The effect of simultaneous administration of occipital nerve block and cervical myofascial trigger point injection (MTrPI) on headache parameters in chronic migraine patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Peripheral myofascial mechanisms have been identified as contributors to migraine pathophysiology. The specific comorbid relationship between migraine and cervical trigger points may exacerbate the occurrence and severity of migraine attacks. Trigger point injections (TPIs) are frequently employed to address headaches and alleviate migraine symptoms. The current study explores the impact of concurrent myofascial trigger point injection (MTrPI) and occipital nerve block (greater occipital nerve block [GONB] + lesser occipital nerve block [LONB]) on the severity of headaches and the number of migraine attacks in individuals with chronic migraine (CM) and cervical myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), with a comparison of occipital nerve block alone (GONB + LONB). During trigger point examination and injection, trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, temporalis, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were targeted. We planned the treatment based on whether they were in the muscle groups we determined, rather than the number of trigger points. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This study enrolled 62 individuals experiencing CM with bilateral headache and cervical MTrP who sought care at the Algology Unit within the Departments of Neurology and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation at Siirt Training and Research Hospital between 2020 and 2022. The CM cohort was stratified into two groups: group 1 received trigger point injections (TrPI), while group 2 underwent concurrent bilateral occipital nerve block (GONB + LONB) and TrPI. Both groups underwent three treatment sessions with bupivacaine 0.5% (1 ml = 5 mg) in weeks 1, 2, and 4. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure the patients' pain intensity. The evaluation included the assessment of the monthly migraine frequency and visual analog scale (VAS) p score for pain before treatment (BT) and after treatment (AT), conducted at baseline and during follow-up visits. Analysis of the data was conducted utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 28.0 software. RESULTS: Among patients diagnosed with CM and MTrPs, 32 individuals (51.6%) underwent GONB and LONB, while 30 patients (48.4%) received simultaneous GONB, LONB, and cervical MTrPI. Within the entire sample, 51 participants (82.3%) were female, and 11 (17.7%) were male, with a mean age of 32.81 ± 10.75 years. With an average age of 32.81 ± 10.75 years, there was no statistically significant variance between the two groups (p = 0.516). Of the total cohort, 45 individuals (72.6%) reported experiencing headaches persisting for 12 months or longer. Among CM patients, 80% had active trigger points, while 20% had latent trigger points. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups concerning TrPs (p = 0.158), and the distribution of TrPs was homogenous across the two groups. In group 1, the median (min-max) monthly frequency of migraines reduced from 18.5 days (range: 15.0 to 25.0 days) before treatment to 12.0 days (range: 7.0 to 17.0 days) after treatment (p = 0.000). In group 2, the median monthly frequency of migraines reduced from 16.5 days (range: 15.0 to 22.0 days) before treatment to 4.0 days (range: 2.0 to 8.0 days) after treatment (p = 0.000). The median (min-max) VAS score in group 1 was 8.0 (range: 5.0 to 9.0) before treatment, 4.0 (range: 2.0 to 6.0) at week 1, and 5.0 (range: 4.0 to 8.0) at week 4 (p = 0.000). In group 2, the median VAS score was 7.0 (range: 5.0 to 9.0) before treatment, 0.0 (range: 0.0 to 0.3) at week 1, and 2.0 (range: 0.0 to 0.3) at week 4 (p = 0.000). There were significant distinctions between the groups in terms of both the monthly count of migraine days and the severity of headaches (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The combination of repeated MTrPIs and ONB proves more effective than ONB alone in managing patients with CM and cervical MTrP. In patients with CM, performing TrPs examination and adding treatments for this may contribute to the treatment. In cases where patients endure prolonged episodes of headache associated with chronic migraine, the inclusion of trigger point injections alongside peripheral nerve blocks may offer enhanced therapeutic benefits.

Effect of vegetation change from native broadleaf forest to coniferous plantation on selected soil properties.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of vegetation change from a native broadleaf forest to a coniferous plantation on selected soil properties, including soil texture, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), exchangeable cations (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+)), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Results showed that the amount of clay particles, Ca(2+), and K(+) values significantly increased, whereas Na(+), total N, and organic matter and soil pH values decreased on the treatment plot after vegetation change. Soil acidity also increased and soil textural group changed from moderately fine-textured soils (clay loam) to medium-textured soils (loam) under both control and treatment plots. Organic matter, total N, and Na(+) values increased, whereas Ca(2+) concentration decreased through time on the control plot. Soil pH, total P, K(+), and CEC did not show significant changes through time on the control plot.