Research progress in female pelvic floor rehabilitation aids. / å¥³æ€§ç›†åº•åº·å¤è¾ åŠ©å™¨å ·çš„ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a common clinical problem that can lead to bladder and bowel dysfunction such as urinary incontinence, urinary retention, fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sexual dysfunction. Pelvic floor rehabilitation aids are essential tools in the treatment of PFD. However, there is limited understanding of the efficacy and mechanisms of these aids, and there is a lack of standardized guidelines for selecting appropriate aids for different types of PFD. To assist patients in choosing suitable pelvic floor rehabilitation aids to their needs, it is necessary to summarize the existing types, mechanisms, and applications of these aids. Based on their mechanisms and target functions, pelvic floor rehabilitation aids can be mainly categorized into 3 main types. The first type includes aids that improve pelvic floor function, such as vaginal dumbbells, vaginal tampons, and vaginal dilators, which aim to strengthen pelvic floor muscles and enhance the contractility of the urethral, vaginal, and anal sphincters, thereby improving incontinence symptoms. The second type consists of aids that mechanically block the outlet, such as pessaries, urethral plugs, incontinence pads, incontinence pants, anal plugs, and vaginal bowel control systems, which directly or indirectly prevent incontinence leakage. The third type includes aids that assist in outlet drainage, such as catheters and anal excreta collection devices, which help patients effectively expel urine, feces, and other waste materials, preventing incontinence leakage. By summarizing the existing pelvic floor rehabilitation aids, personalized guidance can be provided to patients with PFD, helping them select the appropriate aids for their rehabilitation needs.

Pelvic floor muscle training: Novel versus traditional remote rehabilitation methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis on their effectiveness for women with urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of supervised remote rehabilitation programs comprising novel methods of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training for women with urinary incontinence (UI). DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), involving novel supervised PFM rehabilitation programs as intervention groups (e.g., mobile applications programs, web-based programs, vaginal devices) versus more traditional PFM exercise groups (acting as control); both sets of groups being offered remotely. METHODS: Data have been searched and retrieved from the electronic databases of Medline, PUBMED, and PEDro using relevant key words and MeSH terms. All included study data were handled as reported in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the evaluation of their quality was undertaken utilizing the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2 (RoB2) for RCTs. The included RCTs, involved adult women with stress UI (SUI) or mixed urinary incontinence, where SUI were the most predominant symptoms. Exclusion criteria involved pregnant women or up to 6-month postpartum, systemic diseases and malignancies, major gynecological surgeries or gynecological problems, neurological dysfunction or mental impairments. The searched outcomes included subjective and objective improvements of SUI and exercise adherence in PFM exercises. Meta-analysis was conducted and included studies pulled by the same outcome measure. RESULTS: The systematic review included 8 RCTs with 977 participants. Novel rehabilitation programs included mobile applications (1 study), web-based programs (1 study) and vaginal devices (6 studies) versus more traditional remote PFM training, involving home-based PFM exercise programs (8 studies). Estimated quality with Cochrane's RoB2, presented the 80% of the included studies as "some concerns" and the 20% as "high risk." Meta-analysis included 3 studies with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0) across them. Weak-evidenced results presented home PFM training equally effective with novel PFM training methods (mean difference: 0.13, 95% confidence interval: -0.47, 0.73), with small total effect size (0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Novel PFM rehabilitation programs presented as effective (but not superior) to traditional ones in women with SUI, both offered remotely. However, individual parameters of novel remote rehabilitation including supervision by the health professional, remains in question and larger RCTs are required. Connection between devices and applications in combination with real-time synchronous communication between patient and clinician during treatment is challenged for further research across novel rehabilitation programs.

Prevalence and Normalization of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Female Strength Athletes.

