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1.
Parasitology ; 149(10): 1286-1295, 2022 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35292126

RESUMEN

The title of this article refers to Table 1 in Zhou (2022, Infectious diseases of poverty: progress achieved during the decade gone and perspectives for the future. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 11, 1), in which it is indicated that Paragonimus species, like many other foodborne trematodes, are ancient pathogens that are also re-emerging to cause disease in modern times. This article provides a general overview of Paragonimus species and the disease they cause. This is followed by comments on several specific topics of current interest: taxonomy and distribution of members of the genus; details of the life cycle; global and regional prevalence of paragonimiasis; genomics of lung flukes and possible effects of global environmental change. Unresolved questions relating to these topics are discussed and gaps in knowledge identified.


Asunto(s)
Paragonimiasis , Paragonimus , Animales , Pulmón , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimus/genética , Prevalencia
2.
Parasitology ; 149(13): 1709-1719, 2022 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36101009

RESUMEN

The complete circular mitogenome of Paragonimus skrjabini miyazakii (Platyhelminthes: Paragonimidae) from Japan, obtained by PacBio long-read sequencing, was 17 591 bp and contained 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 mitoribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. The atp8 gene was absent, and there was a 40 bp overlap between nad4L and nad4. The long non-coding region (4.3 kb) included distinct types of long and short repeat units. The pattern of base usage for PCGs and the mtDNA coding region overall in Asian and American Paragonimus species (P. s. miyazakii, P. heterotremus, P. ohirai and P. kellicotti) and the Indian form of P. westermani was T > G > A > C. On the other hand, East-Asian P. westermani used T > G > C > A. Five Asian and American Paragonimus species and P. westermani had TTT/Phe, TTG/Leu and GTT/Val as the most frequently used codons, whereas the least-used codons were different in each species and between regional forms of P. westermani. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a concatenated alignment of amino acids of 12 PCGs from 36 strains/26 species/5 families of trematodes confirmed that the Paragonimidae is monophyletic, with 100% nodal support. Paragonimus skrjabini miyazakii was resolved as a sister to P. heterotremus. The P. westermani clade was clearly separate from remaining congeners. The latter clade was comprised of 2 subclades, one of the East-Asian and the other of the Indian Type 1 samples. Additional mitogenomes in the Paragonimidae are needed for genomic characterization and are useful for diagnostics, identification and genetic/ phylogenetic/ epidemiological/ evolutionary studies of the Paragonimidae.


Asunto(s)
Genoma Mitocondrial , Paragonimus , Trematodos , Animales , Paragonimus/genética , Filogenia , Trematodos/genética , Pulmón
3.
Parasitol Res ; 119(12): 4073-4088, 2020 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33068148

RESUMEN

As a result of the experimental infection of rats with metacercariae of Paragonimus heterotremus Chen et Hsia, 1964 from crabs (Potamiscus tannanti) caught in Yen Bai province, Vietnam, it was found that worms migrated into the lungs, to the liver and less frequently to the tissue that lines body cavities of the hosts, where they reached the adult stage, but in the muscles, worms stayed at the larval stage. Studies have shown that for P. heterotremus, rats can simultaneously play the role of the final and paratenic host; herewith, an infection with the trematode of this species can lead to the development of three forms of paragonimiasis: pulmonary, hepatic and muscular. Eggs from the adult worms localised in the liver, unlike eggs from the adult worms localised in the lungs, were not excreted into the external environment, but accumulated inside the organ. Histology and description of changes, which take place on the external surface of organs affected with P. heterotremus, are given in this study. Based on the behavioural characteristics of worms during rat infection and molecular genetic data, we established that worms from Vietnam and India should be assigned to different species of Paragonimus. P. heterotremus distribution is limited to the territory of the Southeast China, Northern Vietnam, Laos and Thailand.


