Effect of quebracho condensed tannin extract on fecal gas flux in steers.

Naturally occurring gaseous by-products of ruminant production-carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O)-can negatively affect the environment. Along with enteric fermentation, manure on pasture is among the most significant contributors to non-CO2 emissions. Condensed tannins, a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds, can alter the route of nutrient excretion and interact with microbes, suggesting they are a plausible feed additive for reducing excreta gas emissions. We evaluated how quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) tannin extract fed at 0, 15, 30, and 45 g kg-1 of dry matter (DM) within a roughage-based diet affected fecal gas emissions at multiple locations (College Station and Stephenville, TX) during two periods corresponding to winter and spring. During both periods, CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O fluxes were determined using the vented-static chamber methodology over 39 d, and cumulative emissions were calculated. A random coefficients model with animal nested within dietary treatment and period as the random factor was analyzed by location due to the presence of collinearity with soil parameters within periods. Daily CO2 flux was influenced by soil moisture and temperature (r = .34; P < .01), whereas CH4 and N2 O were associated with soil moisture. Cumulative gas production confirmed a dietary effect for CO2 and gross CO2 equivalent at the College Station site (P ≤ .001), demonstrating a linear reduction as quebracho inclusion increased. Variance partitioning indicated that dietary treatment and seasonal period likely influenced animal digestive and metabolic parameters. Within specific environments, quebracho supplementation may assist in reducing fecal gas emissions.

Consensus guidelines from The American Society of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies on standardizing the delivery of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in colorectal cancer patients in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The American Society of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies (ASPSM) is a consortium of cancer centers performing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). This is a position paper from the ASPSM on the standardization of the delivery of HIPEC. METHODS: A survey was conducted of all cancer centers performing HIPEC in the United States. We attempted to obtain consensus by the modified method of Delphi on seven key HIPEC parameters: (1) method, (2) inflow temperature, (3) perfusate volume, (4) drug, (5) dosage, (6) timing of drug delivery, and (7) total perfusion time. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Response rates for ASPSM members (n = 45) and non-ASPSM members (n = 24) were 89 and 33 %, respectively. Of the responders from ASPSM members, 95 % agreed with implementing the proposal. Majority of the surgical oncologists favored the closed method of delivery with a standardized dual dose of mitomycin for a 90-min chemoperfusion for patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin. CONCLUSIONS: This recommendation on a standardized delivery of HIPEC in patients with colorectal cancer represents an important first step in enhancing research in this field. Studies directed at maximizing the efficacy of each of the seven key elements will need to follow.

Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume haylages or soybean meal.

The high cost of commercial supplements necessitates evaluation of alternatives for ruminant livestock fed poor quality warm-season grasses. This study determined how supplementing bahiagrass haylage (Paspalum notatum Flügge cv. Tifton 9) with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal or warm-season legume haylages affected the performance of lambs. Forty-two Dorper x Katadhin lambs (27.5 +/- 5 kg) were fed for ad libitum intake of bahiagrass haylage (67.8% NDF, 9.6% CP) alone (control) or supplemented with soybean meal (18.8% NDF, 51.4% CP) or haylages of annual peanut [Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Florida MDR98; 39.6% NDF, 18.7% CP], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Iron clay; 44.1% NDF, 16.0% CP], perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth. cv. Florigraze; 40.0% NDF, 15.8% CP), or pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. GA-2; 65.0% NDF, 13.7% CP]. Haylages were harvested at the optimal maturity for maximizing yield and nutritive value, wilted to 45% DM, baled, wrapped in polyethylene plastic, and ensiled for 180 d. Legumes were fed at 50% of the dietary DM, and soybean meal was fed at 8% of the dietary DM to match the average CP concentration (12.8%) of legume haylage-supplemented diets. Lambs were fed each diet for a 14-d adaptation period and a 7-d data collection period. Each diet was fed to 7 lambs in period 1 and 4 lambs in period 2. Pigeonpea haylage supplementation decreased (P < 0.01) DM and OM intake and digestibility vs. controls. Other legume haylages increased (P < 0.05) DM and OM intake vs. controls; however, only soybean meal supplementation increased (P = 0.01) DM digestibility. All supplements decreased (P = 0.05) NDF digestibility. Except for pigeonpea haylage, all supplements increased (P < 0.01) N intake, digestibility, and retention, and the responses were greatest (P = 0.04) with soybean meal supplementation. Microbial N synthesis was reduced (P = 0.02) by pigeonpea haylage supplementation, but unaffected (P = 0.05) by other supplements. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was unaffected (P = 0.05) by diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was increased (P = 0.01) by all supplements, but only soybean meal and annual peanut haylage increased (P < 0.03) plasma urea-N concentrations. Perennial peanut, annual peanut, and cowpea haylages are promising protein supplements for growing lambs.

Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume hays or soybean meal.

The increasing cost of feed supplements necessitates evaluation of alternatives for ruminant livestock grazing poor quality warm-season grasses. This study determined how supplementing bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum Flügge cv. Pensacola) with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal or warm-season legume hays affected intake, digestibility, and N utilization by lambs. Dorper x Katadhin crossbred lambs (30.6 +/- 5.5 kg; n = 42) were fed bahiagrass hay (73.8% NDF, 8.1% CP) for ad libitum intake and supplemented with nothing (control), soybean meal, or hays of annual peanut [Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Florida MDR98; 46.2% NDF, 14.7% CP], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Iron clay; 62.2% NDF, 11.7% CP], perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth. cv. Florigraze; 43.3% NDF, 15.2% CP), pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. GA-2; 78.6% NDF, 12.2% CP], or soybean (cv. Pioneer 97B52; 59.0% NDF, 13.5% CP). Legume hays were supplemented at 50% of total diet DM, and soybean meal was supplemented at a level (4.25% of diet DM) that matched the average dietary CP content (10.8%) of the legume hay-supplemented diets. The cowpea, pigeonpea, and soybean were harvested at respective maturities that maximized DM yield and nutritive value, and the peanuts were first cuttings. Diets were fed to 6 lambs per treatment for 2 consecutive 21-d periods. Supplementation with hays of annual and perennial peanut, cowpea, and soybean increased (P < 0.01) DMI vs. control, but apparent DM digestibility was only increased (P = 0.03) by supplementation with annual or perennial peanut hay. Compared with the control, N intake, digestibility, and retention were increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation with legume hay or soybean meal. Responses were greatest when annual or perennial peanut hays were fed. Ruminal ammonia concentration was increased (P < 0.01) by all legume hay supplements vs. the control. Microbial N synthesis and ruminally degraded OM were increased (P = 0.03) by perennial and annual peanut hay supplementation, but efficiency of microbial synthesis was not different (P = 0.52) among diets. Unlike other supplements, annual and perennial peanut hays increased DM and N intake and digestibility and improved microbial N synthesis; therefore, they were the best supplements for the bahiagrass hay under the conditions of this study.

Frontal affinity chromatography with MS detection of EphB2 tyrosine kinase receptor. 2. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors via coupling with virtual screening.

We have integrated two complementary methods, high-throughput virtual screening with a "high-content" wet screening technique based on frontal affinity chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (FAC-MS), for identification of hits against the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular B2 (EphB2) receptor tyrosine kinase domain. Both an EphB2-directed virtual screen combining docking and scoring and a kinase-directed pharmacophore search strategy were used to identify a compound set enriched in bioactive compounds against EphB2. The coupling of virtual screening methodologies with FAC-MS is a unique hybrid approach that can be used to increase the efficacy of both hit discovery and optimization efforts in drug discovery and has successfully identified hits, in particular 19a (36% shift, IC(50) = 5.2 microM, K(d) = 3.3 microM), as inhibitors for EphB2, a potential cancer target.

Global kinase screening. Applications of frontal affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in drug discovery.

