Effects of intradialytic inspiratory muscle training at different intensities on diaphragm thickness and functional capacity: clinical trial protocol in patients undergoing haemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing haemodialysis (HD) commonly present with a sedentary behaviour and reduced functional capacity, factors that can compromise their prognosis. Intradialytic inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can increase respiratory muscle strength and, consequently, improve functional capacity, besides being easy to apply, cheap and performed in a supervised setting. However, few studies show the effects of this type of training applied at different intensities in this population. This study aims to compare the effects of IMT at different intensities in adults with ESRD undergoing HD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial will be conducted on 36 subjects randomly allocated into three groups: IMT at intensities of 30% or 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (intervention groups), or 10% of maximal inspiratory pressure (sham-IMT). All the interventions will be supervised and performed three times per week, for 12 weeks, totalling 36 sessions. The primary outcomes are the 6-minute walk test, diaphragm thickness and the response of VO2peak post-intervention. Respiratory muscle strength, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-item short form survey will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (ID: 2020-0458). The results of this study will be disseminated by conference presentations and peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04660383.

Intradialytic training in patients with end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of five different training interventions.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis may have reduced dialysis adequacy (Kt/V), low cardiorespiratory fitness, and worse prognosis. Different types of intradialytic training (IDT) may serve as an adjunct therapy for the management of the ESRD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of different types of IDT on clinical outcomes and functional parameters in ESRD. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized clinical trials in adult patients with ESRD which compared IDT with usual care (UC), without language restrictions and published up to July 2019; a handsearch of references was also performed. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE, and risk of bias in primary studies with the RoB 1.0 tool. RESULTS: Fifty studies were included (n = 1757). Compared to UC, aerobic IDT improved Kt/V (WMD = 0.08), VO2peak (WMD = 2.07 mL/kg/min), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance (64.98 m), reduced systolic blood pressure (- 10.07 mmHg) and C-reactive protein (- 3.28 mg/L). Resistance training increased 6MWT distance (68.50 m). Combined training increased VO2peak (5.41 mL/kg/min) and reduced diastolic blood pressure (- 5.76 mmHg). Functional electrostimulation (FES) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improved 6MWT distance (54.14 m and 117.62 m, respectively). There was no impact on total cholesterol, interleukin-6, or hemoglobin levels. There was no difference in incidence of adverse events between the IDT and control groups. The certainty of evidence was variable according to the GRADE scale, with most outcomes rated very low certainty. The risk of bias assessment of primary studies showed unclear risk in most. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic, resistance, and combined training during hemodialysis, as well as FES and IMT, demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of the patient with ESRD. Our data should be interpreted in light of the unclear risk of bias of most evaluated articles and the low to very low certainty of evidence for evaluated outcomes. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID: CRD42017081338. DATA SHARING REPOSITORY: https://osf.io/fpj54/.

Effects of Intradialytic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Strength and Muscle Architecture in Patients With Chronic Kidney Failure: Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle strength and architecture, functional capacity, and endothelial function in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF) on hemodialysis (HD). Twenty-one patients with CKF on HD were randomized into a control group (CG; n = 10) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (NMESG; n = 11) who received NMES in the quadriceps muscle for 8 weeks, 3 times/week (20-34 min) during HD sessions. The muscle strength of the lower limbs was evaluated by dynamometry and sit-and-stand test (SST); muscle architecture through ultrasonography; functional capacity by the distance covered in a 6-min walk test and the endothelial function by flow-mediated dilatation technique of the brachial artery. There was an increase in the strength of the lower limbs in the NMESG compared to the CG (dynamometry: 43.28 ± 16.94 vs. 35.84 ± 16.89, P = 0.006; SST: 16.10 ± 6.51 vs. 12.50 ± 4.7, P = 0.029). There was a significant reduction in pennation angles of the right vastus lateralis (RVL) and left vastus lateralis (LVL) in the CG when compared to the NMESG (RVL: 11.93 [10.70-15.11] vs. 13.57 [11.81-15.96], P = 0.039; LVL: 11.62 [9.00-14.20] vs. 15.52 [12.86-20.02], P = 0.042). There was no change in functional capacity and in the endothelial function for CG and NMESG, respectively. In conclusion, NMES increases muscle strength and has a protective effect against muscle atrophy of the lower limbs of patients with chronic kidney failure on HD.