ABSTRACT: Mahoney, K, Heidel, RE, and Olewinski, L. Prevalence and normalization of stress urinary incontinence in female strength athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1877-1881, 2023-Strength training is increasing in popularity in women but is also a potential risk factor for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). There is potential for normalization of SUI in sports with high rates of SUI. Pelvic floor physical therapy is an effective treatment for SUI in both athletes and nonathletes, but female strength athletes may not be aware of this option. Our study sought to assess prevalence, normalization, rates of treatment, and preferred sources of information about SUI in female strength athletes. A novel cross-sectional survey was distributed online through social media groups dedicated to female strength athletes with 425 women responding within 4 days. Statistical significance of results was assumed at a 2-sided alpha value of 0.05. 43.5% of athletes experienced incontinence with daily tasks, 59.1% experienced incontinence with normal strength training, and 50.2% experienced incontinence during competition. Of the athletes who experienced incontinence, 61.4% did not have incontinence before starting their sport and only 9.4% had ever sought treatment. 67.9% of all athletes surveyed believed that urinary incontinence was a normal part of their sport. Our findings indicate that SUI is common in female strength athletes and may be a consequence of the sport itself. Normalization of SUI is common, and few athletes seek treatment.

What more comprehensive physiotherapy techniques than pelvic floor muscles training should be investigated in the context of post-prostatectomy? A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: In a previous article, we have underlined the emerging level of evidence for the effectiveness of a more comprehensive functional physical therapy than solely pelvic floor muscles training (PFMT) for men after radical prostatectomy (RP). More and more authors suggest that physiotherapy programs should not focus only on the side effect of continence, but more generally on the interaction of continence disorders with all other side effects related to patient's physical and emotional functioning. RESEARCH QUESTION: The aims of this narrative review are to highlight rehabilitation approaches unrelated to analytical PFMT that would seem relevant to consider in the future for post-RP men. METHOD: Our narrative review sought to map the body of literature relevant to the primary objective (non-PFMT), supplementing the data from our previous review with additional recent articles that were not eligible due to not meeting the inclusion criteria for a systematic review. RESULTS: After full text screening, 13 interventional studies have been selected. Intervention strategies were based on five major type of exercises: flexibility, synergism & co-activation, coordination & movement control, strength & endurance, aerobic & games therapy. Most of the studies of this narrative review focused on synergies, co-activations and movement control techniques that emphasized the deep abdominal muscles and PFMs reflexive activation. The wide variety of countries represented in the 13 studies with consistent results point to the potential effectiveness and replicability across various socio-cultural, ethnical, or religious contexts. CONCLUSION: We found 13 studies from 9 different countries that provide a more complete rehabilitation approach than PFMT alone in men post-RP. Intervention strategies were built around five main types of exercises, with the majority of them emphasizing synergies, co-activations, and movement control techniques. In light of these data, we hope that future research will enable us to offer the most relevant and patient-centered physiotherapy treatment.

A systematic review of supervised comprehensive functional physiotherapy after radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Radical prostatectomy (RP) can generate multidimensional physiological changes, like decrease in physical and emotional functioning, as well as Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). However, only pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is commonly recommended as conservative treatment after RP. More comprehensive interventions than only PFMT, such as physiotherapy promoting general coordination, flexibility, strength, endurance, fitness and functional capacity may seem more relevant and patient-centered. AIM OF THE REVIEW: Our aim was to evaluate whether a more Comprehensive Functional Physical Therapy (CFPT) than PFMT alone, focused on lower limb and lumbo-pelvic exercises, would improve physical capacities and functions (including urinary continence (UI)), emotional functions and HRQoL in patients after RP. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA reporting guidelines. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases from inception to January 2022. The PICO approach was used to determine the eligibility criteria. According to the quality of selected studies, levels of evidence were given. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Eight clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. Regarding UI, all the studies reported positive outcomes for CFPT between pre- and post-physiotherapy (P<0.05). The selected studies reported positive outcomes for physical capacities as well as for physical and emotional functioning, and for HRQoL (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Current literature indicates that CFPT was shown to be safe, non-invasive, and particularly effective in terms of UI recovery. CFPT could result in more positive outcomes, including physical capacities, physical and emotional functioning and HRQoL, than PFMT alone. Further standardized, physiotherapist-guided and well-designed clinical trials conducted by experienced multidisciplinary clinicians are still called for.