Asunto(s)
Hígado/parasitología , Pulmón/parasitología , Músculos/parasitología , Paragonimiasis/patología , Paragonimus/clasificación , Animales , Braquiuros/parasitología , China , India , Laos , Metacercarias/patogenicidad , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus/patogenicidad , Ratas , Tailandia , Vietnam
4.
Parasitol Res ; 115(12): 4457-4470, 2016 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27562899

RESUMEN

Cathepsin L is a cysteine protease belonging to the papain family. In parasitic trematodes, cathepsin L plays essential roles in parasite survival and host-parasite interactions. In this study, cathepsin L of the lung fluke Paragonimus pseudoheterotremus (PpsCatL) was identified and its molecular biological and immunological features characterized. A sequence analysis of PpsCatL showed that the gene encodes a 325-amino-acid protein that is most similar to P. westermani cathepsin L. The in silico three-dimensional structure suggests that PpsCatL is a pro-enzyme that becomes active when the propeptide is cleaved. A recombinant pro-PpsCatL lacking the signal peptide (rPpsCatL), with a molecular weight of 35 kDa, was expressed in E. coli and reacted with P. pseudoheterotremus-infected rat sera. The native protein was detected in crude worm antigens and excretory-secretory products and was localized in the cecum and in the lamellae along the intestinal tract of the adult parasite. Enzymatic activity of rPpsCatL showed that the protein could cleave the fluorogenic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC after autocatalysis but was inhibited with E64. The immunodiagnostic potential of the recombinant protein was evaluated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and suggested that rPpsCatL can detect paragonimiasis with high sensitivity and specificity (100 and 95.6 %, respectively). This supports the further development of an rPpsCatL-ELISA as an immunodiagnostic tool.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Catepsina L/genética , Catepsina L/inmunología , Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Proteínas del Helminto/inmunología , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimus/enzimología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antígenos Helmínticos/química , Antígenos Helmínticos/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Catepsina L/química , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Femenino , Proteínas del Helminto/química , Humanos , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Paragonimiasis/diagnóstico , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Alineación de Secuencia
5.
J Helminthol ; 90(6): 658-662, 2016 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26388560

RESUMEN

Conventional identification of Paragonimus species and their natural definitive hosts is based on the morphological features of adult parasites isolated from the lungs of wild mammalian hosts. However, wild animals are protected by strict regulations and sampling is not always possible. Recently, molecular techniques have been developed to identify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of Paragonimus eggs in faeces/sputum of human patients. Also, mammalian hosts can be identified using the D-loop sequence of mitochondrial DNA in faecal samples. In this study, we used molecular techniques on faeces from wild animals collected in Da Krong Nature Reserve, Quang Tri province, central Vietnam, where Paragonimus metacercariae are highly prevalent in mountain crabs, to identify Paragonimus species and their natural definitive hosts. The results indicated that wild cats, Prionailurus bengalensis, were infected with at least three different Paragonimus species, P. westermani, P. skrjabini and P. heterotremus. Because all of these species can infect humans in Asian countries, human paragonimiasis should be considered in this area.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Heces/parasitología , Felidae/parasitología , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Paragonimiasis/veterinaria , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Gatos , ADN de Helmintos/química , ADN de Helmintos/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Paragonimiasis/diagnóstico , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Vietnam/epidemiología
6.
J Helminthol ; 89(2): 182-8, 2015 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24229574

RESUMEN

Paragonimus heterotremus, which is an important pathogen for human paragonimiasis in Asia, is recognized as having the smallest metacercariae (maximum diameter < 300 µm) of any previously reported Paragonimus species. Recently, P. pseudoheterotremus has been described from Thailand as a new species having metacercariae (about 200 µm) slightly smaller than those of Thai P. heterotremus. In fact, the small size of P. pseudoheterotremus metacercariae is compatible with those of P. heterotremus from India and China. In this study in Vietnam, we found variably sized small metacercariae which are expected to consist of both P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus. Contrary to expectation, the adult flukes obtained by separate infection of experimental cats with different sized metacercariae were all identified as P. heterotremus, using both morphological and molecular characteristics. The molecular analyses of an extensive collection of P. heterotremus/P. pseudoheterotremus isolates from Asian countries also indicated that genetic distances between different populations of P. heterotremus are even larger than that between P. pseudoheterotremus and P. heterotremus. The haplotype network showed that all P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus isolates formed a P. heterotremus complex consisting of three groups with strong geographical origins. In addition, the Indian P. heterotremus group is the root of the other P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus populations. Based on the observed metacercarial polymorphisms and genetic variation in P. heterotremus, P. pseudoheterotremus should be considered a geographically isolated population of the P. heterotremus complex.


Asunto(s)
Braquiuros/parasitología , Variación Genética , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Animales , Gatos , China , Femenino , Humanos , India , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Paragonimus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Tailandia , Vietnam
7.
Artículo en Zh | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38604684

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the population distribution of intermediate host snails and crabs of Paragonimus along the Jiulongjiang River, Zhangjiang River, and Dongxi River basins in Bopingling Mountain, southern Fujian Province, so as to provide baseline data for researches on parasitic disease prevention and control and enlargement of samples in the parasitic resource bank. METHODS: A total of 23 villages in 8 counties (districts) along the Jiulong River, Zhangjiang River, and Dongxi River basins in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province were selected as survey sites during the period from November 2020 through March 2023, and snail and freshwater crabs were sampled from 1 to 3 streams and ditches neighboring residential areas in each village. Morphological identification of snails was performed according to the external morphological characteristics of collected snail shells, and the unidentified snail species sampled from the natural foci of paragonimiasis in Yunxiao County were subjected to se-quence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. The crab species was identified by observing the morphological characteristics of the terminal segment of the first pleopod of male crabs, and Paragonimus cercariae and metacercariae were detected in collected snails. RESULTS: The shells of the unidentified snails sampled from the natural foci of paragonimiasis in Yunxiao County were approximately 50 mm in height and 18 mm in width, thick and solid, long tower cone-shaped, and had 8 to 10 whorls. CO1 gene sequence analysis identified the snail species as Sulcospira hainanensis. A total of 6 freshwater snail species belonging to 5 genera within 3 families, identified 23 survey sites, including Semisulcospira libertina, Paludomus zhangchouensis and S. hainanensis that belonged to the Family Pleurceridae, Tricula fujianensis and T. huaanensis that belonged to the subfamily Triculinae, Family Pomatiopsidae, and Melanoides tuberculata (Family Thiaridae), and 11 species of freshwater crabs belonging to 5 genera within 2 families were identified, including Sinopotamon genus of S. jianglense, S. pinheense, and S. zhangzhouense, Huananpotamon genus of H. planopodum and H. zhangzhouense, Nanhaipotamon genus of N. huaanense and N. longhaiense, and Minpotamon genus of M. nasicum and M. auritum that belonged to the Family Potamidae, and Somanniathelphusa genus of S. huaanensis and S. zhangpuensis (Family Parathelphusidae). In addition, the prevalence of P. westermani cercariae infections was 0.08% (2/2 317) in P. zhangchouensis from Danyan Village in Changtai District and 0.09% (1/1 039) in S. hainanensis from Jinkeng Village in Yunxiao County, and the prevalence of P. westermani metacercariae infections was 25.81% (8/31) in S. jianglense from Danyan Village in Changtai District, and 26.31% (5/19) in S. zhangzhouense from Jinkeng Village in Yunxiao County, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a population diversity in the intermediate host snails and crabs along the Jiulongjiang River, Zhangjiang River, and Dongxi River basins in Bopingling Mountain, southern Fujian Province, and P. zhangzhouensis and S. hainanensis are, for the first time, confirmed as the first intermediate hosts of P. westermani.


Asunto(s)
Braquiuros , Gastrópodos , Paragonimiasis , Paragonimus , Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Paragonimus/genética , Braquiuros/parasitología , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Ríos , Agua Dulce
8.
Parasitology ; 140(1): 76-86, 2013 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22917216

RESUMEN

The name Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878) is commonly applied to members of a species complex that includes the well-known Asian lung fluke of medical and veterinary importance. Unambiguous molecular and morphological evidence showing the presence of a member of the complex in India has recently been published. In the present study we report the occurrence of 2 more members of the P. westermani complex in northeastern (NE) India. Surveys of the freshwater crabs Maydelliatelphusa lugubris in NE India revealed 2 morphologically distinct types of lung fluke metacercariae. Phylogenetic analyses, using DNA sequences from ITS2, 28S and cox1 gene regions indicate that these lung metacercariae belong to P. westermani complex. Type 1 metacercariae have a more basal position within the complex whereas type 2 metacercariae are closely related to the relatively derived forms of P. westermani from NE Asia (Japan, Korea, China) and Vietnam. A third type of metacercaria (type 3), detected in another crab host, Sartoriana spinigera in Assam, was phylogenetically close to P. siamensis, also a member of the P. westermani group. Molecular evidence has demonstrated the existence of 3 genotypes of lung flukes within the Paragonimus westermani complex in NE India. Two of these were previously unknown.