Efeitos Agudos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional e do Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca: Ensaio Clínico Randomizado Cruzado / Acute Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca é uma doença multissistêmica que inclui disfunção autonômica. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos agudos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (EEF) e do Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório (TMI) sobre o controle autonômico, a função endotelial e os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias em pacientes portadores de IC. Métodos: Estudo randomizado cruzado que incluiu 12 pacientes submetidos a três intervenções randomizadas: EEF, TMI, e EEF + TMI, com intervalo de 1 semana entre as sessões. O TMI foi realizado durante 15 minutos, com 30% da pressão inspiratória máxima. A EEF foi realizada nos músculos vasto lateral e vasto medial, a uma frequência de 20Hz durante 30 minutos. O controle autonômico foi medido através de monitorização de pressão batimento por batimento (Finapres); a função endotelial, através da técnica de dilatação mediada por fluxo (DMF); e os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias foram medidos antes e depois de cada sessão. Resultados: O controle autonômico após EEF diminuiu em termos de BF/AF (p=0,01) e BFn.u (p=0,03), e aumentou em termos de RR médio (p=0,005). Observou-se um aumento do RR médio após o TMI (p=0,005) e após EEF+TMI (p=0,02). Não houve diferenças na DMF e na concentração de lactato sérico. Quanto às citocinas, a EEF promoveu uma redução nos níveis de TNF-α (pré versus pós 24 horas, p = 0,05). O TMI resultou em níveis aumentados de IL-10 (pré versus 24 horas pós, p=0,05) e em níveis diminuídos de TNF-α (1 hora pós versus 24 horas pós, p = 0,03). Não houve diferenças quando as duas intervenções foram associadas. Conclusão: EEF, TMI, e EEF + TMI alteraram o controle autonômico, mas não a função endotelial. A EEF e o TMI isoladamente alteraram os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias. Ensaios Clínicos: NCT01325597

Background: Heart Failure is a multisystem disorder, which includes autonomic dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) on autonomic control, endothelial function and inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with HF. Methods: Randomized crossover trial including 12 patients undergoing three randomized interventions: FES, IMT, and FES+IMT, with a 1-week interval between sessions. IMT was performed for 15 minutes with 30% of the maximal inspiratory pressure. FES was performed in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, at 20Hz for 30 minutes. The autonomic control was measured using beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring (Finapres); the endothelial function, using the flow-mediated dilation technique (FMD); and inflammatory cytokine levels were assessed before and after the sessions. Results: Autonomic control after FES decreased regarding LF/HF (p=0.01) and LFn.u (p=0.03), and increased regarding mean RR (p=0.005). Increased mean RR was observed after IMT (p=0.005) and after FES+IMT (p=0.02). No differences were found in FMD and blood lactate concentration. As regards the cytokines, FES led to a decrease in TNF-α levels (pre vs. 24 hours post, p = 0.05). IMT resulted in increased IL-10 levels (pre vs. 24 hours post, p=0.05) and decreased TNF-α levels (1 hour post vs. 24 hours post, p = 0.03). No difference was observed when the two interventions were associated. Conclusion: FES, IMT, and FES+IMT changed the autonomic control without changing the endothelial function. FES and IMT separately changed inflammatory cytokine levels. Clinical Trials: NCT01325597

Treinamento (Entrenamiento) muscular inspiratório para o controle (el control) autonômico de indivíduos saudáveis (sanos) / Inspiratory muscle training in autonomic control in healthy individuals

Verificar o efeito (el efecto) agudo de diferentes sobrecargas de treinamento (entrenamiento) muscular inspiratório (TMI) sobre a (la) modulação autonômica cardiovascular em indivíduos saudáveis.Métodos: Ensaio (Ensayo) clínico randomizado cruzado. Foram (Fueron) incluídos voluntários saudáveis (sanos) entre 18 e 35 anos. A variabilidade da (de la) frequência cardíaca (VFC) foi analisada antes e após o (y después del) TMI a os (a los) 10 minutos, 60 minutos e 24 horas (agudo, subagudo e tardio, respectivamente). A força (La fuerza) muscular inspiratória foi avaliada (fue evaluada) através da (de la)medida de pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) com a utilização do (del) manovacuômetro digital MVD300 (Microhard System®, Globalmed, Porto Alegre, Brasil). O TMI foi realizado à 30% e 60% da PImáx ajustados no (en el) dispositivo pressórico linear Power breathe®. Resultados: Foram avaliados dezenove (diecinueve) indivíduos (47% homens, 25 ± 5 anos). Na (En la) fase aguda apenas com 60% da PImá houve redução (hubo una reducción) significativa da variabilidade dos (de los) intervalos RR e no (y enel) componente de alta frequência (HFnu), en quanto que o (mientras que el) componente de baixa(baja) frequência (LFnu) e o balanço (y el equilibrio) autonômico (LF/HF) aumentaram significativamente.Na (En la) fase subaguda, o mesmo comportamento foi observado para HFnu, LFnu, LF/HF. Quando comparadas as (Cuando se compararon las) sobrecargas, houve (hubo) aumento significativo na (en la) magnitude do efeito a 60% PImáx para NN50, LF/HF, LFnu, HFnu na fase aguda, bem como, para (así como para) RR, NN50, LFnu e HFnu na fase subaguda (p < 0.05). Conclusão: Agudamente, o efeito doTMI à 60% da PImáx foi maior deslocando a (fue más grande, desplazando la) modulação autonômicado sistema cardiovascular em indivíduos saudáveis para um predomínio simpático...

