AASLD, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; ADV, adefovir dipivoxil; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APASL, Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver; ART, antiretroviral therapy; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Anti-HBe, antibodies to hepatitis B envelope antigen; CBC, complete blood count; CDC, Center for Disease Control; CHB, chronic hepatitis B; CU-HCC, Chinese University-Hepatocellular Carcinoma; DAA, direct-acting antiviral; DILI, drug induced liver injury; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EASL, European Association for the Study of the Liver; ETV, entecavir; GAG-HCC, Guide with Age, Gender, HBV DNA, Core Promoter Mutations and Cirrhosis-Hepatocellular Carcinoma; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation; HBIG, hepatitis B immune globulin; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBeAg, hepatitis B envelope antigen; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDV, hepatitis D virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IFN-α, interferon alpha; INASL, Indian National Association for Study of the Liver; INR, international normalized ratio; KASL, Korean Association for the Study of the Liver; LAM, lamivudine; NA, nucleos(t)ide analogue; PAGE-B, platelets, age, gender­hepatitis B; PVNR, primary virological non-response; PVR, partial virological response; PegIFN-α, pegylated interferon alpha; RCT, randomized controlled trial; REACH-B, risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B; SOVR, sustained off-therapy virological response; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; TDV, telbivudine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; VR, virologic response; WHO, World Health Organization; anti-HBs, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen; cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA; chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hepatitis B; jaundice; liver failure