Molecular interactions of esculin with bovine serum albumin and recognition of binding sites with spectroscopy and molecular docking.

Esculin is structurally a hydroxycoumarin found in various medicinal plants. This study investigates the binding mode of esculin with bovine serum albumin by employing numerous spectroscopic studies and molecular docking approaches. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy revealed ground state complex formation between esculin and bovine serum albumin. At the same time, steady-state fluorescence studies showed quenching in the fluorescence emission spectra of BSA in the presence of esculin. To get insight into the location of the binding pocket of esculin on BSA, warfarin and ibuprofen site markers were used. Competitive site marker displacement assay revealed that esculin binds to Sudlow's site I (subdomain IIA) in bovine serum albumin. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interaction stabilizes the esculin-BSA complex. Förster's non-radiation energy transfer analysis described the high propensity of energy transfer between bovine serum albumin and esculin. The molecular docking approach facilitated locating the binding pocket, amino acid residues involved, types of interacting forces, and binding energy (ΔG) between esculin and BSA. Circular dichroism revealed the effect of the binding of esculin on the secondary structure and helped understand the thermal unfolding profile of BSA in the presence of esculin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarm.

The Detailed Pharmacodynamics of the Gut Relaxant Effect and GC-MS Analysis of the Grewia tenax Fruit Extract: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approach.

The study was performed to assess and rationalize the traditional utilization of the fruit part of Grewia tenax (G. tenax). The phytoconstituents present in the methanolic extract were analyzed using Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), while the anti-diarrheal activity was investigated in the Swiss albino mice against castor oil-provoked diarrhea in vivo. The antispasmodic effect and the possible pharmacodynamics of the observed antispasmodic effect were determined in an isolated rat ileum using the organ bath setup as an ex vivo model. GC-MS findings indicate that G. tenax is rich in alcohol (6,6-dideutero-nonen-1-ol-3) as the main constituent (20.98%), while 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (15.36%) was detected as the second major constituents whereas methyl furfural, pyranone, carboxylic acid, vitamin E, fatty acid ester, hydrocarbon, steroids, sesquiterpenes, phytosterols, and ketones were verified as added constituents in the methanolic extract. In mice, the orally administered G. tenax inhibited the diarrheal episodes significantly (p < 0.05) at 200 mg/kg (40% protection), and this protection was escalated to 80% with the next higher dose of 400 mg/kg. Loperamide (10 mg/kg), a positive control drug, imparted 100% protection, whereas no protection was shown by saline. In isolated rat ileum, G. tenax completely inhibited the carbamylcholine (CCh; 1 µM) and KCl (high K+; 80 mM)-evoked spasms in a concentrations-mediated manner (0.03 to 3 mg/mL) by expressing equal potencies (p > 0.05) against both types of evoked spasms, similar to papaverine, having dual inhibitory actions at phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and Ca2+ channels (CCB). Similar to papaverine, the inhibitory effect of G. tenax on PDE was further confirmed indirectly when G. tenax (0.1 and 0.3 mg/mL) preincubated ileal tissues shifted the isoprenaline-relaxation curve towards the left. Whereas, pre-incubating the tissue with 0.3 and 1 mg/mL of G. tenax established the CCB-like effect by non-specific inhibition of CaCl2−mediated concentration-response curves towards the right with suppression of the maximum peaks, similar to verapamil, a standard CCB. Thus, the present investigation revealed the phytochemical constituents and explored the detailed pharmacodynamic basis for the curative use of G. tenax in diarrhea and hyperactive gut motility disorders.

GC-MS Analysis and In Vivo and Ex Vivo Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Effects of the Methanolic Extract of Acacia nilotica.

This present study evaluated and rationalized the medicinal use of the fruit part of Acacia nilotica methanolic extract. The phytochemicals were detected using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) while the in vivo antidiarrheal test was done using Swiss albino mice. To determine the details of the mechanism(s) involved in the antispasmodic effect, isolated rat ileum was chosen using different ex vivo assays by maintaining a physiological environment. GC−MS results showed that A. nilotica contained pyrogallol as the major polyphenol present (64.04%) in addition to polysaccharides, polyphenol, amino acid, steroids, fatty acid esters, and triterpenoids. In the antidiarrheal experiment, A. nilotica inhibited diarrheal episodes in mice significantly (p < 0.05) by 40% protection of mice at 200 mg/kg, while 80% protection was observed at 400 mg/kg by the orally administered extract. The highest antidiarrheal effect was observed with loperamide (p < 0.01), used as a control drug. In the ex vivo experiments, A. nilotica inhibited completely in increasing concentrations (0.3 to 10 mg/mL) the carbachol (CCh; 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-evoked spasms in ileum tissues at equal potencies (p > 0.05), similar to papaverine, a dual inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and Ca++ channels. The dual inhibitory-like effects of A. nilotica on PDE and Ca++ were further validated when A. nilotica extract (1 and 3 mg/mL)-pre-incubated ileum tissues potentiated and shifted isoprenaline relaxation curves towards lower doses (leftward), similar to papaverine, thus confirming the PDE inhibitory-like mechanism whereas its CCB-like effect of the extract was confirmed at 3 and 5 mg/mL by non-specific inhibition of CaCl2-mediated concentration response curves towards the right with suppression of the maximum peaks, similar to verapamil, used as standard CCB. Thus, this study characterized the chemical composition and provides mechanistic support for medicinal use of A. nilotica in diarrheal and hyperactive gut motility disorders.

Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Prunus domestica Linn. Fruit.

The increase in the use of herbal medicines has led to the implementation of more stern regulations in terms of quality variation and standardization. As medicinal plants are prone to quality variation acquired due to differences in geographical origin, collection, storage, and processing, it is essential to ensure the quality, efficacy, and biological activity of medicinal plants. This study aims to standardize the widely used fruit, i.e., Prunus domestica Linn., using evaluation techniques (microscopic, macroscopic, and physicochemical analyses), advanced instrumental (HPLC, HPTLC, and GC-MS for phytochemical, aflatoxins, pesticides, and heavy metals), biological, and toxicological techniques (microbial load and antioxidant activities). The results revealed a 6-8 cm fruit with smooth surface, delicious odor, and acidic taste (macroscopy), thin-walled epidermis devoid of cuticle and any kind of excrescences with the existence of xylem and phloem (microscopy), LOD (15.46 ± 2.24%), moisture content (13.27 ± 1.75%), the high extractive value of 24.71 ± 4.94% in water:methanol (1:1; v/v) and with ash values in the allowed limits (physicochemical properties), and the presence of numerous phytochemical classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, etc. (phytochemical screening). Furthermore, no heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Ar), pesticides, ad microbial limits were detected beyond the permissible limits specified, as determined with AAS, GC-MS analysis, and microbial tests. The HPTLC was developed to characterize a complete phytochemical behavior for the components present in P. domestica fruit extract. The parameters utilized with the method used and the results observed for the prunus herein may render this method an effective tool for quality evaluation, standardization, and quality control of P. domestica fruit in research, industries, and market available food products of prunus.

Development and Validation of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Caffeine in Non-Alcoholic Soft and Energy Drinks.

BACKGROUND: The popularity of beverages such as cold coffee, iced tea, and energy drinks has risen tremendously among athletes and youths. Energy drinks are used to enhance performance due to the presence of a high amount of caffeine (CFN) and sugars, as well as other constituents such as vitamins, amino acids, taurine, extracts of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, guarana, and other herbal products. Commercial drinks are promoted as being beneficial to health; thus it is an important concern regarding adverse effects linked with these drinks or products. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to develop and validate the ultra performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) method for the estimation of CFN in eight marketed non-alcoholic drinks including two soft drinks and six energy drinks. METHOD: The chromatographic separation of CFN was achieved on Acquity UPLC® CSHTM C18 1.7 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm column, using isocratic mode, mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and water (30:70, v/v) at a flow rate 0.3 mL/min using injection volume 1 µL. RESULTS: The elution of CFN occurred at 1.06 min, and the calibration curve of the CFN was computed from the peak area ratio detected at 273 nm. All the validation parameters were found within the assay variability limits as per ICH guidelines. The obtained results revealed that the soft drinks SD1 and SD2 have 87.21 ± 1.28 and 101.81 ± 1.52% (w/w), whereas CFN concentration in energy drink brands ED1, ED2, ED3, ED4, ED5, and ED6 was 95.90 ± 1.62, 64.0 ± 1.07, 76.68 ± 1.95, 74.97 ± 2.33, 82.09 ± 2.43, and 88.04 ± 2.94% (w/w) of labeled claims, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The developed UPLC method was found suitable for the quality control of commercial soft and energy drinks containing CFN. HIGHLIGHTS: The developed chromatographic method is very simple, cost effective and could be utilized for the routine analysis of caffeine in the soft and energy drinks.

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology.