Utilizing frontal affinity chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (FAC-MS), we have identified novel applications in the discovery of small-molecule hits to protein targets that are difficult if not impossible to accomplish using traditional assays. We demonstrate for the first time an ability to distinguish between competitive ligands for the ATP and substrate sites of protein kinase C independently in the same experiment and show that ATP competitive ligands using a functionally inactive receptor tyrosine kinase can be identified. This ability of FAC-MS to simultaneously monitor binding at the ATP and substrate binding sites, as well as measure ligand binding to both active and inactive kinases, suggests that FAC-MS can be used as a "global kinase binding assay".

Alpha-tocopherol concentrations and case life of lamb muscle as influenced by concentrate or pasture finishing.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate alpha-tocopherol accumulation in muscle of lambs finished on pasture or concentrates. The objective for Exp. 1 was to compare accumulation of alpha-tocopherol in the longissimus muscle of pasture-fed lambs to that of lambs fed three concentrations (15, 150, and 300 IU/kg of DM) of supplemental vitamin E (all rac alpha-tocopheryl acetate) in all-concentrate diets. The objective in Exp. 2 was to investigate the effect of duration of supplemental vitamin E feeding on alpha-tocopherol content and color change during display case storage of lamb muscle. Treatments evaluated in Exp. 2 were: 15 IU of supplemental vitamin E/kg DM fed to finish; 15 IU/kg followed by 300 IU/kg of DM during the last 21 d; and 15 IU/kg DM until 7 d prior to finish, then 300 IU/kg DM. In Exp. 1, alpha-tocopherol concentration of rotational grazed alfalfa and perennial ryegrass averaged 137 and 169 mg/kg of DM. Vitamin E treatments for lambs fed concentrate diets did not affect ADG (P > 0.15), but ADG was greater (P < 0.01) for concentrate-fed lambs than for grazing lambs. For the concentrate-fed lambs, alpha-tocopherol in longissimus muscle increased quadratically (P < 0.05) as dietary concentrations of vitamin E increased. Predicted maximum alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle occurred at about 400 IU/kg of diet DM. Longissimus muscle from lambs grazing alfalfa or ryegrass had similar (P > 0.50) alpha-tocopherol concentrations, and those concentrations were similar to values obtained when the concentrate diet supplemented with 150 IU of vitamin E/kg was fed. In Exp. 2, no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG were observed. Concentrations of longissimus alpha-tocopherol were highest when 300 IU supplemental vitamin E was fed for 21 d prior to slaughter. During a 6-d display period, semimembranosus steaks from lambs fed 300 IU of supplemental vitamin E/kg for either 7 or 21 d had higher a* and b* color readings than steaks from lambs fed 15 IU/kg of supplemental vitamin E. Increased consumption of vitamin E either via pasture or supplementation results in higher alpha-tocopherol concentrations in meat.

Corn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near cornfields.

The density of corn pollen on leaves of milkweed plants inside and outside of cornfields was measured in several studies from different localities. The purpose was to obtain a representative picture of naturally occurring pollen densities to provide a perspective for laboratory and field studies of monarch larvae feeding on milkweed leaves with Bt corn pollen. Pollen density was highest (average 170.6 grains per cm(2)) inside the cornfield and was progressively lower from the field edge outward, falling to 14.2 grains per cm(2) at 2 m. Inside the cornfield, and for each distance from the field edge, a frequency distribution is presented showing the proportion of leaf samples with different pollen densities. Inside cornfields, 95% of leaf samples had pollen densities below 600 grains per cm(2) and the highest pollen density observed was 1400 grains per cm(2), which occurred in a study with a rainless anthesis period. All other studies had rainfall events during the anthesis period. A single rain event can remove 54-86% of the pollen on leaves. Leaves on the upper portion of milkweed plants, where young monarch larvae tend to feed, had only 30-50% of the pollen density levels of middle leaves.

Two cDNAs representing alleles of the nitrate reductase gene of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desirée): sequence analysis, genomic organization and expression.