[Pelvic floor rehabilitation before prostatectomy: An update]. / Rééducation sphinctérienne et périnéale avant prostatectomie : Mise au point.

PURPOSE: Preoperative pelvic floor physiotherapy is commonly prescribed to limit postoperative stress urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. It can be done in different ways. The objective of this work is to achieve a description of the objectives and existing techniques. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A narrative review is carried out based on a non-systematic review of the literature and on the authors' experience. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Although discussed in the literature, preoperative pelvic floor therapy is essential for patient support and follow-up. It should not be limited to strengthening the pelvic floor. It includes a significant time of information, which should not be neglected and should be carried out in association with a holistic care to best prepare the patient before his intervention.

Urotherapist activities in caring for patients with pelvic floor disorders: a prospective single-center observational study.

PURPOSE: Patients with pelvic floor disorders are growing in number. The aim of this study is to outline the main activities of a urotherapist, an advanced nurse practitioner, in the care of patients with pelvic floor disorders and to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service urotherapists provide. METHODS: The prospective single-center observational study was carried out from July 2016 to June 2018. Parameters used to assess the urotherapist activities included the number of consultations, type of counselling, time frame of consultations and therapy and patient satisfaction. In a subgroup of 38 patients, satisfaction with the urotherapy sessions was evaluated by a questionnaire. RESULTS: Totally, 1709 patients were examined by urogynecologists. Five hundred and fourteen (30%) with chronic pelvic floor disorders were subsequently referred to a urotherapist. Of these patients, 60% were at least 65 years old. The most common pelvic floor disorders (221 patients; 43%) were an overactive bladder, recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic cystitis and pelvic pain syndrome; the second most common pelvic floor disorder was pelvic organ prolapsed (151 patients; 29%). Of the study subgroup comprising 38 patients, 32 (84%) returned the patient satisfaction questionnaire. All 32 patients specified their level of agreement with the urotherapist's professional competence, empathy, temporal availability and quality of advice as "agree to strongly agree." CONCLUSIONS: Management by a urotherapist was highly appreciated. The role of the urotherapist as a care coordinator, their level of autonomy and barriers to the implementation in primary care requires further exploration.

How well do published randomized controlled trials on pelvic floor muscle training interventions for urinary incontinence describe the details of the intervention? A review.

CONTEXT: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is strongly recommended for the management of mild to moderate urinary incontinence (UI) in women, yet the specific elements of PFMT that lead to improvement have not been identified. This gap in knowledge may be related, at least in part, to the lack of detail provided on intervention parameters reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) OBJECTIVE: Using three different instruments: the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT), the template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist, and the Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise Training (CONTENT) scale, the purpose of this study was to assess the completeness of exercise reporting among moderate to high quality RCTs on PFMT for women with UI. METHODS: Two raters independently scored all 65 RCTs (n = 65) retrieved by the most up-to-date Cochrane Systematic Review on PFMT for women with UI, and only those of moderate to high quality (>6 on the PEDro scale) were retained. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were scored by two independent reviewers using the CERT, TIDieR, and CONTENT instruments. The completeness of intervention reporting was evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Over half of the items on each instrument were reported less than 50% of the time. Overall, completeness of exercise reporting was 31% (5.8/16 ± 2.4) on CERT, 47% (5.6/12 ± 1.5) on TIDieR, and 46% (4.1/9 ± 1) on CONTENT. The least frequently reported items were the provider of the intervention, the equipment used, the tailoring of exercises, the rationale behind the intervention, and adherence to the intervention. CONCLUSION: PFMT parameters are not adequately reported in the primary RCTs that currently guide clinical practice.