There are more than 30 species of Glycyrrhiza genus extensively spread worldwide. It was the most prescribed herb in Ancient Egyptian, Roman, Greek, East China, and the West from the Former Han era. There are various beneficial effects of licorice root extracts, such as treating throat infections, tuberculosis, respiratory, liver diseases, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunodeficiency. On the other hand, traditional medicines are getting the attraction to treat many diseases. Therefore, it is vital to screen the medicinal plants to find the potential of new compounds to treat chronic diseases such as respiratory, cardiovascular, anticancer, hepatoprotective, etc. This work comprehensively reviews ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence, and the toxicology of licorice, which will serve as a resource for future clinical and fundamental studies. An attempt has been made to establish the pharmacological effect of licorice in different diseases. In addition, the focus of this review article is on the molecular mechanism of licorice extracts and their four flavonoids (isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, lichalocone, and glabridin) pharmacologic activities. Licorice could be a natural alternative for current therapy to exterminate new emerging disorders with mild side effects. This review will provide systematic insights into this ancient drug for further development and clinical use.

An Overview of Phytochemical and Biological Activities: Ficus deltoidea Jack and Other Ficus spp.

Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Pharmacological Efficacy of Tamarix aphylla: A Comprehensive Review.

Tamarix aphylla is a well-known species of the genus Tamarix. T. aphylla (Tamaricaceae) is a perennial tree in Asia, the Middle East, and Central Africa. It is used as a carminative diuretic in tuberculosis, leprosy, and hepatitis. Various pharmacological properties have been shown by T. aphylla, such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anticholinesterase, and wound-healing activity. However, T. aphylla has not received much attention for its secondary metabolites and bioactive constituents. Research has shown that this plant has hidden potential that needs to be explored. This review aims to cover botanical classification, geographical distribution, taxonomy, ethnobotanical uses, and the phytochemical compounds found in T. aphylla. The toxicology and pharmacological effects of T. aphylla are also discussed. We examined various scholarly resources to gather information on T. aphylla, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Springer Link, PubMed, and Web of Science. The finding of this work validates a connection between T. aphylla in conventional medicine and its antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antifungal, anticholinesterase, and other biological effects. T. aphylla's entire plant (such as bark, leaves, fruits) and root extracts have been used to treat hypertension, stomach discomfort, hair loss, cough and asthma, abscesses, wounds, rheumatism, jaundice, fever, tuberculosis, and gum and tooth infection. The phytochemical screening revealed that noticeably all extracts were devoid of alkaloids, followed by the presence of tannins. In addition, different parts have revealed the existence of steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and byproducts of gallic acid and ellagic acid. T. aphylla has shown many valuable activities against different diseases and supports its traditional uses. Therefore, high-quality preclinical research and well-designated clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of this plant in humans.

Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Paradigm Shift.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, polygenic and non-infectious group of diseases that occurs due to insulin resistance or its low production by the pancreas and is also associated with lifelong damage, dysfunction and collapse of various organs. Management of diabetes is quite complex having many bodily and emotional complications and warrants efficient measures for prevention and control of the same. As per the estimates of the current and future diabetes prevalence, around 425 million people were diabetic in 2017 which is anticipated to rise up to 629 million by 2045. Various studies have vaguely proven the fact that several vitamins, minerals, botanicals and secondary metabolites demonstrate hypoglycemic activity in vivo as well as in vitro. Flavonoids, anthocyanin, catechin, lipoic acid, coumarin metabolites, etc. derived from herbs were found to elicit a significant influence on diabetes. However, the prescription of herbal compounds depend on various factors, including the degree of diabetes progression, comorbidities, feasibility, economics as well as their ADR profile. For instance, cinnamon could be a more favorable choice for diabetic hypertensive patients. Diabecon®, Glyoherb® and Diabeta Plus® are some of the herbal products that had been launched in the market for the favorable or adjuvant therapy of diabetes. Moreover, Aloe vera leaf gel extract demonstrates significant activity in diabetes. The goal of this review was to inscribe various classes of secondary metabolites, in particular those obtained from plants, and their role in the treatment of DM. Recent advancements in recognizing the markers which can be employed for identifying altered metabolic pathways, biomarker discovery, limitations, metabolic markers of drug potency and off-label effects are also reviewed.

Box-Behnken supported development and validation of robust HPTLC method: an application in estimation of punarnavine in leaf, stem, and their callus of Boerhavia diffusa Linn.

