to 80 years who participated in the Singapore Malay Eye Study (n=3280; 78.7% response rate). METHODS: Quantitative retinal vascular parameters (tortuosity, branching angle, and fractal dimension) were measured from digital retinal fundus photographs using a computer-assisted program following a standardized grading protocol. Glaucoma was diagnosed according to the International Society of Geographic and Epidemiological Ophthalmology classification system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The associations among retinal vascular parameters with glaucoma, the main glaucoma subtype primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and ocular hypertension (OHT). RESULTS: A total of 123 persons (4.4% of the 2789 participants) had glaucoma in the final analysis, 87 (70.7%) of whom were diagnosed with POAG. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, axial length, and intraocular pressure (IOP), decreased retinal arteriolar tortuosity (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-2.18, comparing lowest vs. highest quartiles), decreased retinal venular tortuosity (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.29-1.97), and narrower retinal venular branching angle (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.00-1.48) were associated with glaucoma. Similar associations were found between these retinal vascular parameters and POAG. Decreased retinal vascular fractal dimension was associated with OHT (OR 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04-1.82). CONCLUSIONS: Certain features of retinal vascular geometry are associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy independently of vascular risk factors and IOP. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Comparative efficacy and safety of the fixed versus unfixed combination of latanoprost and timolol in Chinese patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

BACKGROUND: A noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a single evening dose of fixed-combination latanoprost 50 µg/mL and timolol 0.5 mg/mL (Xalacom®; LTFC), in Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OH) who were insufficiently controlled on ß-blocker monotherapy or ß-blocker-based dual therapy. METHODS: This 8-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, noninferiority study compared once-daily evening dosing of LTFC with the unfixed combination of latanoprost, one drop in the evening, and timolol, one drop in the morning (LTuFC). The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change from baseline to week 8 in diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP; mean of 8 AM, 10 AM, 2 PM, 4 PM IOPs). LTFC was considered noninferior to LTuFC if the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference was < 1.5 mmHg (analysis of covariance). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar for LTFC (N = 125; POAG, 70%; mean IOP, 25.8 mmHg) and LTuFC (N = 125; POAG, 69%; mean IOP, 26.0 mmHg). Mean diurnal IOP changes from baseline to week 8 were -8.6 mmHg with LTFC and -8.9 mmHg with LTuFC (between-treatment difference: 0.3 mmHg; 95%-CI, -0.3 to 1.0). Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: A single evening dose of LTFC was at least as effective as the unfixed combination of latanoprost in the PM and timolol in the AM in reducing IOP in Chinese subjects with POAG or OH whose IOP was insufficiently reduced with ß-blocker monotherapy or ß-blocker-based dual therapy. LTFC is an effective and well tolerated once-daily treatment for POAG and OH.

Poor utility of intraocular pressure correction formulae in individual glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients.

BACKGROUND: To compare Pascal dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) measurements with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) readings after adjustment with correction formulae in a population of Caucasian glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional case series in a specialist glaucoma practice. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive glaucoma and glaucoma suspect Caucasian patients. METHODS: Case notes review of the GAT and DCT intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements from patients who presented on a non-acute basis over a 30-month period. The GAT measurement was adjusted with six different correction formulae. Agreement between GAT IOP, adjusted GAT IOP and DCT IOP was evaluated with the Bland-Altman analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Agreement between GAT IOP (both unadjusted and adjusted) and DCT IOP. RESULTS: Data from 200 patients with a mean age of 58.4 (±12.7) years were analysed. The mean central corneal thickness was 554.8 (±36.9) µm and the mean corneal hysteresis was 9.8 (±1.9) mm Hg. Sixty five (32.5%) had confirmed glaucomatous optic neuropathy. GAT IOP demonstrated poor agreement with DCT IOP. GAT IOP was on average 2.1 mm Hg less than DCT IOP. None of the six correction formulae resulted in improved agreement with DCT IOP. General linear model analysis found no statistically significant measurement differences between the glaucoma and glaucoma suspect groups. CONCLUSIONS: GAT demonstrated poor agreement with DCT, and agreement did not improve after adjustment with correction formulae. Our results suggest that correction formulae for GAT IOP are unsuitable to clinically approximate 'true' IOP in Caucasian glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients.

