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Chronical hyperuricemia, a severe metabolic disease characterized by increased serum uric acid, urea nitrogen, and creatinine, has a positive correlation with the risks of gouty arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, and kidney damage. Abnormal purine metabolism and reduced uric acid excretion are the major causes of hyperuricemia, which, thus, points to a potential strategy of preventing from or delaying the progress of hyperuricemia-related diseases and its complications by effectively controlling the serum uric acid level. Increasing evidence has revealed that Chinese medicines alleviate hyperuricemia through regulating intestinal flora, which plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolites, including uric acid level. The disease treatment with traditional Chinese medicine is based on syndrome differentiation, and Chinese medicines often have multiple effects and a wide range of targets. In this review, we summarized the anti-hyperuricemia effects and mechanisms of active compounds in Chinese medicines, single Chinese medicinal herbs, and Chinese medicinal prescriptions in regulating the uric acid level via intestinal flora and metabolites, which will be helpful for further study and application of Chinese medicines in hyperuricemia treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arthritis, Gouty , China , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Hyperuricemia/drug therapy , Uric AcidABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the potential mechanism of Bianketong tablet （BKT） in the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome （C-IBS） based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Method:The BKT-meridian network was constructed for analyzing the combined effect of the nine Chinese herbs in BKT. The active components and targets of BKT were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP） and then screened according to the oral bioavailability （OB） and drug likeness （DL） criteria. Following the acquisition of C-IBS target set from GeneCards， Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM）， Drugbank and DisGeNet， the protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed. Cytoscape 3.7.2 was utilized for network visualization. The screened key targets were subjected to gene ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis using DAVID platform. The C-IBS mouse model was established via intragastric administration of ice water， and the key targets of BKT against C-IBS were verified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and immunohistochemistry. Result:The large intestinal meridian was the main site where BKT acted. There were 70 potential active components in BKT， which acted on 227 intersection targets. Through T helper cell 17（Th17） differentiation， Toll-like receptor （TLR）， tumor necrosis factor and other signaling pathways， BKT participated in inflammatory response， immune regulation， intestinal nerve regulation， hormonal regulation， and oxidative stress response， thus exerting the therapeutic effects against C-IBS. As reveled by <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments， BKT significantly improved the small intestinal propulsion rate， up-regulated the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） in serum and colon tissue of C-IBS mice， and down-regulated the expression of nuclear transcription factor-<italic>κ</italic>B （NF-<italic>κ</italic>B）， interleukin（IL）-6， and TLR2 in serum and colon tissue， which confirmed the reliability of integration analysis. Conclusion:BKT inhibits C-IBS via multiple components， multiple targets， and multiple pathways. This study has provided ideas for further clinical research and experimental verification of BKT in the treatment of C-IBS.
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Four commonly used medicinal plants of genus Ilex, including I. pubescens, I. asprella, I. rotunda, and I. latifolia, have been extensively used in clinic. The Ilex plants contain triterpenes and their glycosides, flavones, phenols and other compositions, and their have the pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antithrombosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, etc. Among them, I. pubescens has significant pharmacological activities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, but there are few studies on clinical application. There are a few literature reports on the anti-inflammatory, lowering blood lipids, anti-oxidation, anti-bacterial and anti-viral activities of I. asprella, which is clinically used in the treatment of upper respiratory diseases and infectious diseases. I. rotunda has strong activities of antithrombosis and anti-inflammatory, it is clinically used for the treatment of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. I. latifolia shows activities of hypolipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial and antioxidant, and its leaves are often used in the treatment of hypertension. This review summarized the research progress on the pharmacological effects and clinical applications of commonly used medicinal plants of this genus in recent years, in order to provide basis for their clinical applications, and provide useful reference for the further development of the research direction and the development of medicines and health products.