Boerhavia diffusa (BD) Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) is one of the most commonly used herbs in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the urinary disorders. The aim of the current investigation was to carry out initiation, development, and maintenance of BD callus cultures and quantitative estimation of punarnavine in plant and callus extracts. Leaves and stem of BD were used as explant for the tissue culture studies using Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. MS Media comprising 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) (1 ppm) and 2,4-D (1 ppm) + Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1.0 ppm) were found to yield friable callus from leaf explant; similarly, 2,4-D (0.3 ppm) + IAA (0.75 ppm) + Kinetin (0.3 ppm) and 2,4-D (0.5 ppm) + Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.5 ppm) + Kinetin (0.3 ppm) were found to yield friable callus from the stem explant. High-performance thin-layer chromatography method was been developed for the quantitative estimation of punarnavine (R f = 0.73) using mobile phase containing toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid in the ratio (7.0:2.5:0.7, v/v/v) at 262 nm. The validated method was found linear (r 2 = 0.9971) in a wide range (100-1000 ng spot-1), precise, accurate, and robust. The values of limit of detection, LOD = 30.3 ng spot-1, and limit of quantification, LOQ = 100.0 ng spot-1. The robustness of the method was proved by applying the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The developed method found appropriate for the quality control of medicinal plants containing punarnavine as a constituent.

Tamarindus indica Fruit: Pharmacognostical Standardization, Detection of Contaminant, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the current study was to perform pharmacognostical, physiochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Tamarindus indica Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) fruit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study deals with pharmacognostical characters as identification parameters of the fruit, which were subjected to macro- and microscopical studies. Physiochemical analysis was performed as per World Health Organization-recommended parameters. Toxicological parameters such as heavy metals, aflatoxins, and pesticide residue and presence of microbial count were analyzed. This study also deals with the thin layer chromatography/high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting and antioxidant activity. RESULTS: The microscopy study revealed the presence of epidermis, vascular bundles, parenchyma cells, mucilage fiber, starch grain, and nonlignified fibers. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying, moisture content, ash value, and extractive value were also determined. Heavy metal, aflatoxin, total microbial load, and pesticide residues were found to be variable but under the permissible limits. CONCLUSION: It is critical to analyze these parameters in each crude herbal drug before further processing to ensure their safety and efficacy for better approval at the international podium. This study revealed precise identification for the meticulous crude drug which will be valuable in detection and manage to adulterations of the raw material.

Purification, modeling and structural insights of calmodulin-binding receptor like cytoplasmic kinase 2 from Oroxylum Indicum.

Calmodulin binding receptor like cytoplasmic kinase 2 (CRCK2) belongs to the family of receptor like kinases (RLKs) which is mainly implicated in pathways associated with the stress responses in plants. The protein from the stem of Oroxylum indicum was isolated and purified using anion-exchange followed by gel filtration chromatography. The purity of protein was checked using SDS-PAGE, which showed a single band of 50 kDa. The purified protein was identified as CRCK2 using MALDI-TOF. Using I-TASSER, a bioinformatics tools, the model of protein was constructed and its secondary structure was predicted using VADAR. The secondary structure content was also determined by far-UV CD, which indicated that the CRCK2 is mainly ß-sheet dominating protein (43% ß-sheet). The secondary structural content predication from computational method is in close agreement with the result obtained by CD spectropolarimeter. This study validates I-TASSER model for determination of structure of a protein. Moreover, stability of CRCK2 was monitored against heat- and guanidinium chloride (GdmCl)-induced denaturation by using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Denaturation curve analysis gave values of 2.88 ±â€¯0.12 kcal mol-1and 4.11 ±â€¯0.09 M for ∆°GD (Gibbs free energy change at 25 °C) and Cm (midpoint of denaturation), respectively. It has been observed that purified CRCK2 is quite stable protein against both heat-induced as well as GdmCl-induced denaturation. This is very first report of purification and biophysical characterization of CRCK2 protein from medicinal plant O. indicum.