[Analysis of the effectiveness of urinary incontinence management in a geriatric rehabilitation]. / Analyse der Wirksamkeit des Harninkontinenzmanagements in einer geriatrischen Rehabilitationsklinik.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence is a widespread health-related problem predominately occurring in older adults. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the management of urinary incontinence in routine care in a geriatric rehabilitation clinic. METHODS: A prospective observational study without a control group was conducted between 7 February 2018 and 7 June 2018. All patients included in the study (N = 32) received individualized guideline-conform measures to improve the symptoms of incontinence during the rehabilitation period. To assess the change in symptoms, the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) was used at admission (T0) and discharge (T1). Assessment of patient satisfaction was conducted at T1 using the benefit, satisfaction, and willingness to continue treatment questionnaire (BSW). RESULTS: The total score of the ICIQ-UI SF improved by an average of 3.4 points (p = 0.004) due to a decrease in the frequency of incontinence episodes and in a reduction in the urine volume lost. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the number of patients who lost a large amount of urine from 9.4% at T0 to 3.1% at T1. The proportion of patients with incontinence several times a day, decreased from 68.6% to 31.3% during the intervention. Of the patients 80% received a guideline-conform treatment during the time of rehabilitation and 64% of the patients were satisfied with the treatment. CONCLUSION: The guideline-conform treatment of urinary incontinence in geriatric patients led to an improvement in the symptoms. A large number of patients benefited from the management of urinary incontinence during the rehabilitation period.

Possibilities of objectivization of pelvic floor muscle exercises in patients with urine leakage after delivery.

BACKGROUND: Examination of pelvic floor muscle function is very important before starting exercises in patients with urine leakage and other pelvic floor dysfunctions. Perineometer and palpation examination is currently being used. A new trend in physiotherapy is the ultrasound examination of pelvic floor muscles. The examination can be performed by abdominal approach or perineal approach. We evaluate 2D and 3/4D images of pelvic floor muscles. METHODS: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF). OAB-q - overactive bladder questionnaire - short form. The Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life scale (I-QoL) - self-assessment scale for assessing the quality of life of patients with urinary incontinence. Adjusted Oxford scale to assess pelvic floor muscle strength. PERFECT scheme by Laycock and Jerwood. Pelvic floor examination by perineometer (Peritron-Ontario, L4V, Canada). Pelvic floor examination by 2D and 3/4D ultrasound examination (Volunson-i BT 11 Console, VCI volume contrast imaging software, (GE Healthcare Austria GmbH & Co OG, Zipf, Austria, RAB4-8-RS 3D/4D 4-8 MHz probe). High intensity exercise of pelvic floor muscles with stabilization elements. CONCLUSION: The effect of pelvic floor muscle training was objectively proved by the above mentioned objectivization methods with subjective improvement of quality of life. There was also a significant effect of education in USG exercise.

Challenges encountered in community-based physiotherapy interventions for urinary incontinence among women in rural areas of Anand District of Gujarat, India.

BACKGROUND: It is necessary to understand the way women think about their health. There is a "culture of silence" among women regarding urinary incontinence (UI). Physiotherapy is proven effective mode of therapy in case of UI. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the attitude of the women toward UI, to understand the related sociocultural factors and health-seeking behavior, and to ascertain the challenges encountered in community-based physiotherapy interventions. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted among women who refused to participate in a physiotherapy intervention for UI in the rural community of Gujarat, India. Fourteen in-depth key informant interviews were conducted using an interview guide. The responses were noted and compiled into a composite interview script. Interviews were not recorded due to nonavailability of consent. Interviews were reviewed by investigators and content analysis was carried out. Key themes were identified after multiple iterations. RESULTS: Most of the women were unaware of the UI and believed that it may be due to their gender or due to aging. Physiotherapy interventions were disregarded due to various reasons such as shy nature, lack of priority and privacy, dependency, self-neglect, and influence of social and cultural norms. CONCLUSION: Cultural and social systems were more important determinants of health seeking than health systems themselves particularly when sensitive issue such as UI in women of rural Western India was concerned.

