ABSTRACT
The comparative metabolic profiling and their biological properties of eight extracts obtained from diverse parts (leaves, flowers, roots) of the medicinal plant Flourensia fiebrigii S.F. Blake, a chemotype growing in highland areas (2750â m a.s.l.) of northwest Argentina, were investigated. The extracts were analysed by GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of encecalin (relative content: 24.86 %) in ethereal flower extract (EF) and this benzopyran (5.93 %) together sitosterol (11.35 %) in the bioactive ethereal leaf exudate (ELE). By UHPLC-MS/MS the main compounds identified in both samples were: limocitrin, (22.31 %), (2Z)-4,6-dihydroxy-2-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-1-benzofuran-3-one (21.31 %), isobavachin (14.47 %), naringenin (13.50 %), and sternbin, (12.49 %). Phytocomplexes derived from aerial parts exhibited significant activity against biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, reaching inhibitions of 74.7-99.9 % with ELE (50â µg/mL). Notably, the extracts did not affect nutraceutical and environmental bacteria, suggesting a selective activity. ELE also showed the highest reactive species scavenging ability. This study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of this chemotype.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Asteraceae/metabolismABSTRACT
Zerumbone is a multifunctional compound with antimicrobial, antitumor, hyperalgesic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications, and constitutes a point molecule for the future synthesis of derivatives with improved efficiency. This monocyclic sesquiterpenoid is found in high content in wild ginger (Zingiber zerumbet Smith), a perennial herb with economic importance as an ornamental as well as a medicinal plant. The presence of zerumbone is a distinctive feature that allows identification and differentiation from other species, not only in Zingiber, but also in Curcuma, Alpinia, Boesenbergia, Ethlingera and Ammomum spp., as well as related families (Costaceaee). To successfully use zerumbone in areas such as medicine, food and agriculture, further research on improving its low solubility and bioavailability, as well as its preservation, is a major current priority. In addition, despite its promising pharmacological activities, preclinical and clinical studies are required to demonstrate and evaluate the in vivo efficacy of zerumbone.
ABSTRACT
The chemical composition of three Citrus limon oils: lemon essential oil (LEO), lemon terpenes (LT) and lemon essence (LE), and their influence in the virulence factors production and motility (swarming and swimming) of two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (ATCC 27853 and a multidrug-resistant HT5) were investigated. The main compound, limonene, was also tested in biological assays. Eighty-four compounds, accounting for a relative peak area of 99.23%, 98.58% and 99.64%, were identified by GC/MS. Limonene (59-60%), γ-terpinene (10-11%) and ß-pinene (7-15%) were the main compounds. All lemon oils inhibited specific biofilm production and bacterial metabolic activities into biofilm in a dose-dependent manner (20-65%, in the range of 0.1-4 mg mL-1) of both strains. Besides, all samples inhibited about 50% of the elastase activity at 0.1 mg mL-1. Pyocyanin biosynthesis decreases until 64% (0.1-4 mg mL-1) for both strains. Swarming motility of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was completely inhibited by 2 mg mL-1 of lemon oils. Furthermore, a decrease (29-55%, 0.1-4 mg mL-1) in the synthesis of Quorum sensing (QS) signals was observed. The oils showed higher biological activities than limonene. Hence, their ability to control the biofilm of P. aeruginosa and reduce the production of virulence factors regulated by QS makes lemon oils good candidates to be applied as preservatives in the food processing industry.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Citrus/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity , Quorum Sensing/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Bicyclic Monoterpenes/chemistry , Bicyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Cyclohexane Monoterpenes/chemistry , Cyclohexane Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Limonene/chemistry , Limonene/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism , Plant Oils/chemistry , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism , Pyocyanine/biosynthesis , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Virulence , Virulence Factors , Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry , Volatile Organic Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The chemical composition of essential oils from Satureja cuneifolia growing in east Spain was analyzed by GC, GC/MS. Forty-five compounds accounting for 99.1% of the total oil were identified. Camphor (47.6%), followed by camphene (13.6%) were the main compounds. Their herbicidal and antifungal activity was tested in vitro against three weeds (Amaranthus hybridus, Portulaca oleracea and Conyza canadensis) and eleven common pathogenic or saprophytic fungi (Phytophthora citrophthora, P. palmivora, Pythium litorale, Verticillium dahlia, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium hirsutum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaemoniella chlamydospora, Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum). The essential oil was very active against A. hybridus and C. canadensis significantly inhibiting their germination and seedling growth. Minor activity was shown against P. oleracea, depending on the concentration applied. P. palmivora, P. citrophthora and Pa. chlamydospora were the most sensitive fungi to the treatment with the essential oil, whereas R. solani showed no inhibition. Results showed that S. cuneifolia essential oil could be used for biocontrol of weeds and fungal plant diseases.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Herbicides/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Satureja/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Fungi/drug effects , Fungi/growth & development , Germination/drug effects , Herbicides/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Weeds/drug effects , Plant Weeds/growth & development , SpainABSTRACT
The essential oil composition of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii was analyzed by means of capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. More than 96% of the total oil components (43 and 54 compounds, respectively) were identified, with ascaridole (51.17 ± 9.51), p-cymene (16.31 ± 2.52) and 1,8-cineole (14.45 ± 2.99) as the main compounds in P. boldus and g-eudesmol (21.65 ± 0.41), followed of elemol (12.03 ± 0.34) and terpinen-4-ol (11.56 ± 1.06) in D. winterii. The herbicidal activity was tested against Amaranthus hybridus and Portulaca oleracea. P. boldus essential oil was the most phytotoxic against both weeds, inhibiting seed germination and seedling growth at all concentrations assayed (0.125-1 µL/mL). D. winterii essential oil did not show any effect on A. hybridus germination and only affected P. oleracea germination at the highest concentration. The results suggest the possible use of the essential oil from P. boldus as a natural herbicide.
Subject(s)
Drimys/chemistry , Herbicides/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Peumus/chemistry , Chile , Chromatography, Gas , Mass Spectrometry , Oils, Volatile/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
1. The present study has evaluated the effect of two phenanthrene alkaloids, uvariopsine and stephenanthrine, on angiotensin II (Ang-II)-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo and the mechanisms involved in their activity. Intravital microscopy within the rat mesenteric microcirculation was used. 2. A 60 min superfusion with 1 nm Ang-II induced a significant increase in the leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions that were completely inhibited by 1 microm uvariopsine cosuperfusion. A lower dose of 0.1 microm significantly reduced Ang-II-induced leukocyte adhesion by 75%. 3. When Ang-II was cosuperfused with 1 and 0.1 microm stephenanthrine, Ang-II-induced leukocyte responses were significantly diminished. A lower dose of 0.01 microm only affected Ang-II-induced leukocyte adhesion. 4. Both alkaloids inhibited Ang-II-induced endothelial P-selectin upregulation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells stimulated with Ang-II, in fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils (PMNs) and in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system. However, cyclic AMP levels in PMNs stimulated with fMLP were not affected. 5. Uvariopsine and stephenanthrine inhibited PAF-induced elevations in intracellular calcium levels in PMNs (IC50 values: 15.1 and 6.1 microm respectively) and blocked the binding of [3H]PAF to these leukocytes. They also reduced PAF-induced increases in intracellular levels of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. 6. In conclusion, stephenanthrine and uvariopsine are potent inhibitors of Ang-II-induced leukocyte accumulation in vivo. This effect appears to be mediated through ROS scavenging activity and blockade of PAF receptor. Thus, they have potential therapeutic interest for the control of leukocyte recruitment that occurs in cardiovascular disease states in which Ang-II is involved.