Allium sativum Protease Inhibitor: A Novel Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor from Garlic Is a New Comrade of the Serpin Family.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to purify and characterize the Protease inhibitor (PI) from a plant Allium sativum (garlic) with strong medicinal properties and to explore its phytodrug potentials. METHODS: Allium sativum Protease Inhibitor (ASPI) was purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography on anion exchanger Hi-Trap DEAE column. The purified protein was analyzed for its purity and molecular weight by SDS PAGE. The confirmation of presence of trypsin inhibiting PI was performed by MALDI TOF-TOF and analyzed by MASCOT database. The ASPI was further investigated for its kinetic properties and stability under extreme conditions of pH, temperature and chemical denaturants. Secondary structure was determined by Circular Dichorism (CD) spectroscopy. RESULTS: ASPI of ~15 kDa inhibited trypsin and matched "truncated kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (Glycine max)" in MASCOT database. The purified ASPI showed 30376.1371 U/mg specific activity with a fold purity of 159.92 and yield ~93%. ASPI was quite stable in the range of pH 2-12 showing a decline in the activity around pH 4-5 suggesting that the pI value of the protein as ASPI aggregates in this range. ASPI showed stability to a broad range of temperature (10-80°C) but declined beyond 80°C. Further, detergents, oxidizing agents and reducing agents demonstrated change in ASPI activity under varying concentrations. The kinetic analysis revealed sigmoidal relationship of velocity with substrate concentration with Vmax 240.8 (µM/min) and Km value of 0.12 µM. ASPI showed uncompetitive inhibition with a Ki of 0.08±0.01 nM). The Far UV CD depicted 2.0% α -helices and 51% ß -sheets at native pH. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, purified ~15 kDa ASPI exhibited fair stability in wide range of pH and temperature Overall, there was an increase in purification fold with remarkable yield. Chemical modification studies suggested the presence of lysine and tryptophan residues as lead amino acids present in the reactive sites. Therefore, ASPI with trypsin inhibitory property has the potential to be used as a non-cytotoxic clinical agents.

Purification and characterization of RGA2, a Rho2 GTPase-activating protein from Tinospora cordifolia.

Rho GTPases activating protein 2 (RGA2) is primarily involved in the modulation of numerous morphological events in eukaryotes. It protects plants by triggering the defense system which restricts the pathogen growth. This is the first report on the isolation, purification and characterization of RGA2 from the stems of Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plant. The RGA2 was purified using simple two-step process using DEAE-Hi-Trap FF and Superdex 200 chromatography columns, with a high yield. The purity of RGA2 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and identified by MALDI-TOF/MS. The purified protein was further characterized for its secondary structural elements using the far-UV circular dichroism measurements. Our purification procedure is simple two-step process with high yield which can be further used to produce RGA2 for structural and functional studies.

Purification and characterization of oligonucleotide binding (OB)-fold protein from medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia.

The oligonucleotide binding fold (OB-fold) is a small structural motif present in many proteins. It is originally named for its oligonucleotide or oligosaccharide binding properties. These proteins have been identified as essential for replication, recombination and repair of DNA. We have successfully purified a protein contains OB-fold from the stem of Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plants of north India. Stems were crushed and centrifuged, and fraction obtained at 60% ammonium sulphate was extensively dialyzed and applied to the weak anion exchange chromatography on Hi-Trap DEAE-FF in 50mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0. Eluted fractions were concentrated and applied to gel filtration column to get pure protein. We observed a single band of 20-kDa on SDS-PAGE. Finally, the protein was identified as OB-fold by MALDI-TOF. The purified OB-fold protein was characterized for its secondary structural elements using circular dichroism (CD) in the far-UV region. Generally the OB-fold has a characteristic feature as five-stranded beta-sheet coiled to form a closed beta- barrel. To estimate its chemical stability, guanidinium chloride-induced denaturation curve was followed by observing changes in the far-UV CD as a function of the denaturant concentration. Analysis of this denaturation curve gave values of 8.90±0.25kcalmol(-1) and 3.78±0.18M for ΔGD° (Gibbs free energy change at 25°C) and Cm (midpoint of denaturation), respectively. To determine heat stability parameters of OB-fold protein, differential scanning calorimetry was performed. Calorimetric values of ΔGD°, Tm (midpoint of denaturation), ΔHm (enthalpy change at Tm), and ΔCp (constant-pressure heat capacity change) are 9.05±0.27kcalmol(-1), 85.2±0,3°C, 105±4kcalmol(-1) and 1.6±0.08kcalmol(-1)K(-1). This is the first report on the isolation, purification and characterization of OB-fold protein from a medicinal plant T. cordifolia.

Ameliorating effects of Tamarindus indica fruit extract on anti-tubercular drugs induced liver toxicity in rats.

