Sparstolonin B: A Unique Anti-Inflammatory Agent.

Toll-like receptors are transmembrane proteins which sense and transmit infectious and inflammatory responses to the cells expressing them. Therapeutic strategies for the blockade of excessive Toll-like receptor signaling are being actively pursued for several diseases. Recently, Sparstolonin B, isolated from Chinese herb, which suppresses selectively Toll-like receptors has been studied in various inflammatory models. The objective of this review is to summarize the current literature regarding the use of Sparstolonin B in various in vitro and in vivo studies and to provide an overview regarding the potential use of this agent in different inflammatory diseases. Additionally, the current knowledge regarding the role of Toll-like receptors in inflammatory disease and the usage of various Toll-like receptor antagonists will be summarized. Based on our review, we believe Sparstolonin B could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory disorders.

Protective effects of glutathione on oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide in intestinal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species are increased in multiple gastrointestinal diseases and contribute to their pathogenesis. glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant that helps to prevent reactive oxygen species-mediated mucosal damage. This study examines the mechanisms by which GSH attenuates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS: IEC-6 cells were cultured and treated with H2O2 ± GSH. Inflammation was measured by nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) P65 expression, NF-κB nuclear translocation, iκBα phosphorylation, and interleukin 1 beta secretion. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP end-labeling staining and cleaved caspase-3 were used to assess apoptosis. The role of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK) signaling was examined using the P38 MAPK agonist U46619 and inhibitor SB203580 in H2O2 and GSH-treated cells. Phosphorylated and total P38 MAPKs and cleaved caspase-3 were measured by Western blot. Data are means ± standard deviation, statistical significance P < 0.05 by student's t-test, or one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Pretreatment with GSH attenuates the activation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK signaling pathways by H2O2. GSH also decreased H2O2-mediated increases in interleukin 1 beta secretion, cleaved caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. SB203580 attenuated the increase in apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 in H2O2-treated cells. The increase in apoptotic index and cleaved caspase-3 observed in U46619-treated cells was also diminished by GSH. CONCLUSIONS: GSH appears to ameliorate oxidative injury in intestinal epithelial cells by attenuating H2O2-mediated activation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK signaling pathways that regulate intestinal inflammation and apoptosis.

Synthetic small molecule GLP-1 secretagogues prepared by means of a three-component indole annulation strategy.

Rational assembly of small molecule libraries for purposes of drug discovery requires an efficient approach in which the synthesis of bioactive compounds is enabled so that numerous structurally related compounds of a similar basic formulation can be derived. Here, we describe (4 + 3) and (3 + 2) indole annulation strategies that quickly generate complex indole heterocycle libraries that contain novel cyclohepta- and cyclopenta[b]indoles, respectively. Screening of one such library comprised of these indoles identifies JWU-A021 to be an especially potent stimulator of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in vitro. Surprisingly, JWU-A021 is also a potent stimulator of Ca(2+) influx through TRPA1 cation channels (EC50 ca. 200 nM), thereby explaining its ability to stimulate GLP-1 release. Of additional importance, the available evidence indicates that JWU-A021 is one of the most potent non-electrophilic TRPA-1 channel agonists yet to be reported in the literature.