Glaucoma in patients with corneal endothelial dystrophy.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in patients with corneal endothelial dystrophy has not been previously studied. Prevalence of POAG in patients with endothelial dystrophy was compared with that in the general population to determine the presence of a relationship between the diseases. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: A study of the prevalence of POAG in 430 eyes of 215 patients with endothelial dystrophy was conducted. Patients followed for less than 6 months were excluded. Relative risk of POAG was calculated using age- and race-matched control data from the Baltimore Eye Survey and the Los Angeles Latino Eye Survey for comparison. Ocular hypertension (OHT) and secondary glaucoma (SG) rates after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) were separately analyzed. RESULTS: Relative risk of POAG in white, African American, and Hispanic patients with endothelial dystrophy was 0.94, 2.59, and 3.7, respectively (P = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.028 to 0.0289; P = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.011-0.274; P = 0.055; 95% CI, 0.0423-0.356). Relative risk of SG and combined OHT/SG in PK versus DSEK was 4.15 and 1.95 (P < 0.001; 95% CI, 0.0654-0.322; P = 0.005; 95% CI, 0.116-0.332), respectively. No differences in OHT/SG rates were found comparing PK-triple with PK, DSEK-triple with DSEK, and repeat with primary PK or DSEK (P = 0.98; P = 0.62; P = 0.95; P = 0.87), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No increased risk of POAG was found in patients with endothelial dystrophy. Increased prevalence of OHT/SG was shown with PK versus DSEK; possible mechanisms include mechanical closure of Schlemm's canal by running suture and prolonged steroid use.

Central corneal thickness in adult South Indians: the Chennai Glaucoma Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of central corneal thickness (CCT) and its association with age, gender, and intraocular pressure in rural and urban South Indian populations. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Seven thousand seven hundred seventy-four subjects (rural-to-urban ratio, 3924:3850) aged 40 years and older were examined at a dedicated facility in the base hospital. INTERVENTION: All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination that included CCT measurements with an ultrasonic pachymeter and applanation tonometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Central corneal thickness. RESULTS: Of the 7774 subjects examined, 974 had undergone cataract surgery and were excluded. The remaining 6800 were bilaterally phakic, of which 46 were excluded (17 glaucoma subjects receiving treatment, 12 with corneal pathologic features and 17 with incomplete data) and 6754 subjects data were analyzed. The mean CCT for the population was 511.4+/-33.5 microm, and CCT in males (515.6+/-33.8 microm) was significantly (P = 0.0001) greater than females (508.0+/-32.8 microm). The CCT was significantly greater (by 18 microm) in the urban population and decreased with age in both genders (P<0.0001). The decrease per decade was 4.34 microm (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.24-5.44) in the rural population and 2.41 microm (95% CI, 1.25-3.53) in the urban population. A 100-microm increase in CCT was associated with a 1.96-mmHg increase in intraocular pressure in the rural population, versus 2.45 mmHg for every 100 microm in the urban population. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study, females and subjects living in a rural area had thinner corneas. A negative association with age and a positive association with intraocular pressure were seen. These findings will have implications in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma in this population. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Glaucoma in Latinos/Hispanics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Large differences exist in the prevalence of glaucoma among different racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of this article is to review the findings of the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES) with respect to the prevalence of glaucoma in Latinos and to identify factors associated with the development of glaucoma in this population. RECENT FINDINGS: LALES is the largest prevalence survey of eye disease in Latinos of Mexican origin to date. This review discusses the findings of LALES, including data that demonstrate specific risk factors and manifestations of open-angle glaucoma in this rapidly growing population. SUMMARY: The LALES data on ocular disease among Latinos of Mexican ancestry have crucial implications for effective clinical and public-health interventions. Understanding the particular characteristics of glaucoma in the Latino population is essential for correct diagnosis and management of this potentially blinding condition.