A group-based yoga program for urinary incontinence in ambulatory women: feasibility, tolerability, and change in incontinence frequency over 3 months in a single-center randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Because of the limitations of existing clinical treatments for urinary incontinence, many women with incontinence are interested in complementary strategies for managing their symptoms. Yoga has been recommended as a behavioral self-management strategy for incontinence, but evidence of its feasibility, tolerability, and efficacy is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of a group-based therapeutic yoga program for ambulatory middle-aged and older women with incontinence, and to examine preliminary changes in incontinence frequency as the primary efficacy outcome after 3 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ambulatory women aged 50 years or older who reported at least daily stress-, urgency-, or mixed-type incontinence, were not already engaged in yoga, and were willing to temporarily forgo clinical incontinence treatments were recruited into a randomized trial in the San Francisco Bay area. Women were randomly assigned to take part in a program of twice-weekly group classes and once-weekly home practice focused on Iyengar-based yoga techniques selected by an expert yoga panel (yoga group), or a nonspecific muscle stretching and strengthening program designed to provide a rigorous time-and-attention control (control group) for 3 months. All participants also received written, evidence-based information about behavioral incontinence self-management techniques (pelvic floor exercises, bladder training) consistent with usual first-line care. Incontinence frequency and type were assessed by validated voiding diaries. Analysis of covariance models examined within- and between-group changes in incontinence frequency as the primary efficacy outcome over 3 months. RESULTS: Of the 56 women randomized (28 to yoga, 28 to control), the mean age was 65.4 (±8.1) years (range, 55-83 years), the mean baseline incontinence frequency was 3.5 (±2.0) episodes/d, and 37 women (66%) had urgency-predominant incontinence. A total of 50 women completed their assigned 3-month intervention program (89%), including 27 in the yoga and 23 in the control group (P = .19). Of those, 24 (89%) in the yoga and 20 (87%) in the control group attended at least 80% of group classes. Over 3 months, total incontinence frequency decreased by an average of 76% from baseline in the yoga and 56% in the control group (P = .07 for between-group difference). Stress incontinence frequency also decreased by an average of 61% in the yoga group and 35% in controls (P = .045 for between-group difference), but changes in urgency incontinence frequency did not differ significantly between groups. A total of 48 nonserious adverse events were reported, including 23 in the yoga and 25 in the control group, but none were directly attributable to yoga or control program practice. CONCLUSION: Findings demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting and retaining incontinent women across the aging spectrum into a therapeutic yoga program, and provide preliminary evidence of reduction in total and stress-type incontinence frequency after 3 months of yoga practice. When taught with attention to women's clinical needs, yoga may offer a potential community-based behavioral self-management strategy for incontinence to enhance clinical treatment, although future research should assess whether yoga offers unique benefits for incontinence above and beyond other physical activity-based interventions.

The energy based devices for vaginal "rejuvenation," urinary incontinence, vaginal cosmetic procedures, and other vulvo-vaginal disorders: An international multidisciplinary expert panel opinion.

AIMS: Energy-based devices using radiofrequency and laser technologies have gained popularity as therapies for vaginal atrophy, urinary incontinence, and vaginal prolapse. They have been promoted by cosmetic and aesthetic industries for vaginal "laxity" and vaginal "rejuvenation," both of which are undefined conditions and terms. This article aims to review the current available literature and its quality on this emerging technology. METHODS: An international panel of gynaecologists, urogynaecologists, and urologists undertook a review of the available published literature, identifying articles, guidance, and society statements on the use vaginal energy-based devices. RESULTS: There is currently no formal guidance for the use of vaginal energy based therapies. No randomized controlled trials have been published. No comparative studies to existing treatment has been carried out. Studies suggest that vaginal laser can be used in the treatment of vaginal prolapse or "vaginal laxity" and stress urinary incontinence with no quality evidence supporting the use of the therapy for vaginal atrophy or lichen sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: This international group propose that whilst there remains a paucity of good quality data describing the safety, benefits, and appropriate use of vaginal radiofrequency or laser treatments in gynaecology and urogynaecology, a consensus best practice document by an established scientific community needs to be developed.

