Dispositional mindfulness profiles in pregnant women: relationships with dyadic adjustment and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a time of major transition that can be stressful for women. Dispositional mindfulness may protect individuals when they face stress. Recent studies have adopted a person-centered approach to examine the role of mindfulness by identifying subtypes of individuals based on their scores in five mindfulness facets. Latent profile analysis was used to identify different mindfulness profiles in a sample of pregnant women, and we explored the relationships between these profiles, depression and anxiety symptoms, and whether dyadic adjustment mediated these relationships. Method: A total of 535 women aged 18-45 years in their 26th week of pregnancy completed questionnaires regarding mindfulness, dyadic satisfaction and cohesion, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: Three profiles were identified: (1) low mindfulness (53.8%), (2) moderate mindfulness (34.3%), and (3) non-judgmentally aware (11.9%). The most adaptive profile was the non-judgmentally aware profile. Compared to the low mindfulness profile, the non-judgmentally aware profile and the moderate mindfulness profile were related to fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety, and these relationships were partly mediated by dyadic satisfaction. Discussion: These results suggest that analyzing each pregnant woman's mindfulness profile can improve the prevention of and interventions for anxiety and depression.

The Protective Role of Dispositional Mindfulness on Cyber Dating Abuse: A 6-Month Longitudinal Study.

Dispositional mindfulness has been related to a decreased propensity to aggressive behaviors toward others, including dating partners. Nevertheless, research in the context of romantic relationships is scarce, based on cross-sectional designs and offline (face to face) aggression. Thus, this 6-month longitudinal study seeks to fill a gap in the literature by examining the predictive role of dispositional mindfulness facets (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reacting) in the perpetration of cyber dating abuse (CDA) behaviors in adolescents. The moderator role of the dispositional mindfulness facets in the perpetuation over time of cyber aggression toward the partner was also explored. Participants were 501 high school students (54.1% girls; mean age: 14.17 years, SD = 1.39) from different regions of Spain who completed self-report measures about CDA and dispositional mindfulness at two time points with a 6-month interval between them. Path analysis showed that the acting with awareness mindfulness facet predicted a decrease in the perpetration of CDA 6 months later. Moreover, non-reacting showed a moderator role in the perpetuation over time of CDA. In particular, adolescents with higher scores on non-reacting, evidenced a lower perpetuation of CDA. Mindfulness-based interventions can be a valuable tool in preventing cyber aggression that occurs in adolescent dating relationships.

Longitudinal associations between dispositional mindfulness and addictive behaviors in adolescents. / Asociaciones longitudinales entre el rasgo de mindfulness y conductas adictivas en adolescentes.

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of addictive behaviors, and substance use (SU) and problematic Internet use (PIU) typically start during this developmental stage. Dispositional Mindfulness (DM) has been proposed as a protective factor for adolescents against numerous psychological problems. Previous studies have suggested that the Observing facet of DM may moderate the other facets' roles. The objective of this study was to longitudinally analyze whether the facets of DM could predict lower levels of PIU and SU among adolescents, and to assess whether the Observing facet moderated the associations between the other facets of DM and addictive behaviors. A total of 836 participants aged 11 to 18 completed measures of PIU, SU, and the five facets of DM. The results indicated that Acting with Awareness predicted lower SU, Describing predicted an increase in both PIU and SU, and Non-judging marginally predicted lower PIU. Furthermore, Observing was beneficial against PIU when combined with high levels of Acting with Awareness, but was not when combined with high levels of Describing. The implications and future directions for the empirical study of DM against addictive behaviors are discussed.

La adolescencia es un período vulnerable para el desarrollo de conductas adictivas. El uso de sustancias (US) y el uso problemático de Internet (UPI) generalmente comienzan durante esta etapa de desarrollo. El mindfulness rasgo (MD) se ha propuesto como un factor protector para los y las adolescentes frente a numerosos problemas psicológicos. Estudios previos sugieren que la faceta Observar de MD puede moderar los roles de las otras facetas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar longitudinalmente si las facetas de MD podían predecir niveles más bajos de UPI y US entre los y las adolescentes, y evaluar si la faceta Observar moderaba las asociaciones entre las otras facetas de MD y las conductas adictivas. Un total de 836 participantes de entre 11 y 18 años completaron medidas de UPI, US y las cinco facetas de MD. Los resultados indicaron que Actuar con conciencia predijo niveles más bajos de US, Describir predijo un aumento tanto de UPI como de US y No juzgar predijo marginalmente niveles más bajos de UPI. Además, la faceta Observar fue beneficiosa frente a UPI cuando se combinó con altos niveles de Actuar con conciencia, pero no fue beneficiosa cuando se combinó con altos niveles de Describir. Se discuten las implicaciones y direcciones futuras para el estudio empírico de MD frente a conductas adictivas.

