Flavonoid constituents and protective efficacy of Citrus reticulate (Blanco) leaves ethanolic extract on thioacetamide-induced liver injury rats.

Context: Oxidative stress leads to deleterious processes in the liver that resulted in liver diseases.Objective: To evaluate antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic leaves extract of Citrus reticulate against hepatic dysfunction induced by thioacetamide (TAA).Materials and Methods: Flavonoid constituents were isolated from the ethanol extract by chromatographic techniques and identified by the spectroscopic analyses. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH assay. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats via intraperitoneal injection of TAA and the ethanol extract was orally administrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Serum biomarkers, hepatic antioxidant enzymes, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), hepatic hydroxyproline levels, and histopathology were examined.Results: Ten known flavonoids were identified, among of them, 6,3`-dimethoxyluteolin and 8,3`-dimethoxyluteolin possessed the highest antioxidant activity. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic levels of ALT, ALP, and bilirubin were found to be restored towards normalisation significantly by the plant extract. Furthermore, the markers including MDA, GSH, SOD, NO, and protein carbonyl which were close to oxidative damage, were restored. Meanwhile, the extract treatment decreased TNF-α level and also was able to reverse the induced fibrosis by significantly reducing the hydroxyproline content. Moreover, histopathological studies further substantiate the protective effect of the extract.Conclusion: C. reticulate leaves extract is a rich source of phytochemicals with in vitro and in vivo protective effects.

Rotenoid and isoflavone metabolites from an antioxidant seed extract of Dalbergia lanceolaria subsp. paniculata (roxb.) thoth.

A new rotenoid named 12-O-methylrotenolol along with five known rotenoid and isoflavone metabolites were isolated from the seeds of Dalbergia lanceolaria subsp. paniculata, collected from Egypt. The structures of these compounds were identified by physical and spectroscopic data measurements ([α]D, UV, 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS). The methanol extract of the seeds exhibited strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value 0.7 µg/µl against DPPH radical, in respect to quercetin as antioxidant reference (IC50 1.5 µM), while the tested compounds from this extract showed weak activities with IC50 values ranged from 19.6 to 33.0 µM.

In vitro inhibition of Hepatitis C virus protease and antioxidant by flavonoid glycosides from the Saudi costal plant Sarcocornia fruticosa.

A new flavonol triglycoside, rhamnazin 3-O-2G-rhamnorutinoside or rhamnazin 3-O-(2″,6″-O-α-di-rhamnosyl)-ß-glucoside (1) was isolated along with known flavonols, rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside (2), rhamnazin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnosyl)-ß-galactoside (3), isorhamnetin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnosyl)-ß-galactoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-O-(2″,6″-O-α-di-rhamnosyl)-ß-galactoside (5), and isorhamnetin (6), and allantoin (7) from the aqueous methanol extract of Sarcocornia fruticosa leaves. Spectral analyses (UV, MS, and NMR) and acid hydrolysis were used to determine the structures. These compounds in this study except 6 were reported for the first time from the genus Sarcocornia. The extract and flavonol glycosides (1-5) were evaluated for antioxidant and inhibition of HCV protease enzyme. Rhamnazin triglycoside (1) was shown to have a potent HCV protease inhibitor with IC50 value 8.9 µM, while isorhamnetin di- and triglycosides (4 and 5) were effectively scavenged DPPH radicals with IC50 values 3.8 and 4.3 µM, respectively.

A new flavonoid C-glycoside from Solanum elaeagnifolium with hepatoprotective and curative activities against paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice.

A new flavonoid C-glycoside, kaempferol 8-C-beta-galactoside, along with twelve known glycosidic flavonoids was isolated from the aqueous methanolic extract of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae), by conventional chromatographic methods; their structure elucidation was achieved using UV, ESI-MS, and NMR spectral analyses. Groups of six mice were administered S. elaeagnifolium extracts at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight (BW) prior to or post administration of a single dose of paracetamol (500 mg/kg BW). The extract showed significant hepatoprotective and curative effects against histopathological and histochemical damage induced by paracetamol in liver. The extract also ameliorated the elevation in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. These findings were accompanied by a nearly normal architecture of the liver in the treated groups, compared to the paracetamol control group. As a positive control, silymarin was used, an established hepatoprotective drug against paracetamol-induced liver injury. This study provides the first validation of the hepatoprotective activity of S. elaeagnifolium.

Digalacturonide flavones from Egyptian Lantana camara flowers with in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities.

A new digalacturonide flavone, luteolin 7-O-beta-galacturonyl-(2 --> 1)-O-beta-galacturonide (1), was isolated along with nine known flavone glycosides from the aqueous methanolic extract of Lantana camara (L.) flowers. Their structures were determined on the basis of the spectral data. The extract of L. camara was evaluated for antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties in the acetaminophen-induced mouse liver damage model. 1 exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay with an IC50 value of 27.2 microM. Pre-treatment with L. camara extract (25 and 75 mg/ kg body weight) decreased the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) enzyme levels that were elevated by acetaminophen. Both doses of the L. camara extract ameliorated the histopathological and histochemical alterations induced by acetaminophen. The results indicate that the L. camara extract possesses hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.

Effect of Ruta graveolens L. and Euphorbia peplus L. anti-inflammatory extracts on nutritional status of rats and the safety of their use.

A significant increase in body weight with remarkable increase in total food intake and significant increase in protein efficiency ratio were observed following oral administration of R. graveolens ether extract (500 mg/kg body wt) to growing rats for 3 weeks. Serum albumin was significantly decreased after administration of declofenac (15 mg/kg body wt). Albumin/globulin ratio decreased significantly on administration of E. peplus ether extract (500 mg/kg body wt). No significant changes were observed in other biochemical and nutritional parameters on administration of either of the extracts or declofenac. However, only a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase was noticed during treatment with R. graveolens. The results suggest that both plant extracts have no harmful effect on nutritional status and are safe towards kidney functions, while Euphorbia is more safe than Ruta in relation to liver functions.