The study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica fruit against combination of two antitubercular drugs viz. Isoniazid and Rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of T. indica by DPPH-HPLC method was found to be 81.48%. Treatment with aqueous extract of T. indica significantly reduced the elevated levels of biochemical markers such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, TBARS and increased the albumin level as well antioxidant activities of SOD, CAT and GSH in intoxicated rats. The biochemical changes were supported by histological observations. Results of this study clearly demonstrate that aqueous extract of T. indica fruit protects against anti tuberculosis induced oxidative liver damage in rats and thus possess significant hepatoprotective activity. Further, it could be suggested that supplementation with this food extract might prove beneficial in the individuals on anti-TB drugs.

Purification and characterization of Ras related protein, Rab5a from Tinospora cordifolia.

Ras related protein (Rab5a) is one of the most important member of the Rab family which regulates the early endosome fusion in endocytosis, and it also helps in the regulation of the budding process. Here, for the first time we report a simple and reproducible method for the purification of the Rab5a from a medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. We have used weak cation-exchange (CM-Sepharose-FF) followed by gel-filtration chromatography. A purified protein of 22-kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE which was identified as Rab5a using MALDI-TOF/MS. Our purification procedure is fast and simple with high yield. The purified protein was characterized using circular dichroism for the measurement of secondary structure followed by GdmCl- and urea-induced denaturation to calculate the values of Gibbs free energy change (ΔGD), ΔGD°, midpoint of the denaturation Cm, i.e. molar GdmCl [GdmCl] and molar urea [Urea] concentration at which ΔGD=0; and m, the slope (=∂ΔGD/∂[d]) values. Furthermore, thermodynamic properties of Rab5a were also measured by differential scanning calorimeter. Here, using isothermal calorimeteric measurements we further showed that Rab5a binds with the GTP. This is a first report on the purification and biophysical characterization of Rab5a protein from T. cordifolia.

Development of response surface methodology for optimization of extraction parameters and quantitative estimation of embelin from Embelia ribes Burm by high performance liquid chromatography.

BACKGROUND: Embelia ribes Burm is widely used medicinal plant for the treatment of different types of disorders in the Indian traditional systems of medicine. OBJECTIVE: The present work was aimed to optimize the extraction parameters of embelin from E. ribes fruits and also to quantify embelin content in different extracts of the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Optimization of extraction parameters such as solvent: drug ratio, temperature and time were carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). Quantitative estimation of embelin in different extracts of E. ribes fruits was done through high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The optimal conditions determined for extraction of embelin through RSM were; extraction time (27.50 min), extraction temperature 45°C and solvent: drug ratio (8:1). Under the optimized conditions, the embelin yield (32.71%) was equitable to the expected yield (31.07%, P > 0.05). These results showed that the developed model is satisfactory and suitable for the extraction process of embelin. The analysis of variance showed a high goodness of model fit and the accomplishment of the RSM method for improving embelin extraction from the fruits of E. ribes. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that this may be a useful method for the extraction and quantitative estimation of embelin from the fruits of E. ribes.

Determination of Curcuminoids in Curcuma longa Linn. by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS: An Application in Turmeric Cultivation.

Cucuma longa Linn. (Fam-Zingiberaceae) is a valued medicinal plant contains curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) as major bioactive constituents. Previously reported analytical methods for analysis of curcuminoids were found to suffer from low resolution, lower sensitivity and longer analytical times. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, selective high-throughput ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of curcuminoids with an aim to reduce analysis time and enhance efficiency. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis showed large variation (1.408-5.027% w/w) of curcuminoids among different samples with respect to their occurrence of metabolite and their concentration. The results showed that Erode (south province) contains highest quantity of curcuminoids and concluded to be the superior varieties. The results obtained here could be valuable for devising strategies for cultivating this medicinal plant.

Anti-inflammatory and gastro sparing activity of some new indomethacin derivatives.

Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug but its use is associated with high degree of gastric toxicity therefore it is prescribed only in severe conditions. In order to reduce the gastric toxicity of indomethacin, various oxadiazole, triazole, thiadiazole and triazine derivatives have been synthesized. Out of thirteen cyclized derivatives, eleven were screened for anti-inflammatory activity by Winter et al. method. Four compounds showed highly significant activity and were further tested for analgesic, ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activities. The tested compounds showed anti-inflammatory activities in the range from about 32% to 85% as compared to that of indomethacin of about 96%. The compounds showing high anti-inflammatory activity also exhibited reduction in severity index. These compounds also produced less malondialdehyde content in gastric mucosa than the standard drug indomethacin. The study showed that the compounds inhibited the induction of gastric mucosal lesions and it can be suggested from our results that their protective effects may be related to inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa.