ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a new technology for noninvasively stimulating the brain. Several studies have suggested that daily stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex with TMS for 2 weeks has probable antidepressant effects. We conducted a parallel-design, double-masked, sham-controlled study to address whether 2 weeks of daily TMS over the left prefrontal cortex has antidepressant activity greater than sham. METHODS: Thirty medication-free adult outpatients with nonpsychotic, major depressive (n = 21) or bipolar (n = 9) (depressed phase) disorder who were in a current major depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HRSD] 21-item score of >18) were treated each weekday for 2 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either daily active (20 subjects) or sham (10 subjects) stimulation. Additionally, the 20 active subjects were equally divided between slower (5 Hz) and faster (20 Hz) frequency treatment. Antidepressant response was defined as greater than a 50% improvement in the baseline HRSD. RESULTS: Active TMS resulted in significantly more responders (9/20) than did sham (0/10) (chi(2) = 6.42, p <.01). The number of responders did not differ significantly between the two active cells (3/10 faster and 6/10 slower). Expressed as a percent change from baseline, active TMS subjects had significantly greater improvement on the Beck Depression Inventory as well as the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale than did those who received sham. CONCLUSIONS: Daily left prefrontal TMS for 2 weeks significantly reduced depression symptoms greater than did sham. The two forms of active TMS treatment did not differ significantly.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/therapy , Electric Stimulation Therapy , Electromagnetic Fields , Prefrontal Cortex/physiology , Adult , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects , Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Treatment of schizophrenia is often complicated by substance abuse. We report here findings of a retrospective study evaluating readmission rates of patients meeting DSM IV criteria comorbid for schizophrenia and alcohol or drug dependence treated with depot haloperidol or fluphenazine over a 2-year period. During the study period, 14 of the 26 (54%) male veteran patients were admitted to the VAMC, Charleston; 46% of patients met criteria for alcohol, marijuana or cocaine dependence. Patients with alcohol dependence appeared to be at highest risk for hospital admission (p < 0.05). Moreover, patients with alcohol dependence had longer hospital stays (p < 0.05) than patients without alcohol dependence. Marijuana or cocaine dependence was slightly, but not statistically more common among admitted patients. Marijuana or cocaine dependence did not predict length of stay or number of admissions. Alcohol dependence may be an important factor in schizophrenic exacerbation, and may be an important target for treatment.
Subject(s)
Alcoholism/epidemiology , Haloperidol/therapeutic use , Patient Readmission/statistics & numerical data , Schizophrenia/epidemiology , Adult , Alcoholism/rehabilitation , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Cocaine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/rehabilitation , Comorbidity , Female , Fluphenazine/analogs & derivatives , Fluphenazine/therapeutic use , Humans , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Male , Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology , Marijuana Abuse/rehabilitation , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Schizophrenia/rehabilitation , Treatment Refusal/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) affects the brain by non-invasively stimulating the cerebral cortex and inducing electrical currents in neurons. The powerful magnetic field acts as a vector that passes across the scalp and the skull, and then converts into an electrical energy within the brain. Originally used in neurophysiology, TMS has since been applied in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, including mood disorders. Imaging studies in mood-disordered patients have pointed to dysfunctional limbic and prefrontal cortex activity. TMS researchers have thus postulated that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation might change brain activity both locally and in paralimbic areas through transynaptic connections, and alter mood. METHODS: We will describe the technology of TMS, its applications to date, and explore its mechanisms of action. RESULTS: Several clinical trials have demonstrated TMS effects on mood in health and disease. There is a growing consensus that TMS has antidepressant effects, although little is known about the role played by a variety of stimulation parameters such as the intensity or frequency of stimulation. One study has found an antimanic effect of right prefrontal TMS. CONCLUSION: TMS is relatively safe; however, much more research is needed before TMS can be integrated into routine clinical practice.