Risk factors for poor adherence to eyedrops in electronically monitored patients with glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To identify risk factors for poor adherence to topical once daily therapy for glaucoma. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 196 patients with glaucoma who were being treated with a prostaglandin analog in 1 or more eyes at the Scheie or Wilmer Eye Institutes between August 2006 and June 2007. METHODS: Demographics, ocular history, and responses to interview questions about glaucoma knowledge, health beliefs, and drop-taking behaviors were obtained from each patient. All patients used the Travatan Dosing Aid (DA; Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, TX) to administer travoprost as prescribed. Devices were collected at 3 months, and the data of drop use were downloaded using software provided with the DA. Patients taking 75% of doses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for poor adherence. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients (44.4% of the 196 subjects with evaluable data at 3 months) used the DA on 75% or less of the monitored days. In univariate analysis, poorer adherers were more likely to be <50 or >or=80 years of age, to be African American, to report less than excellent health, to report higher amounts of depression, to have lower income, and to be treated at the Scheie Eye Institute. Multivariate analysis (adjusting for education and income) found that age, race/ethnicity, and less than excellent health were associated with poor adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Those who failed to take more than 75% of eyedrop doses were more likely to be African American and to report poor health. Those in the youngest and oldest age groups were less adherent, although this finding was not always statistically significant. Further research into the factors driving these associations and into developing predictive models to assist in screening for low adherence are warranted. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Associations with intraocular pressure in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of biologic factors with intraocular pressure (IOP) in a Latino population. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS: Latinos 40 years and older (n = 5,958) from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study without a history of ocular hypotensive treatment underwent an interviewer-administered questionnaire and a complete ocular and clinical examination. IOP was obtained by applanation tonometry and was based on the mean of three measurements. Multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the independent association of biological factors with IOP. RESULTS: Higher systolic blood pressure, higher central corneal thickness, and diabetes mellitus were the major factors associated with elevated IOP. Other positively correlated variables included age, female gender, higher diastolic blood pressure, larger body mass index, darker colored irides, and nuclear sclerosis. Axial length and family history of glaucoma had no association with IOP. CONCLUSIONS: Several systemic and ocular characteristics are associated with elevated IOP in Latinos. By identifying and recognizing these risk factors, we can define subgroups of the population that may be most at risk of having elevated IOP.

Inter-visit intraocular pressure range: an alternative parameter for assessing intraocular pressure control in clinical trials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether inter-visit intraocular pressure (IOP) range, which reflects extreme and potentially damaging IOP fluctuations, provides additional information on IOP control compared to mean IOP. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of Xalatan/Lumigan/Travatan study data, a masked-evaluator, randomized, parallel-group comparison of 12-week efficacy of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in open-angle glaucoma/ocular hypertension patients. METHODS: Pretreatment inter-visit IOP range defined as highest IOP minus lowest IOP at screening, safety check, and baseline (six measurements); posttreatment inter-visit IOP range defined as highest IOP minus lowest IOP at weeks two, six, and 12 or early termination (nine measurements). Ranges dichotomized as "high" (>6 mm Hg) vs "low" (< or =6 mm Hg). RESULTS: Included were 410 patients (latanoprost, 136; bimatoprost, 136; travoprost, 138). Each resulted in significant mean IOP range reductions during 12 weeks. Pretreatment inter-visit IOP range was associated with African-American race, male gender, and presence of visual field defect (P < .05 for all). Percentages with high pretreatment inter-visit IOP ranges were comparable across treatments (63% to 64%). High posttreatment inter-visit IOP range was seen in 21% (28/136), 28% (38/136), and 36% (50/138) of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost groups, respectively (P = .016, overall; P = .005, latanoprost vs travoprost). High posttreatment inter-visit IOP range was associated with African-American race, high pretreatment inter-visit IOP range, and treatment with travoprost vs latanoprost (P < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Given that high inter-visit IOP range is associated with risk factors for glaucomatous damage and that such differences cannot be evaluated using mean IOPs, inter-visit IOP range may be another useful approach to assessing IOP control in clinical trials.