Pelvic floor muscle training in radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial of the impacts on pelvic floor muscle function and urinary incontinence.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFM) training for post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) is an important rehabilitative approach, but the evidence base is still evolving. We developed a novel PFM training program focussed on activating fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. We hypothesized that this training, which commenced pre-operatively, would improve PFM function and reduce PPI, when compared to a control group. METHODS: This randomized trial allocated 97 men (63 ± 7y, BMI = 25.4, Gleason 7) undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) to either a control group (n = 47) performing low-volume rehabilitation, or an intervention group (n = 50). Both interventions commenced 5 weeks prior to surgery and continued for 12 weeks post-RP. Participants were assessed pre-operatively and at 2, 6 and 12 weeks post-RP using 24 h pad weights, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP) and real time ultrasound (RTUS) measurements of PFM function. RESULTS: Following RP, participants in the control group demonstrated a slower return to continence and experienced significantly more leakage (p < 0.05), measured by 24 h pad weight, compared to the intervention group, suggesting an impact of the prehabilitation protocol. PFM function measures were enhanced following RP in the intervention group. Secondary measures (IPSS, EPIC-CP and RTUS PFM function tests) demonstrated improvement across all time points, with the intervention group displaying consistently lower "bothersome" scores. CONCLUSIONS: A pelvic floor muscle exercise program commenced prior to prostate surgery enhanced post-surgical measures of pelvic floor muscle function, reduced PPI and improved QoL outcomes related to incontinence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered in the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry and allocated as ACTRN12617001400358. The trial was registered on 4/10/2017 and this was a retrospective registration.

Assessing prevalence of urinary incontinence in Scottish fitness instructors and experience of teaching pelvic floor muscle exercises: an online survey.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of urinary incontinence in fitness instructors, experience of teaching pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME), and attitudes to incorporating such exercises into classes. METHOD: An online survey was undertaken of fitness instructors working in Scotland based on the Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI). RESULTS: The survey was at least partially completed by 106, of whom 73.6% (53/72) were female and 52.8% (38/72) were in the 35-54 years age group. Prevalence of UI was 28.2% (24/85), and severity based on ICIQ-UI scores was 'slight' 65.2% (15/23), or 'moderate' in 26.1% (6/23). Leakage of urine was associated with physical activity in 36% (9/25), of whom 31.8% (7/22) had not taken actions to reduce the impact, and 86.4% (19/22) had not sought professional advice or treatment. There was widespread willingness to incorporate PFME into classes if given appropriate training 86.1% (62/72), and 67.1% (49/73) would be happy to recommend a PFME app. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of fitness instructors are in need of PFME and those who perform PFME do so at a level below that which is recommended. However, many have had some training on PFME or are willing to provide this.

Evaluation of a Mobile Application for Pelvic Floor Exercises.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor exercises are effective in improving muscle strength and urinary incontinence symptoms. Increasingly popular mobile applications can be effective in teaching patients these exercises. INTRODUCTION: A mobile application, Bwom©, aims to educate women about pelvic floor exercises with individually tailored plans relevant to the user's risk factors. The objective of this study is to assess the understandability and actionability of Bwom. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey of patients and providers at an academic medical center. The survey utilized the Patient Education Material Assessment Tool (PEMAT) validated by the U.S. Department of Health Services, which provides scores on understandability and actionability. Participants completed an initial demographic survey, used Bwom for 2 weeks, and then completed the PEMAT tool. RESULTS: Twenty five patients and 22 providers participated in the study, for a total of 47 participants. Providers included gynecology residents and faculty (91%), pelvic floor physical therapists (5%), and other healthcare professionals (5%). The majority of patients were age 31-40 (70%) and Caucasian (55%). Thirty nine percent had not yet tried pelvic floor exercises on their own before the study. The mean understandability score was 93.8% (±11.7) and the mean actionability score was 91.7% (±16.3). DISCUSSION: This study paves the way for future investigations into the effectiveness of this app in decreasing symptoms of pelvic floor weakness and incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that Bwom shows promise as a mobile application to educate women about pelvic floor exercises by providing user-friendly actions in an understandable way.