Asunto(s)
Paragonimus westermani/clasificación , Paragonimus westermani/genética , Animales , Braquiuros/parasitología , ADN de Helmintos/genética , Genotipo , India , Metacercarias/citología , Metacercarias/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus westermani/fisiología , Filogenia , Ratas , Ratas Wistar
9.
Korean J Parasitol ; 51(6): 621-7, 2013 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24516264

RESUMEN

Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. In Vietnam, research on Paragonimus and paragonimiasis has been conducted in northern and central regions of the country. Using a combination of morphological and molecular methods, 7 Paragonimus species, namely P. heterotremus, P. westermani, P. skrjabini, P. vietnamensis, P. proliferus, P. bangkokenis and P. harinasutai, have been identified in Vietnam. Of these, the first 3, P. heterotremus, P. westermani and P. skrjabini, are known to infect humans in other countries. However, in Vietnam, only P. heterotremus, found in some northern provinces, has been shown to infect humans. Even nowadays, local people in some northern provinces, such as Lai Chau and Yen Bai, are still suffering from P. heterotremus infection. In some provinces of central Vietnam, the prevalence and infection intensity of P. westermani metacercariae in freshwater crabs (the second intermediate hosts) are extremely high, but human cases have not been reported. Likewise, although P. skrjabini was found in Thanh Hoa Province, its pathogenicity to humans in Vietnam still remains uncertain. The results of molecular phylogenetic analyses of Vietnamese Paragonimus species provides new insights on the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Paragonimus. Comprehensive molecular epidemiological and geobiological studies on the genus in Vietnam and adjacent countries are needed to clarify the biodiversity and public health significance of the lung flukes.


Asunto(s)
Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Humanos , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Filogenia , Prevalencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Mariscos/parasitología , Vietnam/epidemiología
10.
Korean J Parasitol ; 51(6): 677-81, 2013 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24516273

RESUMEN

Paragonimiasis is an important food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Of the 7 members of the genus known in Thailand until recently, only P. heterotremus has been confirmed as causing human disease. An 8th species, P. pseudoheterotremus, has recently been proposed from Thailand, and has been found in humans. Molecular data place this species as a sister species to P. heterotremus, and it is likely that P. pseudoheterotremus is not specifically distinct from P. heterotremus. In this study, we collected metacercariae of both nominal species (identification based on metacercarial morphology) from freshwater crabs from Phetchabun Province in northern Thailand, Saraburi Province in central Thailand, and Surat Thani Province in southern Thailand. In addition, we purchased freshwater crabs imported from Myanmar at Myawaddy Province, western Thailand, close to the Myanmar-Thailand border. The DNAs extracted from excysted metacercariae were PCR-amplified and sequenced for ITS2 and cox1 genes. The ITS2 sequences were nearly identical among all samples (99-100%). Phylogenies inferred from all available partial cox1 sequences contained several clusters. Sequences from Indian P. heterotremus formed a sister group to sequences from P. pseudoheterotremus-type metacercariae. Sequences of P. heterotremus from Thailand, Vietnam, and China formed a separate distinct clade. One metacercaria from Phitsanulok Province was distinct from all others. There is clearly considerable genetic variation in the P. heterotremus complex in Thailand and the form referred to as P. pseudoheterotremus is widely distributed in Thailand and the Thai-Myanmar border region.


Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Metacercarias/genética , Metacercarias/aislamiento & purificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mianmar , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia , Mariscos/parasitología , Tailandia
11.
J Helminthol ; 87(2): 141-6, 2013 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22354973

RESUMEN

Among about 50 nominal Paragonimus species, Paragonimus proliferus is rather a rare species, found only in Yunnan province, China, until our recent discovery of this species in Lai Chau province, northern Vietnam close to Yunnan, China. Here we add Quang Binh province, central Vietnam as a new endemic area of P. proliferus. Large excysted metacercariae found in mountainous crabs, Potamiscus tannanti, were morphologically identified as P. proliferus, which was confirmed further by molecular analyses. Second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequences of the P. proliferus population in Quang Binh province were completely (100%) identical with those of P. proliferus populations in Lai Chau province, northern Vietnam and Yunnan province, China. However, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene sequences of Quang Binh population were significantly different (5.6%) from that of previously reported northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China populations. A phylogenetic tree revealed that all CO1 sequences of P. proliferus Quang Binh population formed a distinct group, which was clustered with northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China populations with the bootstrap value of 75%. This is the first record of the genetically variant population of P. proliferus, distribution of which is geographically remote from the previously reported endemic areas in the border between northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China, suggesting that P. proliferus may be much more widely distributed in the Indochina peninsula (or South-East Asia) than expected.


Asunto(s)
Braquiuros/parasitología , Variación Genética , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN de Helmintos/química , ADN de Helmintos/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Vietnam
12.
J Helminthol ; 87(4): 450-6, 2013 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23067567

RESUMEN

Two members of the Paragonimus skrjabini complex, P. skrjabini and P. miyazakii, are now considered as two sub-species, P. skrjabini skrjabini and P. skrjabini miyazakii. They are well known as important pathogens for human paragonimiasis in China and Japan. Recently, members of this species complex have been reported from India. Here we report the first discovery of P. skrjabini from freshwater crab hosts in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. For morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, adult worms were obtained by experimental infection in cats and dogs. Molecular analyses of metacercariae and adults revealed that the P. skrjabini population from Thanh Hoa, Vietnam was almost completely identical with that from Yunnan province, China. Those populations from Thanh Hoa, Vietnam and Yunnan, China and those from Manipur, India were significantly different from P. skrjabini populations reported from other localities of China in cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene sequences, indicating considerable genetic variation within the P. skrjabini complex. Moreover, low bootstrap values in the CO1 tree suggested that more variant genotypes belonging to P. skrjabini complex may be found in other Asian countries in between Vietnam and India, such as Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. Since P. skrjabini is known as a pathogen for humans, paragonimiasis cases caused by P. skrjabini might be found in Vietnam and other Asian countries.


Asunto(s)
Braquiuros/parasitología , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN de Helmintos/química , ADN de Helmintos/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Paragonimus/genética , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia , Vietnam
13.
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi ; 35(5): 501-507, 2023 Dec 01.
Artículo en Zh | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38148540

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) genes of Paragonimus metacercariae in freshwater crabs in Henan Province, identify the species of Paragonimus and evaluate its genetic relationships with Paragonimus isolates from other provinces in China. METHODS: Freshwater crabs were collected from 8 survey sites in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, Nanyang and Jiyuan cities of Henan Province from 2016 to 2021, and Paragonimus metacercariae were detected in freshwater crabs. Genomic DNA was extracted from Paragonimus metacercariae, and the ITS2 and COX1 genes were amplified using PCR assay, followed by sequencing of PCR amplification products. The gene sequences were spliced and aligned using the software DNASTAR, and aligned with the sequences of Paragonimus genes in the GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were created using the MEGA6 software with the Neighbor-Joining method based on ITS2 and COX1 gene sequences, with Fasciola hepatica as the outgroup. RESULTS: The detection rates of Paragonimus metacercariae were 6.83% (11/161), 50.82% (31/61), 18.52% (5/26), 8.76% (12/137), 14.29% (9/63), 17.76% (19/105), 18.50% (32/173) and 42.71% (41/96) in freshwater crabs from 8 survey sites in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, Nanyang and Jiyuan cities of Henan Province, with a mean detection rate of 19.46% (160/822), and a mean infection intensity of 0.57 metacercariae/g. The amplified ITS2 and COX1 gene fragments of Paragonimus were approximately 500 bp and 450 bp in lengths, respectively. The ITS2 gene sequences of Paragonimus metacercariae from 8 survey sites of Henan Province showed the highest homology (99.8% to 100.0%) with the gene sequence of P. skrjabini (GenBank accession number: MW960209.1), and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Paragonimus in this study was clustered into the same clade with P. skrjabini from Sichuan Province (GenBank accession number: AY618747.1), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GenBank accession number: AY618729.1) and Hubei Province (GenBank accession number: AY618751.1), and P. miyazaki from Fujian Province (GenBank accession number: AY618741.1) and Japan (GenBank accession number: AB713405.1). The COX1 gene sequences of Paragonimus metacercariae from 8 survey sites of Henan Province showed the highest homology (90.0% to 100.0%) with the gene sequence of P. skrjabini (GenBank accession number: AY618798.1), and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Paragonimus in this study was clustered into the same clade with all P. skrjabini and clustered into the same sub-clade with P. skrjabini from Hubei Province (GenBank accession numbers: AY618782.1 and AY618764.1). CONCLUSIONS: Paragonimus species from freshwater crabs in Henan Province were all characterized as P. skrjabini, and the ITS2 and COX1 gene sequences had the highest homology to those of P. skrjabini from Hubei Province. The results provide insights into study of Paragonimus in Henan Province and China.


Asunto(s)
Braquiuros , Paragonimiasis , Paragonimus , Animales , Paragonimus/genética , Braquiuros/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 1/genética , Filogenia , China/epidemiología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
14.
Indian J Med Res ; 136(2): 192-204, 2012 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22960885

RESUMEN

Ever since the discovery of the first indigenous case in 1981, paragonimiasis has gained recognition as a significant food borne parasitic zoonosis in India. The data available on the occurrence of paragonimiasis, until today, may be just the tip of an iceberg as the study areas covered were restricted to Northeast Indian States. Nevertheless, the results of research on paragonimiasis in India have revealed valuable information in epidemiology, life cycle, pathobiology and speciation of Indian Paragonimus. Potamiscus manipurensis, Alcomon superciliosum and Maydelliathelphusa lugubris were identified as the crab hosts of Paragonimus. Paragonimus miyazakii manipurinus n. sub sp., P. hueit'ungensis, P. skrjabini, P. heterotremus, P. compactus, and P. westermani have been described from India. P. heterotremus was found as the causative agent of human paragonimiasis. Ingestion of undercooked crabs and raw crab extract was the major mode of infection. Pulmonary paragonimiasis was the commonest clinical manifestation while pleural effusion and subcutaneous nodules were the common extra-pulmonary forms. Clinico-radiological features of pulmonary paragonimiasis simulated pulmonary tuberculosis. Intradermal test, ELISA and Dot-immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) were used for diagnosis and epidemiological survey of paragonimiasis. Phylogenitically, Indian Paragonimus species, although nested within the respective clade were distantly related to others within the clade.


Asunto(s)
Paragonimiasis , Paragonimus , Animales , Humanos , India , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/parasitología , Pulmón/patología , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimiasis/patología , Paragonimiasis/terapia , Paragonimus/clasificación , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Filogeografía , Radiografía , Esputo/parasitología
15.
Int J Parasitol ; 52(1): 13-21, 2022 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34371019

RESUMEN

Foodborne diseases are a neglected research area, and despite the existence of many tools for diagnosis and genetic studies, very little is known about the effect of the landscape on the genetic diversity and presence of parasites. One of these foodborne disease is paragonimiasis, caused by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus, which is responsible for a high number of infections in humans and wild animals. The main Paragonimus sp reported in Mesoamerica is Paragonimus mexicanus, yet there are doubts about its correct identification as a unique species throughout the region. This, together with a lack of detailed knowledge about their ecology, evolution and differentiation, may complicate the implementation of control strategies across the Mesoamerican region. We had the goal of delimiting the species of P. mexicanus found throughout Mesoamerica and determining the effect of landscape and geology on the diversity and presence of the parasite. We found support for the delimitation of five genetic groups. The genetic differentiation among these groups was positively affected by elevation and the isolation of river basins, while the parasite's presence was affected negatively only by the presence of human settlements. These results suggest that areas with lower elevation, connected rivers basins, and an absence of human settlements have low genetic differentiation and high P. mexicanus presence, which may increase the risk of Paragonimus infection. These demonstrate the importance of accurate species delimitation and consideration of the effect of landscape on Paragonimus in the proposal of adequate control strategies. However, other landscape variables cannot be discarded, including temperature, rainfall regime, and spatial scale (local, landscape and regional). These additional variables were not explored here, and should be considered in future studies.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos , Paragonimiasis , Paragonimus , Animales , Humanos , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimus/genética , Ríos
16.
Acta Parasitol ; 67(1): 316-321, 2022 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34417714

