ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To review diet risk factors (RF) implied, more or less evidence-based, in the etiopathology of prostate carcinoma (PC), especially those that characterize the traditional Mediterranean diet (MD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature review of PC related diet RF in MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Search profiles were "Dietetic Factors/Nutritional Factors/Mediterranean Diet/Primary Prevention", and "Prostate Cancer". RESULTS: Diet RF are associated with 35% of cancer mortality and 10-12% of PC mortality. The main diet RF, implied in the development of PC but with a protective effect, which are considered characteristic of MD are: high daily ingestion of vegetarian products (cereals, legumes, dried and fresh fruits, tubers, vegetables..); olive oil as main lipid source; low intake of animal saturated fat, processed red meat, milk and dairy products; regular consumption of small fish; and low alcohol intake (wine with meals). The MD contains many phytoactive compounds (lycopene, lupeol, quercetin, genistein, carnosol, resveratrol, catechins, vitamins..) with PC protective effects. CONCLUSIONS: Diet RF have a role on prostatic carcinogenesis. Further epidemiologic studies with better designs are needed to clarify PC related diet RF. PC risk is reduced in persons on MD compared with those on Western diet. The preventive effect of MD is due to the great number and quality of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antinflammatory properties that contains.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control , Anticarcinogenic Agents/administration & dosage , Diet, Mediterranean , Prostatic Neoplasms/prevention & control , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Adenocarcinoma/etiology , Animals , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Carotenoids/administration & dosage , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage , Fishes , Flavonoids/administration & dosage , Humans , Life Style , Male , Meat/adverse effects , Phytoestrogens/administration & dosage , Polyphenols/administration & dosage , Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology , Vegetables , WineABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: NB is the most frequent pediatric cancer arising in the sympathetic nervous system and represents a serious healthcare challenge because: 1) it is the most frequent neoplasm in the first decades of life; 2) it biological behavior is unpredictable (spontaneous regression, maturation to ganglioneuroma, and localized and metastasized variants); and 3) little is known about most of the risk factors involved in its etiopathogenesis. The objective of this study was to disseminate knowledge of constitutional and environmental (physical, chemical, biological and social) risk factors linked to the development of neuroblastoma (NB), with various levels of scientific evidence. To seek collaboration among pediatricians in the research project "Environment and Pediatric Cancer". MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature published in the previous 25 years on risk factors for NB diagnosed in the first two decades of life, using Medline, the Science Citation Index and Embase. Search profiles were: "neuroblastoma/childhood sympathetic nervous system neoplasms and risk factors/etiology/epidemiology". The most interesting articles and the most relevant references contained therein were selected. RESULTS: With greater or lesser scientific evidence, the following risk factors increase the risk of developing NB: genetic factors; geographic factors; ethnic factors; socioeconomic factors; infectious factors; physical factors; parental occupational exposure; gestational factors; and perinatal and maternal factors. Preventive factors associated with a lower risk of developing NB are breastfeeding and intake of vitamin supplements during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers to the identification of evidence-based risk factors involved in the development of NB are its complex biology and clinical course, its relative rarity and the difficulty of performing epidemiological studies. Research on constitutional and environmental factors involved in its etiopathogenesis should be stimulated. The best preventive strategy is to recommend breastfeeding for more than 6 months.
Subject(s)
Neuroblastoma/etiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Neuroblastoma/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción. El neuroblastoma, principal tumor pediátrico del sistema nervioso simpático, constituye un serio desafío sanitario por: a) ser la neoplasia más frecuente de las primeras épocas de la vida; b) su enigmático comportamiento biológico (regresión espontánea, maduración a ganglioneuroma, formas localizadas y variedades diseminadas), y c) el desconocimiento actual de la mayoría de los factores de riesgo implicados en su etiopatogenia. El objetivo de este trabajo es divulgar los factores de riesgo constitucionales y medioambientales (físicos, químicos, biológicos y sociales) asociados, con mayor o menor evidencia científica, al desarrollo del neuroblastoma. Recalcar la ayuda de nuestros compañeros para el proyecto de investigación "Medio ambiente y cáncer pediátrico". Material y métodos. Revisión bibliográfica sistemática, de los últimos 25 años, de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el neuroblastoma, durante las primeras dos décadas de vida, obtenida del Medline, Index Citation Science y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda utilizados han sido: "neuroblastoma/childhood simpatic nervous system neoplasms and risk factors/etiology/epidemiology". Se han seleccionado los artículos más interesantes, y de sus referencias, las más relevantes. Resultados. Los siguientes factores de riesgo, con mayor o menor evidencia científica, incrementan el riesgo de neuroblastoma: genéticos, geográficos, étnicos, socioeconómicos, infecciosos, físicos, exposiciones parentales ocupacionales, gestacionales, maternos y perinatales. Los factores preventivos asociados a un menor riesgo de desarrollar neuroblastoma son la lactancia materna y los complementos vitamínicos gestacionales. Conclusiones. La complejidad biológico-evolutiva del neuroblastoma, su rareza relativa y las dificultades de los estudios epidemiológicos constituyen los principales obstáculos para identificar con suficiente evidencia científica los factores de riesgo asociados a su desarrollo. Es necesario fomentar la investigación de los determinantes constitucionales y medioambientales implicados en su etiopatogenia. Recomendar la lactancia materna más allá de los 6 meses de edad constituye la mejor estrategia preventiva
Introduction. NB is the most frequent pediatric cancer arising in the sympathetic nervous system and represents a serious healthcare challenge because: 1) it is the most frequent neoplasm in the first decades of life; 2) it biological behavior is unpredictable (spontaneous regression, maturation to ganglioneuroma, and localized and metastasized variants); and 3) little is known about most of the risk factors involved in its etiopathogenesis. The objective of this study was to disseminate knowledge of constitutional and environmental (physical, chemical, biological and social) risk factors linked to the development of neuroblastoma (NB), with various levels of scientific evidence. To seek collaboration among pediatricians in the research project "Environment and Pediatric Cancer". Material and methods. We performed a systematic review of the literature published in the previous 25 years on risk factors for NB diagnosed in the first two decades of life, using Medline, the Science Citation Index and Embase. Search profiles were: "neuroblastoma/childhood sympathetic nervous system neoplasms and risk factors/etiology/epidemiology". The most interesting articles and the most relevant references contained therein were selected. Results. With greater or lesser scientific evidence, the following risk factors increase the risk of developing NB: genetic factors; geographic factors; ethnic factors; socioeconomic factors; infectious factors; physical factors; parental occupational exposure; gestational factors; and perinatal and maternal factors. Preventive factors associated with a lower risk of developing NB are breastfeeding and intake of vitamin supplements during pregnancy. Conclusions. The main barriers to the identification of evidence-based risk factors involved in the development of NB are its complex biology and clinical course, its relative rarity and the difficulty of performing epidemiological studies. Research on constitutional and environmental factors involved in its etiopathogenesis should be stimulated. The best preventive strategy is to recommend breastfeeding for more than 6 months