The Association between exposure to COVID-19, internalizing symptoms, and Dispositional Mindfulness in Adolescents: a longitudinal pre- and during-pandemic study.

This study examined the association between contact with COVID-19 and internalizing symptoms in Spanish adolescents, and the moderation and mediation roles of dispositional mindfulness. Adolescents (N = 383; 58% female; Mage = 15.62, SD = 1.32) completed measures of dispositional mindfulness (MAAS-A) and internalizing symptoms (DASS-21), other stressors different from COVID-19, and contact with COVID-19 twice, in October 2019 and 2020. Three profiles emerged according to their contact with COVID-19: (1) little/no contact, (2) knowing someone close (outside home) who was infected, hospitalized, or died, and (3) being or someone at home being infected and/or hospitalized. Compared to little/no contact, both contact profiles predicted dispositional mindfulness and anxiety; and profile 2 predicted stress. Dispositional mindfulness mediated the association between both contact profiles and depression and stress. This study suggests that contact with COVID-19 predicts increased internalizing symptoms in adolescents, which could be partially explained by the decrease in mindfulness levels.

Emotion dysregulation and mindfulness in non-suicidal self-injury.

This study examined the association between mindfulness and engagement in non-suicidal self-injury (ENSSI) and whether emotion dysregulation explains this association. A secondary objective was to explore the difference between participants who engaged in a suicide attempt and those who only engaged in non-suicidal self-injury. A sample of 201 psychiatric patients (62.7% female; age range: 18-71 years old) participated in the study. The path analysis indicated that trait mindfulness was negatively associated with all emotion dysregulation dimensions and that one of these dimensions, impulse control difficulty, was associated with higher ENSSI. Moreover, impulse control difficulty was associated with increased odds of having attempted suicide. These findings suggest that mindfulness is a relevant construct to ENSSI with and without a suicide attempt. Future studies should investigate mindfulness-based interventions for ENSSI and the role played by the capacity to control impulses when experiencing negative emotions.

Cyberbullying victimization and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents: The role of maladaptive schemas and dispositional mindfulness.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has found associations between cyberbullying victimization and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents. Exploration of the possible mediating variables involved is necessary to support intervention with victims. OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether depression and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) mediate the association between cyberbullying victimization and NSSI, along with the potential protective role of dispositional mindfulness. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 742 Spanish adolescents (50.20% girls) between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.58; SD = 1.00) participated in the final sample. METHOD: Participants completed measures of cyberbullying victimization, NSSI, EMS, depression, and mindfulness facets. Mediational models moderated by facets of mindfulness were tested. RESULTS: Cyberbullying victimization was associated with NSSI through increased depression and EMS. Acting with awareness buffered the association between cyberbullying victimization and NSSI, whereas non-judging increased the association between cyberbullying victimization and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Cybervictimization is associated with NSSI. The mindfulness facet of acting with awareness plays a protector role. Interventions in NSSI and cyberbullying could benefit from these findings.

Internet-Risk Classes of Adolescents, Dispositional Mindfulness and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Mediational Model.

This study was primarily aimed at identifying classes of adolescents in relation to their probability of endorsing several risks associated with the Internet (cyberbullying victimization and perpetration, cyberdating abuse victimization, and perpetration, sexting, and grooming). The second objective was to examine a mediational model linking dispositional mindfulness, risk perception, exposure to antisocial content in the media, Internet-risk classes of adolescents, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). The sample comprised 3,076 adolescents (46.2% boys, ages between 12 and 21). Latent class analyses indicated the existence of five classes related to the probability of endorsing Internet risks: No risk (60.75%), only cyberbullying (25.5%), cyberbullying and cyberdating abuse (6.7%), all risks (4.3%), and sexual risk (2.9%). Three mindfulness facets, namely, acting with awareness, nonreacting, and nonjudging, were associated with all the classes of risks. This association was partially explained by the degree of exposure to antisocial content in the media and risk perception. Finally, membership in the Internet-risk classes was associated with a lower HRQL.

A Spanish adaptation of the mindfulness in parenting questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) is a self-report instrument to measure how much parents practice mindful parenting. The main aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MIPQ. METHOD: A total of 271 parents of adolescents completed the MIPQ along with questionnaires about their mindfulness trait, parenting style, and their children's resilience and symptoms of depression. Their adolescent children completed questionnaires about their own depressive symptoms, their perception of their parents' parenting style, and their perceived stress. RESULTS: Factor analyses suggested a two-factor structure corresponding to Being in the Moment with the Child and Mindful Discipline. Moreover, the MIPQ showed good internal consistency and was related to parent's dispositional mindfulness and positive parenting as well as to adolescents' resilience and (negatively) to their depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the MIPQ exhibits good psychometric properties and is an easily applicable test for the assessment of mindful parenting.