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Because of the rapidly rhythm of modern society, fast food and take-out become the main dining methods for most of young people,while the outside foods always have few types of foods and nutrition is not complete. Nutrient imbalances may cause many diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases,cardiovascular diseases,diabetes,obesity,and cancer.In this environment,health products have emerged.At present,there are a wide variety of health care products at home and abroad,which are broadly divided into three categories:traditional vitamins,emerging nutrient products,and extracts of natural plant active ingredients.In the early 1970s,the sales of health products in the United States had reached 170 million dollars.At present,it has nearly 100 billion dollars,which is almost 1/3 of the total food sales, people's demand for health products is increasing rapidly. In recent years, Chinese medicine health products become more popular in western,in fact, Chinese medicine health products have a long history of application in China and have a good reputation in the folk. Obviously, Chinese medicine health products have great potential for development.So this article mainly compared the de-velopment and state of health products between China and west countries.Based on the development of health products in western countries, this article analyzes the development trend and prospects for the development of Chinese medicine health products. It is roughly divided into three parts. The first part introduces the development reasons and history of western health products development.The sec-ond part introduces the history of Chinese health products and the current situation of Chinese medi-cine health products. The third part guesses the development trend of Chinese medicine health prod-ucts and provides some development ideas. The purpose of this airticle is to provide reference and ideas for the future research and development of traditional Chinese medicine health products.
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This present study was to investigate the metabolism and excretion of characteristic polyphenols such as flavonoids and coumarins in urine and feces of rats after intragastric administration of ethanol extracts of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. The urine and feces of rats were collected after intragastric administration of 70% ethanol extracts of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-QqQ-MSn) was applied to compare the contents of polyphenols in ethanol extract, urine and feces. By comparing with reference substance, 30 polyphenols were identified from the ethanol extracts of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, including flavone glycosides, flavones, flavonone glycosides, flavonones, flavonol glycosides, polymethoxyflavones, coumarins, and limonoids and so on. The detection of various types of compounds showed differences in contents between the intestinal metabolism and excretion in the feces after systemic circulatory metabolism and renal excretion. The results showed that the polymethoxyflavones and flavonones were primarily excreted through urine, and the flavonone glycosides and limonoids were primarily excreted through feces. However, coumarins were hardly detected in feces and urine, indicating that coumarins may be metabolized in the body.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Citrus , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Feces , Flavonoids , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Objective: To establish an HPLC method for the fingerprint analysis of Homalomena occulta and evaluate the quality though similarity calculation. Methods: Waters e2695 was applied to analyze ten batches of H. occulta. Phenomenex Gemini 110A C18 column was performed (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile and 0.01% phosphoric acid in agradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 290 nm and the separation was performed at 30 ℃. The similarity was analyzed with Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chinese Materia Medica 2004A. Results: The HPLC characteristic fingerprint of H. occulta with 11 commons peaks, and one of them were identified by comparing with reference subslances. The values of similarity was higher than 0.887. The HPLC method showed better results of stability, precision, and repeatability. Conclusion: It is the first time to establish the HPLC fingerprint of H. occulta. Those described can not only provides an identification method for fingerprint, but also provides the foundation of quality control.
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The present work is to study the chemical constituents from petroleum ether fraction of Tibetan medicine Swertia chirayita by column chromatography and recrystallization. The structures were identified by physical and chemical properties and spectral data as swerchirin (1), decussatin (2), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxy-3,5,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone (4), bellidifolin (5), 1-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (6), methylswertianin (7), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (8), erythrodiol (9), oleanolic acid (10), gnetiolactone (11), scopoletin (12), sinapaldehyde (13), syringaldehyde (14), and β-sitosterol (15). Compounds 3, 4, 9, 11-14 were isolated from S. chirayita for the first time. Compounds 9 and 12 were firstly isolated from the genus Swertia. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8 against human pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and BxPC-3,and the protective effects of these compounds against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human endothelium-derived EA.hy926 were investigated in vitro. The results showed no obvious effect at the high concentration of 50 μmol•L⁻¹.
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This study is to establish an HPLC fingerprint by HPLC-DAD method and simultaneous quantitative analysis of 17 components of 18 batches of Citrus aurantium and 10 batches of C. sinensis. The separation was performed on an Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm) column with the gradient elution of methanol-0.1% formic acid water, the flow was 0.6 mL•min⁻¹. The detection wavelength was set at 318 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The data calculation was performed with similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine (Version 2004A) together with SIMCA-P 13.0 software to clarify the differential marker between these two different species of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. This method has good precision stability and repeatability that could provide basis for quality control and evaluation of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus.
