Analysis of the relative stability of lithium halide crystal structures: Density functional theory and classical models.

ABSTRACT

All lithium halides exist in the rock salt crystal structure under ambient conditions. In contrast, common lithium halide classical force fields more often predict wurtzite as the stable structure. This failure of classical models severely limits their range of application in molecular simulations of crystal nucleation and growth. Employing high accuracy density functional theory (DFT) together with classical models, we examine the relative stability of seven candidate crystal structures for lithium halides. We give a detailed examination of the influence of DFT inputs, including the exchange-correlation functional, basis set, and dispersion correction. We show that a high-accuracy basis set, along with an accurate description of dispersion, is necessary to ensure prediction of the correct rock salt structure, with lattice energies in good agreement with the experiment. We also find excellent agreement between the DFT-calculated rock salt lattice parameters and experiment when using the TMTPSS-rVV10 exchange-correlation functional and a large basis set. Detailed analysis shows that dispersion interactions play a key role in the stability of rock salt over closely competing structures. Hartree-Fock calculations, where dispersion interactions are absent, predict the rock salt structure only for LiF, while LiCl, LiBr, and LiI are more stable as wurtzite crystals, consistent with radius ratio rules. Anion-anion second shell dispersion interactions overcome the radius ratio rules to tip the structural balance to rock salt. We show that classical models can be made qualitatively correct in their structural predictions by simply scaling up the pairwise additive dispersion terms, indicating a pathway toward better lithium halide force fields.