WHSC1 monomethylates histone H1 and induces stem-cell like features in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

ABSTRACT

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is a malignancy with poor outcomes, thus novel therapies are urgently needed. We recently showed that WHSC1 is necessary for the viability of SCCHN cells through H3K36 di-methylation. Here, we report the identification of its novel substrate, histone H1, and that WHSC1-mediated H1.4K85 mono-methylation may enhance stemness features in SCCHN cells. To identify proteins interacting with WHSC1 in SCCHN cells, WHSC1 immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified H1 as a WHSC1-interacting candidate. In vitro methyltransferase assays showed that WHSC1 mono-methylates H1 at K85. We generated an H1K85 mono-methylation-specific antibody and confirmed that this methylation occurs in vivo. Sphere formation assays using SCC-35 cells stably expressing either wild-type (FLAG-H1.4-WT) or mutated (FLAG-H1.4K85A) vector with lysine 85 to alanine substitution which is not methylated, indicated a higher number of spheres in SCC-35 cells expressing the wild type than those with the mutant vector. SCC-35 cells expressing the wild type H1.4 proliferated faster than those expressing the mutated vector. RNA sequencing, RT-PCR and Western blotting of the FLAG-H1.4-WT or FLAG-H1.4K85A SCC-35 cells revealed that OCT4 levels were higher in wild type compared to mutant cells. These results were reproduced in SCC-35 cells genetically modified with CRISPR to express H1.4K85R. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that FLAG-H1.4K85A had decreased occupancy in the OCT4 gene compared to FLAG-H1.4-WT. This study supports that WHSC1 mono-methylates H1.4 at K85, it induces transcriptional activation of OCT4 and stemness features in SCCHN cells, providing rationale to target H1.4K85 mono-methylation through WHSC1 in SCCHN.