Traces under nails in clinical forensic medicine: not just DNA.

When dealing with complex crimes such as rape and assault, every trace takes on an essential role. The hands are often the only means of defence and offence for the victim as well as a frequent area of contact with the environment; fingernails of a victim are a well-known possible source of DNA of the aggressor; nevertheless, they are more rarely treated as an area of interest for non-genetic material, particularly on living victims. The hyponychium, because of its physiological protective function, lends itself ideally to retaining different kinds of traces representative of an environment or various products and substrates that could shed light on the environment and objects involved in the event. We therefore tested how far this capability of the hyponychium could go by simulating the dynamics of contamination of the nail through scratching on different substrates (brick and mortar, painted wood, ivy leaves, cotton and woollen fabric, soil) and persistence of any contaminant at different time intervals. We have thus shown how these traces may remain in the living for up to 24 h after the event using inexpensive and non-destructive techniques such as the episcopic and optical microscope.

Contribution of plant anatomy to forensic investigation: Tree bark morphology.

Plant science has been more and more utilized in forensic investigation, although its full potential is still to be reached. Plant macroremains are a powerful tool to link a body or other evidence back to a primary crime scene as they can provide detailed information about its previous ecological and geographic location. However, plant macroremains are often poorly preserved and difficult to identify, as diagnostic elements are seldom present within the assemblage occurring on the scene. Plant fragments most likely to be found are those exposed to the environment and resistant to degradation. The bark of woody plants meets these requirements but the possibility of its identification at species level from small fragments is not known. Starting from a real homicide case, where bark splinters were found on the victim, we aimed to assess the forensic potential of bark identification from small fragments like those likely to occur on a crime scene. Two identification keys were prepared for 16 common lowland tree species from Northern Italy; one key used all the available anatomical traits, the second only those from the outer bark. The second key was not able to discriminate some couples of species unambiguously, but could identify the bark fragments of the homicide as Robinia pseudoacacia, as confirmed from direct comparison with a reference sample. Bark fragments deserve to be included into the macroremains to be analyzed during an investigation, but small samples could easily lack diagnostic traits, and the building of a reference collection should be encouraged.