Development of a Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Adolescents for Children and Adolescents.

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) assesses several dimensions of mindfulness. The objective of this study was to develop a short version of the FFMQ for children and adolescents. The main sample consisted of 829 participants (51% boys; 10-18 years old). From this initial sample, 789 participants (49% boys) completed the FFMQ at a 6-month follow-up. A second independent sample (N = 418, 50% boys; 12-16 years old) was used to confirm the factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses with the full version supported a structure composed of 5 correlated factors (1 per facet) plus 2 correlated method factors representing the method effect (positive and negative) of the items. From this model, the FFMQ-A-SF was derived, consisting of 25 items (5 per facet). The measure displayed adequate internal consistency, and invariance was confirmed over time and across different age groups. The analysis of the relationship between mindfulness facets and temperament and psychological problems provided additional evidence for the construct validity of the questionnaire. It is concluded that the FFMQ-A-SF presents acceptable validity and reliability in children and adolescents. However, the positive versus negative wording of the items could affect the responses of younger participants.

Dispositional Mindfulness Profiles in Adolescents and their Associations with Psychological Functioning and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones.

Adolescence is often accompanied by an increase in stress and depression. Although there is considerable consensus about the benefits of mindfulness-based interventions to reduce these problems, the results for the role of dispositional mindfulness facets have been mixed. Recent studies have contributed to clarifying this role by identifying subtypes of individuals according to their profiles in mindfulness facets and examining the functioning of these profiles in relation to several self-reported indicators of wellbeing and health. The current study extends previous research by exploring mindfulness profiles in adolescents and by providing several sources of indicators (self-reports, parent-reports, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones) to examine the adaptive role of these profiles. A sample of 571 adolescents (50.61% girls; 12-17 years old) completed measures of mindfulness, depression, maladaptive schemas, and temperament (neuroticism, extraversion, and effortful control), and provided salivary samples for cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. In addition, 331 adolescents' parents completed measures of their children' temperaments. The results of latent profile analyses supported a three-profile solution: (1) moderate mindfulness (65.5%), (2) judgmental observing (24.2%), and (3) nonjudgmentally aware (10.3%). The judgmental observing profile was associated with a worse adjustment, indicated by higher depressive symptoms, maladaptive schemas, perceived stress, stress-associated hormones, and neuroticism, as well as lower scores on extroversion and effortful control. This profile was more frequent among the oldest adolescents. In contrast, the nonjudgmentally aware group presented a better adjustment and was more frequent among the youngest adolescents. These findings have implications for preventive interventions. Analyzing the specific profile of each adolescent can help improve individual intervention, taking into account the strengths and weaknesses of each adolescent.

The Protective Role of Dispositional Mindfulness Against the Perpetuation of Cyberbullying Victimization and Perpetration Among Adolescents.

Few studies have examined the protective factors that contribute to reducing long-term involvement in cyberbullying (CB). This study examined whether dispositional mindfulness is associated with the reduced stability over time (i.e., long-term involvement) of CB victimization and perpetration and with the lower reciprocity of both. This was a three-wave longitudinal study spaced 6 months apart. The sample consisted of 985 high school students from the Basque Country (Spain). The participants completed a mindfulness measure at time one and measures of CB victimization and perpetration at three time points. Dispositional mindfulness was negatively associated with both CB victimization and CB perpetration over time. The predictive association between CB victimization and perpetration was reciprocal from time two to time three. Moreover, the interaction between dispositional mindfulness and CB victimization indicated that victimization was less stable over time when mindfulness was higher. The model was invariant across gender or age. The results indicate that CB is a long-term problem and that dispositional mindfulness can be beneficial because it predicts a lower frequency of CB victimization and perpetration over time.

Adaptation of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF) to Spanish Family Caregivers of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities / Adaptación del Cuestionario de las Cinco Facetas del Mindfulness - Versión Reducida (FFMQ-SF) en una muestra española de Familiares Cuidadores de Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual y del Desarrollo

In recent years, mindfulness-focused interventions have garnered attention in the area of family members of people with an intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). The mindfulness trait has been related to a greater well-being, lower levels of anxiety and depression and a better quality of life in this group. Therefore, developing tools that assess mindfulness is relevant. The aim of this study was to adapt the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF; Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011) to Spanish caregivers of people with IDD. Two hundred sixty-five relatives of people with IDD (84.5% women and 15.5 % men) aged between 18 and 80 years participated in the research, completing this questionnaire along with measures of psychological distress and quality of life. The results confirmed the factor structure of the FFMQ-SF, consisting of five correlated factors (Observe, Describe, Act with awareness, Nonreact to inner experience, and Nonjudge inner experience). The factors showed adequate internal consistency. In addition, significant relationships were observed between the most of the mindfulness facets and less psychological distress as well as with better quality of life. The results suggest that the FFMQ-SF can be used adequately with relatives of people with IDD