Functional electrical stimulation training on functional capacity and blood pressure variability in a centenarian woman: case study.

BACKGROUND: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation method that can revert alterations provoked by aging, such as reductions in functional capacity and modifications on blood pressure variability (BPV). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the training effects of FES on functional capacity and BPV in a centenarian woman. METHODS: A 101-year-old woman without previous disease underwent FES training for 12 weeks, with three 40 min sessions/week. FES was applied at a frequency of 20 Hz with a 0.5 ms pulse, 5 s contraction time, 10 s relaxation time, the maximum tolerable intensity and with progressive overload. Functional capacity was assessed with a six-minute walk test (6MWT) and proximal lower limb strength was assessed with a sit-and-stand test (STST). BPV was measured by continuous recording of pulse pressure and calculated by spectral analysis. All variables were measured before and after FES training. RESULTS: After training there was a 70% increase in distance walked in the 6MWT, a 300% increase in the number of STST repetitions, an 8 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a 4 mmHg reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP). Reductions in SBP (11.8 mmHg²), DBP (2.3 mmHg²) and MBP (6.0 mmHg²) variability were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Three months of FES training improved functional capacity and BPV in a centenarian woman.

Functional electrical stimulation training on functional capacity and blood pressure variability in a centenarian woman: case study / Treinamento com estimulação elétrica funcional sobre a capacidade funcional e a variabilidade da pressão arterial em uma idosa centenária: estudo de caso

BACKGROUND: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation method that can revert alterations provoked by aging, such as reductions in functional capacity and modifications on blood pressure variability (BPV). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the training effects of FES on functional capacity and BPV in a centenarian woman. METHODS: A 101-year-old woman without previous disease underwent FES training for 12 weeks, with three 40 min sessions/week. FES was applied at a frequency of 20 Hz with a 0.5 ms pulse, 5 s contraction time, 10 s relaxation time, the maximum tolerable intensity and with progressive overload. Functional capacity was assessed with a six-minute walk test (6MWT) and proximal lower limb strength was assessed with a sit-and-stand test (STST). BPV was measured by continuous recording of pulse pressure and calculated by spectral analysis. All variables were measured before and after FES training. RESULTS: After training there was a 70 percent increase in distance walked in the 6MWT, a 300 percent increase in the number of STST repetitions, an 8 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a 4 mmHg reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP). Reductions in SBP (11.8 mmHg²), DBP (2.3 mmHg²) and MBP (6.0 mmHg²) variability were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Three months of FES training improved functional capacity and BPV in a centenarian woman.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A estimulação elétrica funcional (EEF) é uma forma de reabilitação que pode reverter alterações provocadas pelo envelhecimento, como diminuição da capacidade funcional e modificações na variabilidade da pressão arterial (VPA). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento com EEF sobre a capacidade funcional e a VPA em uma idosa centenária. MÉTODOS: Paciente do sexo feminino, 101 anos e sem patologia prévia. O treinamento com EEF foi realizado durante 12 semanas, sendo três sessões/semana e tempo máximo de aplicação de 40 min/sessão. A EEF foi aplicada com frequência de 20 Hz, largura de pulso de 0,5 ms, tempo de contração de 5 s, tempo de repouso de 10 s, intensidade máxima tolerável e aplicação de sobrecarga progressiva. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e do teste de sentar e levantar (TSL). A VPA foi mensurada pelo registro contínuo da pressão de pulso e calculada pela análise espectral. Todas as variáveis foram mensuradas pré e pós-treinamento. RESULTADOS: Após treinamento, houve um aumento de 70 por cento na distância percorrida no TC6 e aumento de 300 por cento no número de repetições no TSL. Observou-se redução de 8 mmHg na pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e de 4 mmHg na pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e na pressão arterial média (PAM), havendo ainda uma redução na variabilidade da PAS (11,8 mmHg²), da PAD (2,3 mmHg²) e da PAM (6,0 mmHg²). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento com EEF durante três meses proporcionou aumento da capacidade funcional e melhora da VPA em uma idosa centenária.