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Objective To explore the effects of Yishen-Jianpi decoction on bone mineral density (BMD) and serum sclerostin level in chronic atrophic gastritis in rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, Weimeisu group, low-, medium-and high-dose Yishen-Jianpi Decoction groups. Chronic atrophic gastritis was induced via depriving of water by replacement with 0.1%ammonia water for 180 days. After modeling, the rats in the Yishen-Jianpi decoction groups of low-, medium-and high-dose received intragastric administration of Yishen-Jianpi decoction of 7.5, 15, 30 g/(kg?d), respectively;the Weimeisu group received intragastric administration of Weimeisu suspension 0.28 g/(kg?d);the normal control group and the model group received intragastric administration of equivalent volume of normal saline. After 90 d continuous administration the specimens were drawn. The femur BMD and BMC were detected with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The serum sclerostin level was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and human calcitonin (CT) were detected with radioimmunoassay. Results Compared with the normal control group (n=10), the femur BMD (0.168 ± 0.007 g/cm2 vs. 0.235 ± 0.029 g/cm2), BMC (0.383 ± 0.022 g vs. 0.637 ± 0.085 g), and the serum CT level (26.76 ± 11.54 pg/m vs. 33.85 ± 13.12 pg/ml) in the model group (n=9) were significantly decreased (all P<0.05), while the serum level of sclerostin (105.78 ± 34.43 pg/ml vs. 71.51 ± 23.21 pg/ml) and PTH (11.52 ± 4.34 ng/dl vs. 8.46 ± 2.39 ng/dl) were significantly increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the femur BMD (0.197 ± 0.011 g/cm2, 0.201 ± 0.017 g/cm2, 0.206 ± 0.021 g/cm2 vs. 0.168 ± 0.007 g/cm2), BMC (0.538 ± 0.036 g, 0.546 ± 0.039 g, 0.569 ± 0.048 g vs. 0.383 ± 0.022 g), serum CT level (30.42 ± 12.61 pg/ml, 31.35 ± 12.75 pg/ml, 30.83 ± 13.10 pg/ml vs. 26.76 ± 11.54 pg/ml) in the Yishen-Jianpi decoction groups of low-(n=10), medium-(n=10) and high-dose (n=9) were significantly increased (all P<0.05), while serum levels of sclerostin (86.32 ± 24.28 pg/ml, 87.65 ± 24.75 pg/ml, 86.82 ± 25.56 pg/ml vs. 105.78 ± 34.43 pg/ml) and PTH (9.36 ± 2.76 ng/dl, 9.76 ± 2.85 ng/dl, 9.84 ± 2.97 ng/dl vs. 11.52 ± 4.34 ng/dl) were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Conclusions Yishen-Jianpi decoction can reduce serum sclerostin level, and has protective effects against osteoporosis in chronic atrophic gastritis in rats.
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Cardiovascular risks increase in postmenopausal women. While vitamin D is supplemented for osteoporosis, it is not known whether it protects renal arterial function during estrogen deficiency. Here we measured changes in renovascular reactivity induced by ovariectomy in rats and examined whether calcitriol, the most active form of vitamin D, was able to correct such changes. The impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in renal arteries from ovariectomized rats was effectively reversed by long-term calcitriol treatment. It was also corrected by acute exposure to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and a thromboxane-prostanoid receptor antagonist, respectively. Calcitriol normalized the overexpression of COX-2 and thromboxane-prostanoid receptors in intralobal renal artery segments and aortic endothelial cells isolated from ovariectomized rats. In vitro exposure of the arterial segments to calcitriol for 12 h improved relaxation and downregulated thromboxane-prostanoid receptors. The attenuated nitric oxide production in ovariectomized rat aortic endothelial cells was restored following a 12-h treatment with calcitriol, COX-2 inhibition, or thromboxane-prostanoid receptor antagonism. Thus, impaired endothelium-dependent renal artery relaxation in ovariectomized rats is mediated largely through increased activity and expression of COX-2 and the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor. Calcitriol restores endothelial function through downregulating both signaling proteins during estrogen deficiency.
Subject(s)
Calcitriol/pharmacology , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Estrogens/deficiency , Kidney/blood supply , Receptors, Thromboxane/metabolism , Renal Artery/drug effects , Animals , Calcitriol/blood , Cells, Cultured , Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Down-Regulation , Female , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/enzymology , Humans , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Ovariectomy , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists , Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism , Renal Artery/enzymology , Time Factors , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of enteral nutrition support in gastric cancer patients at risk of malnutrition.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A single center randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 60 gastric cancer patients in West China Hospital from May to October 2012. Thirty patients were given enteral nutrition support(Ensure(R)) manufactured by Abbott Laboratories for ten consecutive days before surgical operation in the treatment group, and 30 patients were given an isocaloric and isonitrogenous homogenized diet in the control group for 10 days as well. The laboratory parameters of nutritional status and hepatorenal function were observed and compared between the two groups on admission, preoperative day 1 and postoperative day 3, respectively. Clinical observations, such as nausea and vomiting, were carried out until patients were discharged.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Before the intervention, there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. The levels of serum albumin [(33.9±5.6) g/L vs. (31.0±5.3) g/L, P<0.05], and hemoglobin[(103.4±7.7) g/L vs.(96.6±10.5) g/L, P<0.01] were significantly improved in the treatment group on postoperative day 3. However, the levels of body mass index, lymphocyte count, liver and renal function, serum glucose, sodium, and potassium were not significantly different between the two groups(all P>0.05). Moreover, two patients with nausea and one with vomiting in each group were found. In clinical observation period, no severe treatment-related adverse event were observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The enteral supplement with Ensure(R) in gastric cancer patients at risk of malnutrition during preoperative period is effective and safe, which is superior to homogenized diet and an appropriate choice for gastric cancer patients with nutritional risk.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Enteral Nutrition , Gastrectomy , Malnutrition , Nutritional Status , Postoperative Period , Preoperative Care , Methods , Risk Factors , Stomach Neoplasms , General SurgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the flavanoids extracted from onion on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation, and their effects on primary cultured neuron cell proliferation and apoptosis of SD rats using ethanol reflux method. METHODS: The brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) were first successfully primary cultured. Then rats BMVECs and astrocytes (ACs) were co-cultured to establish the in vitro BBB model. The flavanoids were extracted from onion using ethanol reflux method. The model was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER). The flavanoids permeability was tested using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, rat neuron cells were cultured and exposed to H2O2 and flavanoids. Their effects on the cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed using MTT assay. The injury of neuron DNA was analyzed using single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and immunofluorescent assay. RESULTS: The in vitro BBB model was successfully established by TEM and TEER. Results of HPLC proved flavanoids extracts could effectively permeate the BBB with the permeability of 60.58%. The extractive at 10 - 20 microg/mL showed obvious inhibition on the apoptosis of neuron cells induced by H2O2, and attenuated the injury of neuron DNA. CONCLUSIONS: The flavanoids extracted from onion ethanol reflux method could effectively penetrate the BBB. They also showed obvious inhibition on the H2O2 induced neuron cell apoptosis and DNA injury.
Subject(s)
Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Neurons/drug effects , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Onions/chemistry , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Apoptosis , Astrocytes/cytology , Astrocytes/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , DNA Damage , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Hydrogen Peroxide , Neurons/cytology , RatsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the chemical constituents of Ehretia thyrsiflora.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Compounds were isolated by using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and RP-C18 chromatography; their structures were elucidated by means of spectral data analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Seven compounds were isolated and identified as methyl rosmarinate (1), caffeic acid (2), quercetin (3), kampferol (4), kaempferol 3-O-alpha-D-arabinoside (5), quercetin 3-O-alpha-D-arabinoside (6), and p-hydroxy benzoic acid (7).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All these compounds were isolated from E. thyrsiflora for the first time. Compounds 2-7 were isolated from genus Ehretia for the first time.</p>
Subject(s)
Acetates , Boraginaceae , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop an HPLC method for determination of two polyacetylenes, lobetyolin and lobetyolinin, in Herba Lobeliae Chinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>C18 column was used with the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water. Linear gradient elution from 10% to 40% acetonitrile in 25 min was applied, at the flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was at 267 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Lower contents of lobetyolin and lobtyolinin were found in collected samples of Herba Lobeliae Chinensis. The highest amounts of lobetyolin and lobetyolinin were found to be 0.461 and 0.436 mg x g(-1) in a sample procured from Hong Kong. However, there were no lobetyolin and lobetyolinin in some of the samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A simple and effective HPLC method to analyze the two polyacetylenes in Herba Lobeliae Chinensis was established. It could be applied for the quality control of this herb.</p>