En los últimos años la intervención centrada en mindfulness ha cobrado atención en el área de los familiares de personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (PDID). Además, el rasgo mindfulness ha sido relacionado con mayor bienestar, menores niveles de ansiedad y depresión y mejor calidad de vida en este colectivo. Por ello, disponer de herramientas que evalúen mindfulness en este grupo es relevante. El objetivo de este estudio fue la validación del Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire -Short Form (FFMQ-SF; Bohlmeijer, Ten Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof y Baer, 2011) en una muestra española de cuidadores. Doscientos sesenta y cinco familiares de PDID (84.5% mujeres y 15.5 % hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 80 años participaron en esta investigación, completando el FFMQ-SF junto con medidas de malestar psicológico y calidad de vida. Los resultados confirmaron la estructura factorial del FFMQ-SF consistente en cinco facetas (Observar, Describir, Actuar consciente, No reaccionar y No juzgar) y mostraron consistencia interna adecuada. Se observaron relaciones significativas entre la mayoría de las facetas de mindfulness y menor malestar psicológico así como mejor calidad de vida. Los resultados sugieren que el FFMQ-SF puede ser utilizado adecuadamente con familiares de PDID

Mindfulness facets and problematic Internet use: A six-month longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to study the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between mindfulness facets and problematic Internet use in adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 609 adolescents (313 girls, 296 boys; Mean age=14.21years, SD=1.71; age range 11-18). Participants completed a measure of five facets of mindfulness (describing, observing, acting with awareness, non-judging and non-reacting) at the beginning of the year, and measures of several components of problematic Internet use (preference for online social interactions, the use of the Internet to regulate mood, deficient self-regulation and negative outcomes) at beginning of the year and six months later. RESULTS: Findings indicated that non-judging is the only dimension of mindfulness that predicts a decrease in preference for online social interactions over face-to-face relationships. Moreover, non-judging indirectly predicted reductions in the rest of the problematic Internet use components. The observing and acting with awareness dimensions of mindfulness directly predicted less deficient self-regulation of Internet use and indirectly predicted less negative outcomes through their impact on deficient self-regulation. Thus, these dimensions seem to act when the maladaptive use of the Internet is consolidated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that interventions should include approaches to develop those mindfulness facets that protect against the development of problematic Internet use.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la "Escala de atención y conciencia plena para adolescentes" (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescents) (MAAS-A) / Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescents (MAAS-A)

El rasgo de conciencia plena ha recibido considerable atención debido a que numerosos estudios muestran que el entrenamiento en conciencia plena reduce los síntomas de numerosos problemas psicológicos, como la depresión. Recientemente el entrenamiento en meditación se ha extendido a adolescentes. Por ello la medición del rasgo de conciencia plena en adolescentes es importante. Este estudio evalúa las propiedades de la "Escala de atención y conciencia plena para adolescentes" (MAAS-A) en españoles. Participaron 1215 adolescentes (597 chicas y 618 chicos) entre 14 y 18 años, quienes completaron la MAAS-A junto con medidas de depresión, conducta antisocial, ira, consumo de alcohol y drogas y autocontrol. Los resultados confirman la estructura unidimensional de la MAASA y muestran correlaciones negativas significativas entre conciencia plena y los síntomas de depresión, la conducta antisocial, la ira, el consumo de drogas y el bajo autocontrol. Además, los adolescentes con síntomas de estado de ánimo depresivo grave puntúan significativamente más bajo en el rasgo de conciencia plena que los adolescentes sin síntomas, con síntomas ligeros y con síntomas oderados de depresión

Trait mindfulness has received considerable attention in recent years because several studies indicate that the training in mindfulness reduces the symptoms of several psychological problems such as depression. Recently, the training in mindfulness has been extended to samples of adolescents. Therefore, the measurement of trait mindfulness in adolescents has become relevant. In this study the psychometric properties of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale- Adolescents (MAAS-A) are evaluated in Spanish adolescents. For this purpose, 1215 adolescents (597 girls and 618 boys) aged between 14 and 18 years old participated in this study. The adolescents completed the MAAS-A and measures of depression, antisocial behavior, anger, drug abuse and lack of self-control. The results confirm the one-factor structure of the MAAS-A. The trait of mindfulness is negatively correlated with symptoms of depression, antisocial behavior, anger, drug abuse and lack of self-control. Furthermore, the adolescents who display severe depressed mood score significantly lower on mindfulness than the adolescents without symptoms or with mild and moderate depressive mood