Effects of different deodorization methods on the oxidation of sterol components in rice bran oil.

Rice bran oil contains a significant quantity of phytosterols that have various active functions and are natural active substances beneficial to humans. It is well known that deodorization during refining affects the quality of rice bran oil. However, changes in phytosterols fraction caused by stripping with nitrogen compared to water vapor remain unexplored. We measured phytosterols in rice bran oil after deodorization with nitrogen and water vapor. The variations in sitosterol fraction, which accounts for the highest percentage of phytosterols in rice bran oil, were analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results showed that using nitrogen as the stripping gas was more suitable for deodorization. It promoted the formation of phytosterol esters, reduced the production of phytosterol oxidation products and improved the oil quality. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the industrial production quality of rice bran oil.

Application of magnetic immobilized enzyme of nano dialdehyde starch in deacidification of rice bran oil.

Glutaraldehyde is usually used as a cross-linking agent in the immobilization of enzymes, but this will have a negative effect on the enzyme. Dialdehyde starch can effectively replace glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent, but the large particle size of dialdehyde starch affects the performance of immobilized enzyme. In this study, dialdehyde starch nanoparticles (DSNP) were combined with modified Fe3O4 to obtain magnetic carrier (MDSNP), and Candida Antarctica lipase B (CALB) was crosslinked to the carrier to obtain magnetic immobilized enzyme (MDSNPCALB). The characterization results show that the functional groups of each material have obvious characteristic absorption peaks, strong diffraction peaks and typical crystal structures, high magnetism, no coercivity, relatively good dispersion and nano particle size. MDSNPCALB was added to degummed rice bran oil (RBO) and ethanolamine was used as an acyl receptor for acylation and deacidification. After repeated use for 10 times, MDSNPCALB remained highly active, indicating that MDSNPCALB can be effectively used for the deacidification of RBO.

Soybean Oil Treatment Using the Dissolving Curve Equation of Hydrogen.

The solubility of hydrogen in n-hexane was determined using a homemade reactor. The solubility of hydrogen in soybean oil was established using the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state and the van der Waals mixing rule. The curve equation established a linear relationship between the solubility of hydrogen in oil and the number of moles of hydrogen in the reactor. Under the optimal temperature and catalyst, the relationship between the hydrogen consumption of the hydrogenation of oil and fat and the TFAs formed in the oil was determined. When the reaction pressure exceeded 3.0 MPa, the hydrogenation of oil was consumed. The amount of hydrogen, the rate of hydrogenation, and the change in the TFAs all stabilized. Therefore, the pressure of the general hydrogenation reaction should not exceed 3.0 MPa. This result provides a quick and simple method for controlling TFAs in oils and fats for industrial applications.

Identification of copper (Cu) stress-responsive grapevine microRNAs and their target genes by high-throughput sequencing.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of single-stranded non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) that are 20-24 nucleotides (nt) in length. Extensive studies have indicated that miRNAs play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. With more copper (Cu) and copper containing compounds used as bactericides and fungicides in plants, Cu stress has become one of the serious environmental problems that affect plant growth and development. In order to uncover the hidden response mechanisms of Cu stress, two small RNA libraries were constructed from Cu-treated and water-treated (Control) leaves of 'Summer Black' grapevine. Following high-throughput sequencing and filtering, a total of 158 known and 98 putative novel miRNAs were identified in the two libraries. Among these, 100 known and 47 novel miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed under Cu stress. Subsequently, the expression patterns of nine Cu-responsive miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). There existed some consistency in expression levels of Cu-responsive miRNAs between high throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR assays. The targets prediction of miRNAs indicates that miRNA may regulate some transcription factors, including AP2, SBP, NAC, MYB and ARF during Cu stress. The target genes for two known and two novel miRNAs showed specific cleavage sites at the 10th and/or 11th nucleotide from the 5'-end of the miRNA corresponding to their miRNA complementary sequences. The findings will lay the foundation for exploring the role of the regulation of miRNAs in response to Cu stress and provide valuable gene information for breeding some Cu-tolerant grapevine cultivars.

Targeted Brain Delivery of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein 29-Modified Deferoxamine-Loaded Nanoparticles Reverses Functional Deficits in Parkinsonian Mice.

Excess iron deposition in the brain often causes oxidative stress-related damage and necrosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and has been reported to be one of the major vulnerability factors in Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron chelation therapy using deferoxamine (DFO) may inhibit this nigrostriatal degeneration and prevent the progress of PD. However, DFO shows very short half-life in vivo and hardly penetrates the blood brain barrier (BBB). Hence, it is of great interest to develop DFO formulations for safe and efficient intracerebral drug delivery. Herein, we report a polymeric nanoparticle system modified with brain-targeting peptide rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) 29 that can intracerebrally deliver DFO. The nanoparticle system penetrates the BBB possibly through specific receptor-mediated endocytosis triggered by the RVG29 peptide. Administration of these nanoparticles significantly decreased iron content and oxidative stress levels in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD mice and effectively reduced their dopaminergic neuron damage and as reversed their neurobehavioral deficits, without causing any overt adverse effects in the brain or other organs. This DFO-based nanoformulation holds great promise for delivery of DFO into the brain and for realizing iron chelation therapy in PD treatment.