Effects of perioperative pelvic floor muscle training on early recovery of urinary continence and erectile function in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: Radical prostatectomy (RP) can result in urinary incontinence (UI) and erectile dysfunction (ED), which negatively impact quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a perioperative pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) program versus usual care on early recovery of urinary continence and erectile function after RP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 59 eligible men, 31 were randomly allocated into 2 groups: Group 1 (Control, N=15) received usual post-RP care; and Group 2 (Physical therapy, N=16) received two pre-RP physical therapist-guided PFMT sessions, including exercises and electromyographic biofeedback, and verbal and written instructions to continue PFMT until RP, which was then resumed after urethral catheter removal. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire were used to evaluate UI and ED, respectively. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Three months after RP, the UI rate was 72.7% and 70.0% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P >0.05). The severity and frequency of UI and its impact on QoL were evaluated by the ICIQ-Short Form, with scores of 6.9±6.26 in Group 1 and 7.0±5.12 in Group 2 (P >0.05). The IIEF-5 scores were similar in Groups 1 and 2 (5.73±7.43 vs. 6.70±6.68, respectively) (P >0.05). CONCLUSION: Our pre-RP protocol of two physical therapist-assisted sessions of PFMT plus instructions did not signifi cantly improve urinary continence or erectile function at 3 months after RP.

Strategies to assist uptake of pelvic floor muscle training for people with urinary incontinence: A clinician viewpoint.

AIMS: The experiences and information needs of clinicians who use pelvic floor muscle training to manage urinary incontinence were explored. METHODS: Qualitative methods were used to conduct thematic analysis of data collected from clinician focus groups and interviews. Participants were registered physiotherapists and continence nurses in Melbourne, Australia. Recruitment was through a combination of purposive and "snowball" sampling and continued until data adequacy was reached. RESULTS: Twenty-eight physiotherapists and one continence nurse participated in seven focus groups and one interview. The main finding communicated by the participants was that pelvic floor muscle training requires comprehensive descriptions of program details in order for clinicians to implement evidence-based interventions. The following themes were identified: (1) pelvic floor muscle training tailored to the needs of each individual is essential; (2) training-specific cues and verbal prompts assist patients to learn and engage with exercises; and (3) clinicians can benefit from research summaries and reports that provide explicit and comprehensive descriptions and decision rules about intervention content and progression. The data indicated that some clinicians can have difficulty interpreting and applying research findings because it is not always well reported. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who use pelvic floor muscle training to treat urinary incontinence advised can benefit from accessing explicit details of interventions tested in research and reported as effective. They viewed tailoring therapy to individual goals and the use of verbal prompts and visualization cues as important engagement strategies for effective exercise performance. Explicit reporting could be facilitated by using an exercise guideline template, such as the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT).

Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is the most commonly used physical therapy treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). It is sometimes also recommended for mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) and, less commonly, urgency urinary incontinence (UUI).This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2001 and last updated in 2014. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of PFMT for women with urinary incontinence (UI) in comparison to no treatment, placebo or sham treatments, or other inactive control treatments; and summarise the findings of relevant economic evaluations. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register (searched 12 February 2018), which contains trials identified from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, handsearching of journals and conference proceedings, and the reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in women with SUI, UUI or MUI (based on symptoms, signs or urodynamics). One arm of the trial included PFMT. Another arm was a no treatment, placebo, sham or other inactive control treatment arm. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility and risk of bias. We extracted and cross-checked data. A third review author resolved disagreements. We processed data as described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We subgrouped trials by diagnosis of UI. We undertook formal meta-analysis when appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: The review included 31 trials (10 of which were new for this update) involving 1817 women from 14 countries. Overall, trials were of small-to-moderate size, with follow-ups generally less than 12 months and many were at moderate risk of bias. There was considerable variation in the intervention's content and duration, study populations and outcome measures. There was only one study of women with MUI and only one study with UUI alone, with no data on cure, cure or improvement, or number of episodes of UI for these subgroups.Symptomatic cure of UI at the end of treatment: compared with no treatment or inactive control treatments, women with SUI who were in the PFMT groups were eight times more likely to report cure (56% versus 6%; risk ratio (RR) 8.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.68 to 19.07; 4 trials, 165 women; high-quality evidence). For women with any type of UI, PFMT groups were five times more likely to report cure (35% versus 6%; RR 5.34, 95% CI 2.78 to 10.26; 3 trials, 290 women; moderate-quality evidence).Symptomatic cure or improvement of UI at the end of treatment: compared with no treatment or inactive control treatments, women with SUI who were in the PFMT groups were six times more likely to report cure or improvement (74% versus 11%; RR 6.33, 95% CI 3.88 to 10.33; 3 trials, 242 women; moderate-quality evidence). For women with any type of UI, PFMT groups were two times more likely to report cure or improvement than women in the control groups (67% versus 29%; RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.47; 2 trials, 166 women; moderate-quality evidence).UI-specific symptoms and quality of life (QoL) at the end of treatment: compared with no treatment or inactive control treatments, women with SUI who were in the PFMT group were more likely to report significant improvement in UI symptoms (7 trials, 376 women; moderate-quality evidence), and to report significant improvement in UI QoL (6 trials, 348 women; low-quality evidence). For any type of UI, women in the PFMT group were more likely to report significant improvement in UI symptoms (1 trial, 121 women; moderate-quality evidence) and to report significant improvement in UI QoL (4 trials, 258 women; moderate-quality evidence). Finally, for women with mixed UI treated with PFMT, there was one small trial (12 women) reporting better QoL.Leakage episodes in 24 hours at the end of treatment: PFMT reduced leakage episodes by one in women with SUI (mean difference (MD) 1.23 lower, 95% CI 1.78 lower to 0.68 lower; 7 trials, 432 women; moderate-quality evidence) and in women with all types of UI (MD 1.00 lower, 95% CI 1.37 lower to 0.64 lower; 4 trials, 349 women; moderate-quality evidence).Leakage on short clinic-based pad tests at the end of treatment: women with SUI in the PFMT groups lost significantly less urine in short (up to one hour) pad tests. The comparison showed considerable heterogeneity but the findings still favoured PFMT when using a random-effects model (MD 9.71 g lower, 95% CI 18.92 lower to 0.50 lower; 4 trials, 185 women; moderate-quality evidence). For women with all types of UI, PFMT groups also reported less urine loss on short pad tests than controls (MD 3.72 g lower, 95% CI 5.46 lower to 1.98 lower; 2 trials, 146 women; moderate-quality evidence).Women in the PFMT group were also more satisfied with treatment and their sexual outcomes were better. Adverse events were rare and, in the two trials that did report any, they were minor. The findings of the review were largely supported by the 'Summary of findings' tables, but most of the evidence was downgraded to moderate on methodological grounds. The exception was 'participant-perceived cure' in women with SUI, which was rated as high quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data available, we can be confident that PFMT can cure or improve symptoms of SUI and all other types of UI. It may reduce the number of leakage episodes, the quantity of leakage on the short pad tests in the clinic and symptoms on UI-specific symptom questionnaires. The authors of the one economic evaluation identified for the Brief Economic Commentary reported that the cost-effectiveness of PFMT looks promising. The findings of the review suggest that PFMT could be included in first-line conservative management programmes for women with UI. The long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PFMT needs to be further researched.