ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Adipogenesis is the fat cell formation process regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ). The insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) has a major role in glucose uptake and metabolism in insulin target tissues (i.e., adipose and muscle cells). The interplay between PPARγ and GLUT4 is essential for proper glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to isolate, elucidate, and investigate the effect of an isolated compound from Penicillium citrinum XT6 on adipogenesis, PPARγ, and GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS: The isolated compound was determined by analyzing spectroscopic data (LC-MS, FT-IR, Spectrophotometry UV-Vis, and NMR). The adipogenesis activity of the isolated compound in 3T3-L1 cells was determined by the Oil Red O staining method. RT-PCR was used to analyze the gene expression of PPARγ and GLUT4. RESULTS: Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) was the isolated compound from P.citrinum XT6. The results revealed adipogenesis stimulation and inhibition, as well as PPARγ and GLUT4 expressions. CONCLUSIONS: DEHP showed a non-monotonic dose-response (NMDR) effect on adipogenesis and PPARγ and GLUT4 expression. It is the first study that reveals DEHP's NMDR effects on lipid and glucose metabolism in adipocytes.
Subject(s)
Adipogenesis , Diethylhexyl Phthalate , Mice , Animals , PPAR gamma/genetics , PPAR gamma/metabolism , PPAR gamma/pharmacology , 3T3-L1 Cells , Glucose Transporter Type 4/genetics , Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Glucose/metabolism , Glucose/pharmacology , Adipocytes/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is the third leading cause of death in Indonesia (6.7 %), followed by stroke (21.1 %) and coronary heart disease (12.9 %). The prevalence of diabetes worldwide continues to increase on a yearly basis, including in Indonesia. Diabetes is a significant burden for many countries due to the high costs of treatment and reduced productivity of diabetes patients. Comprehensive strategies to prevent and treat diabetes are therefore mandatory. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are the first-line therapy for diabetes mellitus patients; however, these oral drugs still have several side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies on medicinal plants with hypoglycemic effects to identify substances that have an anti-diabetic potential resembling physiological processes in the body. Indonesian people often use herbal medicines empirically, but the benefits have not been scientifically documented. Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a native Indonesian gymnosperm plant, and the seeds are often processed into food. Melinjo seeds extract contains many polyphenols, including trans-resveratrol. CONCLUSION: Studies on the health benefits of resveratrol are widely available, including antidiabetes and blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes.