Green Synthesis of Bioinspired Nanoparticles Mediated from Plant Extracts of Asteraceae Family for Potential Biological Applications.

The Asteraceae family is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom with many of them extensively used for significant traditional and medicinal values. Being a rich source of various phytochemicals, they have found numerous applications in various biological fields and have been extensively used for therapeutic purposes. Owing to its potential phytochemicals present and biological activity, these plants have found their way into pharmaceutical industry as well as in various aspects of nanotechnology such as green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles developed from the plants of Asteraceae family are highly stable, less expensive, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Synthesized Asteraceae-mediated nanoparticles have extensive applications in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic degradation activities. This current review provides an opportunity to understand the recent trend to design and develop strategies for advanced nanoparticles through green synthesis. Here, the review discussed about the plant parts, extraction methods, synthesis, solvents utilized, phytochemicals involved optimization conditions, characterization techniques, and toxicity of nanoparticles using species of Asteraceae and their potential applications for human welfare. Constraints and future prospects for green synthesis of nanoparticles from members of the Asteraceae family are summarized.

Sulfated Polysaccharides Derived from Hypnea valentiae and Their Potential of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticoagulant Activities with In Silico Docking.

Carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide, was produced by certain species of marine red seaweeds, which have been used as a significant source of food, feed, and antibiotic agent throughout history due to their alleged human health benefits. The present study aimed to derive the polysaccharides from Hypnea valentiae and describe the biological applications. Carrageenan was characterized by FT-IR, C-NMR, AFM, and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant capabilities; furthermore, the larvicidal effect of methanol extract was generated from the seaweed against Aedes aegypti larvae at various concentrations. The molecular docking experiments were carried out computationally for finding the molecular insight of the macromolecules and small molecules' interaction using GLIDE docking by using Schrodinger software. Antibacterial zones of inhibition in different concentrations are compared with the 40 mg/mL higher activity against bacterial pathogens. Carrageenan is strong in all antioxidant activities, with the overall antioxidant (70.1 ± 0.61%) of radical at 250 µg/mL concentration being exhibited. The DPPH scavenging is effective in the inhibition of (65.74 ± 0.58%) radical at a concentration of 160 µg/mL and the hydroxyl scavenging (65.72 ± 0.60%) of activity at a concentration of 125 µg/mL being exhibited. Anticoagulant activities (APPT and PT) of carrageenan fraction were tested. H. valentiae and heparin sulphate shows higher activity of APTT (106.50 IU at 25 µg/mL) in comparison with the PT test (57.86 IU at 25 µg/mL) and the methanol extraction of higher larvicidal activity on A. aegypti (LC50 = 99.675 µg/mL). In this study, the carrageenan was exploited through in vitro and in silico molecular docking studies against antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant properties. The results were establishing the potentiality of the carrageenan which is an alternative source to control the mosquitocidal property in the future. Moreover, molecular docking of carrageenan against multiple targets results in -7 to -6 Kcal/mol binding score. Findings of carrageen from in vitro to in silico studies are needed for further validation of clinical pieces of evidence.

Evaluation of Nutritional Substances and Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials of Boerhavia diffusa with in Silico Molecular Docking.

Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctanginaceae (B. diffusa) is a medicinal herb commonly considered as a weed. The exploration of phytochemicals in different parts of B. diffusa with different solvents will create awareness, along with the suitable solvent and method for extraction of pharmaceutical compounds. Hence, the present study focuses on phytochemical analysis of B. diffusa leaves, stems, and roots in various solvents with hot and cold extraction. The decoctions performed well in most of the qualitative and quantitative tests, along with the DPPH assay. The aqueous extract showed a good result in the FRAP assay and ABTS assay. In the antimicrobial test, the B. diffusa root ethanol extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition of about 8 mm and 20 mm at 200 µg concentration, respectively. Using a molecular docking approach, the top four ranked molecules from the crude extract of B. diffusa profiled from GC-MS spectroscopy in terms of growth inhibition of the pathogenic bacterium P. aeruginosa were selected; among them, 2-(1,2 dihydroxyethyl)-5-[[2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-yl]oxy]oxolane-3,4-diol exhibited the minimum binding score, revealing high affinity in complex. B. diffusa is highly nutritious, and the maceration and decoction extracts were similar except for the chloroform extract that was found to be weak.

Environmental photochemistry in Solanum trilobatum mediated plasmonic nanoparticles as a probe for the detection of Cd2+ ions in water.

Nowadays world deals with a lot of environmental troubles out of which water pollution is very dangerous. Water gets contaminated by heavy metal ions is a universal problem which needs suitable consideration to keep up the quality of the water. It will be advantageous that an easy device can be detecting the concentration of heavy metal ions in water. Here, a contaminant, cadmium from industrial affluent into water is considered and focused. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized by Solanum trilobatum leaf extract and its applications of antifungal and sensing activity was reported here. The influences of different concentration of these reducing agent on the synthesis of AuNPs (G5 and G10) have been evaluated. The structural, optical, vibrational, morphological and compositional properties of the AuNPs were studied through XRD, UV-vis spectra, FTIR, HRTEM and EDAX analysis. The optical studies showed surface plasmon absorbance peak at 526 nm. It shows that the absorbance of the peak becomes narrow with a higher concentration of leaf extract. XRD results showed the average size of the AuNPs was 8 nm. It also confirmed the high crystallinity of nanoparticles. FTIR exposes that amine and carboxyl groups may be involved in the stabilization and reduction mechanism. TEM pictures of both G10 and G5 demonstrate merely spherical nanoparticles. This morphology control is taken place owing to the adsorbed amine and carboxyl groups onto the gold nanoparticles cap the particles and improve the stability. The presence of gold elements in the sample was identified with the help of EDAX. The sensitivity of the system towards various Cd2+ concentrations was measured as 0.058/mM for G5 and 0.095/mM for G10. The prepared nanoparticles produced highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 17.5 mm and 19 mm against human being pathogenic fungi Aspergillus Flavus and Candida albicans respectively. Here, small sized spherical nanoparticles showed good antifungal activity.

Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, and Herbs to Combat Viral Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most important health issue, internationally. With no specific and effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19, new or repurposed antiviral are urgently needed. Phytochemicals pose a ray of hope for human health during this pandemic, and a great deal of research is concentrated on it. Phytochemicals have been used as antiviral agents against several viruses since they could inhibit several viruses via different mechanisms of direct inhibition either at the viral entry point or the replication stages and via immunomodulation potentials. Recent evidence also suggests that some plants and its components have shown promising antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes certain phytochemical agents along with their mode of actions and potential antiviral activities against important viral pathogens. A special focus has been given on medicinal plants and their extracts as well as herbs which have shown promising results to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and can be useful in treating patients with COVID-19 as alternatives for treatment under phytotherapy approaches during this devastating pandemic situation.

Conversion of waste frying oil into biodiesel using recoverable nanocatalyst based on magnetic graphene oxide supported ternary mixed metal oxide nanoparticles.

The magnetic graphene oxide (GO) supported with heterogeneous ternary mixed metal oxide (MMO) was used as nanocatalyst to enhance the conversion of waste frying oil (WFO) triglycerides to biodiesel via esterification process. In this regard, acidic MGO was modified with three basic metal cations of cerium, zirconium, and strontium oxides to produce heterogeneous MGO@MMO nanocatalyst. The nanocatalyst was characterized by FESEM, TEM, EDX and FTIR. The influence of different parameters such as catalyst material ratio, methanol to oil ratio, contact time, and reaction temperature was studied. Based on the results of effecting parameters, the MGO@MMO nanocatalyst converted WFO to biodiesel with a yield 94%, a reaction time of 90 min, methanol to oil ratio (8:1), and a temperature of 60 °C. Esterification mechanism indicated the MGO@MMO nanocatalyst having both binary Brønsted acid-base sites that increased the conversion yields as compared to MGO and MMO at low temperatures.

Enhanced Production of Biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis Strain Al-Dhabi-130 under Solid-State Fermentation Using Date Molasses from Saudi Arabia for Bioremediation of Crude-Oil-Contaminated Soils.

Crude oil and its derivatives are the most important pollutants in natural environments. Bioremediation of crude oil using bacteria has emerged as a green cleanup approach in recent years. In this study, biosurfactant-producing Bacillus subtilis strain Al-Dhabi-130 was isolated from the marine soil sediment. This organism was cultured in solid-state fermentation using agro-residues to produce cost-effective biosurfactants for the bioremediation of crude-oil contaminated environments. Date molasses improved biosurfactant production and were used for further optimization studies. The traditional "one-variable-at-a-time approach", "two-level full factorial designs", and a response surface methodology were used to optimize the concentrations of date molasses and nutrient supplements for surfactant production. The optimum bioprocess conditions were 79.3% (v/w) moisture, 34 h incubation period, and 8.3% (v/v) glucose in date molasses. To validate the quadratic model, the production of biosurfactant was performed in triplicate experiments, with yields of 74 mg/g substrate. These findings support the applications of date molasses for the production of biosurfactants by B. subtilis strain Al-Dhabi-130. Analytical experiments revealed that the bacterial strain degraded various aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes within two weeks of culture with 1% crude oil. The crude biosurfactant produced by the B. subtilis strain Al-Dhabi-130 desorbed 89% of applied crude oil from the soil sample. To conclude, biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains can increase emulsification of crude oil and support the degradation of crude oil.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous rhizome extract of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa: In-vitro anti-cancer potential on human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells.

This study was aimed to analyze the anti-cancer activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using aqueous plant extracts from the rhizome of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale. Synergistic aqueous extract of rhizome of C. longa and Z. officinale was used to green synthesis of AgNPs. Characterization of AgNPs was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, TEM, and SEM analyses. Anti-cancer activity of AgNPs against human colon carcinoma (HT-29) cells was tested using MTT assay. UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis indicated the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sharp peak at 350-430 nm wavelength that corresponds to the production of AgNPs. FTIR analysis reveals that existence of carboxyl (-C[bond, double bond]O) and amine (N-H) functional groups in the AgNPs. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirms four spectral peaks at 111, 200, 220, and 311. SEM analysis showed that AgNPs are in a spherical shape with a size of 42-61 nm and TEM analysis showed particle size are ranged between 20-51 nm. Anti-cancer study reveals that AgNPs had shown cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells at the concentrations ranged from 25 to 500 µg/mL and IC50 at 150.8 µg/mL. This study concludes that AgNPs synthesized using rhizome of Z. officinale and C. longa possesses potential anti-cancer activity.

Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using a Traditional Phytoproduct, Asafoetida Gum.

PURPOSE: The present study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of a traditional medicinal product consisting of an oleoresin (a combination of macromolecules of carbohydrates and proteins) exuded from the rhizome of the plant Ferula foetida (asafoetida gum) and evaluated its biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The silver nanoparticles synthesized using asafoetida gum (As-AgNPs) were characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, fourier infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EADX. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity As-AgNPs were evaluated against MCF-7 cell lines and selected microbial pathogens, respectively. RESULTS: The synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline in nature with a spherical shape. The average particle size was 5.6-8.6 nm. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized As-AgNPs was evaluated against MCF-7 cell lines, and the As-AgNPs were found to be effective in inhibiting the multiplication of cancer cells. The As-AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity towards E. coli, K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. The MIC of the synthesized As-AgNPs was 7.80 µg/mL for E. coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella sp. WS50- and S. typhi; 15.60 µg/mL for S. typhimurium and S. aureus WS10, and 31.20 µg/mL for K. pneumoniae and S. aureus ATCC 43300-MRSA. In addition, MIC values of 15.60 µg/mL for C. albicans ATCC8436 and 31.20 µg/mL for C. krusei ATCC6258 were obtained. CONCLUSION: As asafoetida is a good traditional medicine, its involvement in the synthesis of AgNPs led the silver nanoparticles to exhibit good cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects.

Potential effect of Allium sativum bulb for the treatment of biofilm forming clinical pathogens recovered from periodontal and dental caries.

Biofilm producing clinical bacterial isolates were isolated from periodontal and dental caries samples and identified as, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus sanguis, S. salivarius, S. mutansand Staphylococcus aureus. Among the identified bacterial species, S. aureus and S. mutansshowed strong biofilm producing capacity. The other isolated bacteria, Streptococcus sanguis, S. salivarius showed moderate biofilm formation. These pathogens were subjected for the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in nutrient broth medium and the strain S. aureus synthesized more amounts of EPS (610 ± 11.2 µg/ml) than S. sanguis (480 ± 5.8 µg/ml).EPS production was found to be less in S. salivarius (52 ± 3.8 µg/ml).The solvent extract of A. sativum bulb showed the phytochemicals such as, carbohydrate, total protein, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and sterioids. The solvent extract of A. sativum bulb showed wide ranges of activity against the selected dental pathogens. The difference in antibacterial activity of the solvent extract revealed differences in solubility of phytochemicals in organic solvents. Ethanol extract was highly active againstS. aureus (25 ± 2 mm). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of crude garlic bulb varied widely and this clearly showed that bacteria exhibits different level of susceptibility to secondary metabolites. MIC value ranged between 20 ± 2 mg/ml and 120 ± 6 mg/ml and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value ranged from 60 ± 5 mg/l to 215 ± 7 mg/ml. To conclude, A. sativum bulb can be effectively used to treat periodontal and dental caries infections.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera flower and assessment of antimicrobial and sensing properties.

The present study aimed to explore the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Moringa oleifera flower (MOF) extract and its antimicrobial and sensing properties. The prepared AgNPs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectral analysis (UV-vis), X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. Antimicrobial and sensing properties of the prepared nanoparticles were also determined. Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice of the AgNPs was observed in X-RD pattern. FTIR measurement evidenced the band pattern at 686, 1653, 2062 and 3456 cm-1 proved the presence of proteins and phenolic components in MOF responsible for reduction. TEM analysis indicated the formation of monodispersed spherical particles with 8 nm. UV-vis of the prepared AgNPs authenticated the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 429 nm and stable for six months. AgNPs have produced highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 17 mm and 29 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. In addition, the AgNPs effectively detected the presence of Copper ions from 1 mM to 12 mM concentrations. Copper sensitivity of these biosynthesized nanoparticles was carried out by optical sensor based SPR. Thus the obtained antimicrobial and optical properties, suggested the use of obtained AgNPs in water purification.

Immune stimulatory and anti-HIV-1 potential of extracts derived from marine brown algae Padina tetrastromatica.

Background Marine brown algae are biologically diverse and their medicinal value has been explored limited. We assessed whether Padina tetrastromatica Hauck will possess the immune stimulatory and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods Aqueous and methanolic extracts were tested for the Th1/Th2 cytokines using PBMC. Subsequently, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), nitric oxide (NO) and anti-oxidant effect were analyzed using RAW264.7 cells. In addition, Padina extracts were tested for the HIV-1 clade C & A by measuring the levels of viral p24 antigen in infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and against reverse transcriptase (RT). Results At 100 µg/mL, aqueous and methanolic extracts produced a significant amount of IL-10 and IFN-γ at 24 h and 72 h post-stimulation by PBMCs. It also produced a significant amount of LTB4, NO and had an antioxidant effect on RAW264.7 cell, suggesting the immune stimulating potential of P. tetrastromatica. Upon infection of PBMCs with 100 TCID50, aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. tetrastromatica inhibited HIV-1 C (>90%) and HIV-1 A (>50%) showed a significant reduction in HIV-1 p24 levels and HIV-1 RT inhibition (>50%). GC-MS study revealed a relative abundance of tetradecanoic and oleic acid in the methanolic extract of P. tetrastromatica, which might be responsible for immune stimulation and anti-HIV-1 activity. Conclusion At lower concentrations (100 mg/mL), the aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. tetrastromatica showed the strong immune stimulation and greatest anti-HIV-1 potential in vitro. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of these brown algae P. tetrastromatica for the benefit of mankind.

Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Musa acuminata colla flower and its pharmaceutical activity against bacteria and anticancer efficacy.

Synthesis of nanoparticles using plant sources as reducing agent has become important, as physical and chemical methods are costlier and affects environment. Hence it is important to develop environment friendly nanoparticle synthesis by avoiding the use of toxic chemicals. The present study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps) and gold nanoparticles (AuNps) using Musa acuminata colla flower and its pharmaceutical activity against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene producing bacteria and anticancer efficacy. The synthesized Ag and Au NPs were analysed by means of UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD,SEM and EDAX evidenced the bioreduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0 and Au3+ ions to Au0 respectively. Both nanoparticles and flower extracts were studied for antibacterial activity of ESBL gene producing bacteria by disc diffusion and microdilution (Resazurin) method. In vitro anticancer efficacy (MCF-7) and toxicity (VERO) of AgNPs, AuNPs, aqueous extract and ethanol extract of flowers were performed by MTT assay. IC50 value for DPPH analysis was at 390 µg and 460 µg for ethanol and aqueous extract respectively. Total antioxidant content was found be 740 µg/mg and 460 µg/mg for ethanol and aqueous extract. GCMS analysis authenticated the existence of the compounds namely, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid(z,z)- and n-hexadecanoic acid in the crude extract of the samples. Among the samples, AgNPs had best antibacterial activity. AgNPs and AuNPs were confirmed by colour change to reddish brown and ruby red. Further ƛmax were obtained at 474 and 540 nm by UV - visible spectrum. SEM analysis revealed the particle size ranges from 12.6 to 15.7 nm for silver and 10.1 to 15.6 nm for gold nanoparticles. The EDAX spectrum shows a strong signal for elemental Ag and Au at ~ 3 keV and 1.5 keV. The XRD patterns for silver and gold nanoparticles at 36.701, 42.900, 63.281 and 76.398 corresponding to the lattice planes 2.4467, 2.1064, 1.46839, 1.24564 nm and 27.32, 36.7228, 39.56, 42.888, 63.253, 63.253, 65.02 and 76.383 corresponding to the lattice planes 3.262, 2.44530, 2.276, 2.1070, 1.46897, 1.4332 and 1.24585 nm. The IC50 values for MCF-7 and VERO cells were 30.0 µg/ml and 55.0 µg/ml respectively.

Synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles using Aloe barbadensis mill and evaluation of its antibiofilm potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) were synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis as a reducing and fabricating agent. The biosynthesis of the TiO2-NPs was initially confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. Based on the HRTEM and FESEM analysis, the biosynthesized NPs were found to be polydispersed and predominantly spherical in shape, with an average size of ~20 nm. A sharp and strong characteristic peaks of titanium (Ti) and oxygen (O) observed in the EDS pattern confirmed the synthesis of the TiO2-NPs. The FTIR spectroscopy suggested the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids and proteins which might be responsible for the biosynthesis and fabrication of the TiO2-NPs. The crystalline nature of the synthesized TiO2-NPs constituting of a mixture of brookite, anatase, and rutile phases was indicated by the XRD pattern. The spectral window around 180-1000 cm-1 covered the high-frequency Raman spectra of the TiO2-NPs. The Raman vibrational spectrum showed four Eg modes centered at 197.84, 399.24, 514.50, and 641.58 cm-1 representing the anatase phase of TiO2-NPs. The strongest and broadened peak of anatase was observed at the frequency of 641.58 cm-1. The metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa exposed to the MIC of TiO2-NPs was measured based on the reduction of tetrazolium salt by the dehydrogenase enzyme, produced by the metabolically active bacterial cells. The reduction in TTC was evident from the appearance of a red colored formazan in the solution. A noticeable suppression in the cell viability by 30.76 ±â€¯3.96% of P. aeruginosa in the biofilm mode was found in presence of TiO2-NPs. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of TiO2-NPs exhibited profound antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa by effectively preventing the adherence of the planktonic cells to the substratum. Thus, these NPs may be employed in controlling bacterial infections associated with biofilm.

Macleaya cordata extract alleviated oxidative stress and altered innate immune response in mice challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

This study examines the effects of dietary Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on bacterial burden and resistance to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in ICR mice. ICR mice were randomly distributed into one of the following groups: (i) basal diet; (ii) basal diet with 200 mg kg-1 MCE; (iii) basal diet challenged with ETEC; and (iv) basal diet with 200 mg kg-1 MCE and challenged with ETEC. Following a 7-day period of pre-treatment, CTRL-ETEC and MCE-ETEC mice were subjected to oral infection using 5×108E. coli SEC 470. The results showed dietary 200 mg kg-1 MCE markedly reduced intestinal ETEC burden (P < 0.05) and the disease-associated mortality was significantly alleviated in the MCE treated group (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary MCE markedly alleviated ETEC-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by the lowered methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) abundance and enhanced activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MCE mice exhibited higher immune activity, which might have further mediated ETEC infection. These results indicate MCE plays a preventative role with respect to ETEC infection. Future research should aim to develop MCE as a therapeutic approach to the promotion of intestinal health and a safeguard against ETEC infection.

Rapid biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Tropaeolum majus L. and its enhanced in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer properties.

Eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles from medicinal plants as reducing agent has gained importance due to its potential therapeutic uses. In the present study Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were eco-friendly synthesized using the leaf extracts of the medicinal plant Tropaeolum majus. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV - visible spectrum, FTIR, SEM and XRD which clearly showed the reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0. In addition, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were analyzed for phytochemicals and its antioxidant activities. GC-MS spectrum showed the presence of 25 compounds with benzeneacetic acid as the dominant contents. The synthesized AgNPs revealed maximum absorption spectrum at 463 nm and FTIR vibrational peaks at 3357.46, 21,966.52, 2118.42, 1637.27, 658.571 and 411.728 cm-1 respectively. SEM and XRD studies evidenced the nature of nanocrystalline with face centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. Both AgNPs and plant extracts showed more inhibition activity against Pseudomonas aeroginosa compared to other bacteria with MIC value of 6.25 µg/ml. Antifungal activities was higher for Penicilium notatum with MIC value 31.2 µg/ml. The IC50 values for MCF7 for aqueous extract were found to be 4.68 µg/ml, ethanol extract 7.5 µg/ml, AgNPs 2.49 µg/ml, and doxorubicin 1.4 µg/ml. The IC50 values for VERO cell line for aqueous extract was 8.1 µg/ml, ethanol extract with 6.8 µg/ml, silver nanoparticles 5.3 µg/ml and doxorubicin 2.6 µg/ml respectively. Conclusively, the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the synthesized AgNPs from Tropaeolum majus act as major therapeutic drug for microbial infectious disease and other health associated disorders.

One step green synthesis of larvicidal, and azo dye degrading antibacterial nanoparticles by response surface methodology.

The present study explored the one step extracellular green synthesis of Iron oxide (FexOy) and manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnNPs) using aqueous extract of Acorus calamus rhizome. The organic chemicals including polyphenol compounds responsible for bio-reduction and stabilization from the polyphenol enriched microwave irradiated aqueous extract of Acorus calamus were studied using GC-MS analysis. Further, their synthesis conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) using three variables. The green synthesized Iron oxide and Manganese oxide NPs were characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM. Results indicated that the Iron oxide NPs and mixture of iron and manganese NPs showed photocatalytic excellent activities in reducing dyes like methylene blue (0.1%) and Congo red (0.25%) at 0.03% NPs. However, Mn NPs showed moderate activity. On a contrary, manganese showed better larvicidal activity compared to Iron oxide NPs against the phytopathogens commonly affecting the vegetable crops. The present finding showed that high mortality rate at 30 µg/ml concentration of manganese NPs was comparatively interesting. In addition, NPs overall had appreciable activity with P. aeruginosa being more sensitive to Iron oxide NPs (22 ±â€¯2 mm zone of inhibition) and manganese NPs (13 ±â€¯2 mm zone of inhibition) and Iron oxide NPs completely inhibited the growth of A. flavus at 40 µg/ml concentration.