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To perform environmental sampling and molecular identification of Paragonimus in endemic regions, which may help in minimizing transmission among humans. METHODS: Mountain crabs from the genus Potamiscus were collected and the encysted metacercariae were extracted and subjected to morphological identification, followed by animal inoculation in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. After 112 days of infection, animals were killed and adult worms were extracted from lungs and muscles. The morphology of adult worms was characterized by microscopy and molecular identification was done by polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing of cox1 and ITS2 genes. Phylogenetic analysis was done by maximum parsimony method. RESULTS: A total of 447 crabs were captured from the streams of Tongchang Town, Jinping County, Yunnan Province, China. The infection rate was found to be 41% (186 out of 447 crabs). The metacercariae of Paragonimus skrjabini was identified by the characteristics round or spherical encysted form measuring 410 to 460 × 400 to 460 µm. After animal infection in SD rats, adults were presumptively confirmed to be P. skrjabini, which was also confirmed by gene amplification and sequence analysis of cox1 and ITS2 regions. Paragonimus skrjabini clustered with previously reported P. skrjabini from Yunnan and Vietnam. The confidence values of their branches were > 95%. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS2 region revealed two distinct clusters with distinct geographical grouping. Phylogenetic analysis with the combined data sets reiterated the geographical grouping with P. skrjabini from Yunnan clustering with strains from Vietnam. CONCLUSION: Metacercariae of P. skrjabini was discovered in freshwater crabs in Yunnan province, China, and the strains were phylogenetically related to P. skrjabini from Vietnam.


Asunto(s)
Paragonimiasis , Paragonimus , Animales , China/epidemiología , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimiasis/veterinaria , Paragonimus/anatomía & histología , Paragonimus/genética , Filogenia , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
17.
Infect Genet Evol ; 90: 104761, 2021 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33577999

RESUMEN

Southeast Asian lung flukes, the causative agents of human and animal paragonimiasis, comprise at least 14 species. Of these, seven species; Paragonimus bangkokensis, P. harinasutai, P. macrorchis, P. siamensis, P. westermani, P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus were studied. Two regions of domain 1 of taurocyamine kinase; TkD1 (exon) and TkD1Int2 (intron 2), were used as genetic markers for elucidating their genetic differentiation, genetic variation, and heterozygosity. The TkD1 region was conserved between these species but can potentially be used to differentiate all seven species. However, the TkD1Int2 region had a high level of polymorphism, which is suitable for investigation of genetic variation within or between closely related species, especially P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus as well as for a phylogenetic analyses of the genus Paragonimus. Heterozygosity was mostly observed in DNA samples extracted from adult P. heterotremus including samples taken from sputum of paragonimiasis patients, whereas DNA extracted from metacercariae was not, except in the samples from Myanmar. Our findings provide evidence of DNA recombination and incomplete lineage sorting of P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus in TkD1Int2, which suggesting gene flow between these two species.


Asunto(s)
Núcleo Celular/genética , ADN de Helmintos/genética , Variación Genética , Paragonimus/genética , Animales , Asia Sudoriental
18.
J Vet Med Sci ; 83(3): 412-418, 2021 Mar 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33473059

RESUMEN

Paragonimiasis is a particular foodborne parasitic disease that is endemic to southern Kyushu, including Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. We previously detected Paragonimus westermani triploid larvae in meat samples obtained from wild boars and sika deer hunted in Akune City, Kagoshima Prefecture. These mammals act as paratenic hosts and their meat is a source of human paragonimiasis. Paratenic host mammals and humans become infected with the lung fluke, P. westermani, following consumption of second intermediate hosts, freshwater crab species, namely, Geothelphusa dehaani or Sawagani in Japanese, and Eriocheir japonica or Mokuzugani in Japanese. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the current infection status of P. westermani in freshwater crabs in Akune City. We collected freshwater crabs from 15 locations and found that the prevalence of P. westermani metacercariae was 1.6% for Sawagani (15 of 941 examined) and 22.1% for Mokuzugani (21 of 95 examined). Based on the morphological characterization of metacercariae and molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene region using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing, all metacercariae were identified as the triploid form of P. westermani. These results indicate that Sawagani and Mokuzugani serve as second intermediate hosts to maintain the life cycle of triploid P. westermani. Further, infection in crabs potentially leads to subsequent P. westermani infections in wild mammals, including wild boars and sika deer, both of which are considered important types of game meat in Japan.


Asunto(s)
Braquiuros , Ciervos , Paragonimus westermani , Paragonimus , Animales , Agua Dulce , Japón/epidemiología , Metacercarias , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus westermani/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Sus scrofa , Porcinos
19.
J Cardiothorac Surg ; 16(1): 28, 2021 Mar 19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33741016

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical characteristics of adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, analyze the causes of misdiagnosis, and improve the levels of clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data and diagnosis and treatment of 8 adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation that were diagnosed in the Oncology Department of People's hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture from July 2014 to July 2019. RESULT: All 8 patients were from epidemic paragonimiasis areas and had a confirmed history of consuming uncooked freshwater crabs. The clinical manifestations were mainly fever, dry cough, and chest pain. The disease durations were long, and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were elevated. The cases had been misdiagnosed as pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis. After years of anti-inflammatory or anti-tuberculosis treatment, the symptoms had not improved significantly. Patients eventually sought treatment from the oncology department for hemoptysis. Chest computed tomography showed patchy consolidation in the lungs, with nodules, lung masses, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease. Early clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination results are nonspecific. The parasite most often invades the lungs, and the resulting disease is often misdiagnosed as pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, or lung cancer (Acta Trop 199: 05074, 2019). To avoid misdiagnosis, clinicians should inquire, in detail, about residence history and history of unclean food and exposure to infected water and make an early diagnosis based on the inquired information and imaging examination results. For patients who have been diagnosed with pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis and whose symptoms do not improve significantly after anti-inflammatory or anti-tuberculosis treatments, their epidemiological history should be traced to further conduct differential diagnosis and avoid misdiagnosis.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Pulmonares Parasitarias/diagnóstico , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Paragonimiasis/diagnóstico , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/análisis , China/epidemiología , ADN de Helmintos/análisis , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Errores Diagnósticos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Pulmón/parasitología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Parasitarias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Parasitarias/parasitología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paragonimiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimus/genética , Paragonimus/inmunología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tórax/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X
20.
Gigascience ; 9(7)2020 07 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32687148

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Paragonimus spp. (lung flukes) are among the most injurious foodborne helminths, infecting ∼23 million people and subjecting ∼292 million to infection risk. Paragonimiasis is acquired from infected undercooked crustaceans and primarily affects the lungs but often causes lesions elsewhere including the brain. The disease is easily mistaken for tuberculosis owing to similar pulmonary symptoms, and accordingly, diagnostics are in demand. RESULTS: We assembled, annotated, and compared draft genomes of 4 prevalent and distinct Paragonimus species: Paragonimus miyazakii, Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus kellicotti, and Paragonimus heterotremus. Genomes ranged from 697 to 923 Mb, included 12,072-12,853 genes, and were 71.6-90.1% complete according to BUSCO. Orthologous group analysis spanning 21 species (lung, liver, and blood flukes, additional platyhelminths, and hosts) provided insights into lung fluke biology. We identified 256 lung fluke-specific and conserved orthologous groups with consistent transcriptional adult-stage Paragonimus expression profiles and enriched for iron acquisition, immune modulation, and other parasite functions. Previously identified Paragonimus diagnostic antigens were matched to genes, providing an opportunity to optimize and ensure pan-Paragonimus reactivity for diagnostic assays. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides advances in molecular understanding of Paragonimus and underpins future studies into the biology, evolution, and pathogenesis of Paragonimus and related foodborne flukes. We anticipate that these novel genomic and transcriptomic resources will be invaluable for future lung fluke research.


Asunto(s)
Biología Computacional , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Genómica , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Paragonimus/genética , Transcriptoma , Animales , Biología Computacional/métodos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Ontología de Genes , Genómica/métodos , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Humanos , Anotación de Secuencia Molecular , Familia de Multigenes , Paragonimus/clasificación , Filogenia
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