Simultaneous production of commercial enzymes using agro industrial residues by statistical approach.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous production of commercial enzymes using agro-industrial residues by statistical approach is an important perspective in an industrial point of view. Despite the advantages of statistical methods optimization, the report on simultaneous production of pectinase and amylases are limited. The accumulation of agro-industrial residues causes serious environmental problems; however, citrus peel can be the important substrate for various enzymes production, including pectinase. These enzymes involving saccharification process and act as clarifying agent. RESULTS: In this study, orange peel and banana peel mixture were used as the suitable substrate for pectinase and amylase production using Bacillus pumilus in solid-state culture. The process parameters were optimized for simultaneous production of enzymes by a traditional-one-variable-at-a-time approach, a two level full factorial design, central composite design and response surface methodology. Among the selected variables, moisture content of the medium, pH and mineral supplement significantly influenced pectinase and amylase production. Pectinase production increased over 3-fold, whereas, 2-fold increase on amylase production was achieved after optimization by statistical approach. The purified pectinase exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0, temperature of 60 °C and the molecular weight was 60 kDa. The purified amylase was highly active at pH 8.0, at 50 °C and the molecular weight was 37 kDa. The enzyme showed activity on fruit pulp in increasing clarity in orange and carrot juice and the saccharification of starch. CONCLUSION: Orange peel and banana peel mixture was effective as a solid medium for the simultaneous production of pectinase and amylase by Bacillus pumilus. Also, our statistical approach to optimize the medium components to yield more pectinase and amylase was fruitful and these enzymes showed appreciable results suitable for various applications. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ultrasound assisted pectic polysaccharide extraction and its characterization from waste heads of Helianthus annus.

The main aim of this current work is to extract pectin from waste heads of Helianthus annus by ultrasound and optimize the process variables (ultrasound power (USP), pH, time of sonication (TS) and ratio of solid to liquid (RSL) on maximal recovery of pectin using central composite statistical experimental design. In addition to that, extracted pectin at optimal condition was characterized and compared with commercial pectin. The optimal extraction process condition was USP of 375w, pH of 3.2, TS of 32min and RSL of 1:15g/ml. Mean experimental pectin yield of 8.89±0.024% was well accord with predicted pectin yield (8.91%). Analysis of chemical composition and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of extracted pectin did not show any significant difference with commercial pectin. XRD analysis illustrated a similar crystalline profile in both extracted and commercial pectin. Morphological analysis was performed on fresh and extracted samples using scanning electron microscopy.

Green chemical approach towards the synthesis of CeO2 doped with seashell and its bacterial applications intermediated with fruit extracts.

Nanomaterials of CeO2 with A. vera were synthesized by using simple chemical method. Grapes drops are used as an oxidizing agent. Structural and morphological studies of nanomaterials of cerium oxide (CeO2), were studied for combustion method of preparation. The precursor solution was initialized by a hydrothermal reaction. Cerium hydroxyl carbonate precursors which involves cerium (III) nitrate Ce(NO3)3. 6 H2O with (1.0M) of seashell powder, 3% A. vera, extracts, grapes and pomegranate drops and this complex solution was used to produce the CeO2 powder particles. We have prepared another sample with 5% of Aloe vera extract and found that 3% Aloe vera extract has lesser grain size and enhanced band gap values, so the article explained the sample analysis of combination with 3% extract of Aloe vera. The product has the rod pattern which was the unusual features appear to originate from the unique crystal chemistry aspects. From the optical absorption spectrum, it has been shown that the CeO2 rods have 3.847eV of direct band gap energy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the synthesized compounds exhibited activity towards various microbial pathogens such as B. subtilis (15µg/mL), S. aureus (50µg/mL), S. epidermidis (20µg/mL), E. faecalis (25µg/mL) and towards E. coli (100µg/mL), K. pneumoniae (50µg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (75µg/mL) respectively. The tests on bacterial activities confirmed that the CeO2 rods are suitable hand for the biological applications. The seashell structure and the phytochemical contents of A. vera might enhance its bacterial activities.