Two, different, full-length cDNAs, StNR2 and StNR3, of 3049 and 3066 nucleotides, respectively, were isolated from a Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desirée leaf cDNA library by an RT-PCR approach. Conceptual translation of the longest open reading frame of each cDNA showed that they could encode a protein of 911 amino acids in each case with an M(r) of 102.6 and 102.5 kDa, respectively, and with 99.7% identity with each other. The cDNAs have a high degree of sequence similarity with all higher plant nitrate reductases (NRs) and possess structural characteristics expected of NADH-NR proteins, consistent with enzyme activity data. Southern analysis of genomic DNA suggested the presence of a single NR gene in the potato genome whilst studies using the mapping population F1840, and the full-length StNR2 cDNA as hybridization probe, identified a single NR locus within the potato genome that is located on chromosome XI. The two cDNAs identified here are probably derived from two transcribing alleles of this single gene. Distribution of total NR transcript and of NADH-NR activity, in different organs of compost-grown plants, depended on the level of nitrate supplied: at low nitrate level transcript and activity were detected only in leaf and stem tissue whilst at high nitrate level they could also be detected in root and stolon. An RT-PCR approach was used to differentiate between the transcripts derived from the two identified alleles and to show that the pattern of transcription of the two identified alleles of the potato nia gene, in the organs studied, is the same.

Chemiluminescent detection of sequential DNA hybridizations to high-density, filter-arrayed cDNA libraries: a subtraction method for novel gene discovery.

A chemiluminescent approach for sequential DNA hybridizations to high-density filter arrays of cDNAs, using a biotin-based random priming method followed by a streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase/CDP-Star detection protocol, is presented. The method has been applied to the Brugia malayi genome project, wherein cDNA libraries, cosmid and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries have been gridded at high density onto nylon filters for subsequent analysis by hybridization. Individual probes and pools of rRNA probes, ribosomal protein probes and expressed sequence tag probes show correct specificity and high signal-to-noise ratios even after ten rounds of hybridization, detection, stripping of the probes from the membranes and rehybridization with additional probe sets. This approach provides a subtraction method that leads to a reduction in redundant DNA sequencing, thus increasing the rate of novel gene discovery. The method is also applicable for detecting target sequences, which are present in one or only a few copies per cell; it has proven useful for physical mapping of BAC and cosmid high-density filter arrays, wherein multiple probes have been hybridized at one time (multiplexed) and subsequently "deplexed" into individual components for specific probe localizations.

Direct orbital manometry in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy.

PURPOSE: To determine orbital tissue tension and orbital compartment compliance in patients with and without thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). DESIGN: Prospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Orbits of patients with TAO (18 orbits) and control patients without TAO (35 orbits) were studied. METHODS: An orbital manometer was designed to directly measure orbital tissue tension in patients undergoing ocular or orbital surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tissue tension was recorded before, during, and for 5 minutes after a 5-ml retrobulbar injection of anesthetic. Orbital compliance was calculated as change in volume divided by change in tissue tension. RESULTS: Resting orbital tissue tension was 4.4 +/- 2.2 mmHg (mean +/- SD) in normal orbits and 9.7 +/- 4.8 mmHg in orbits of TAO patients (P = 0.0005) Following retrobulbar injection, orbital tissue tension rose to 12.0 +/- 3.6 mmHg (P = 0.0000000000000006 compared with baseline) in the control group and to 36.3 +/- 15.2 mmHg in the TAO group (P = 0.0000007 compared with baseline, and P = 0.000008 TAO group versus control group). Orbital compartment compliance was 0.80 +/- 0.50 ml/mmHg in the control group and 0.27 +/- 0.21 ml/mmHg in the TAO group (P = 0.00001). Resting orbital tissue tension in 8 TAO orbits with compressive optic neuropathy was 12.4 +/- 4.9 mmHg, and was 7.8 +/- 3.5 mmHg in 10 orbits of TAO patients without compressive optic neuropathy (P < 0.05). No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Retrobulbar injection causes consistent measurable changes in orbital tissue tension. Orbital manometry safely demonstrated higher orbital tissue tension and lower orbital compartment compliance in the orbits of TAO patients versus those of normal subjects. Resting orbital tissue tension was higher in the orbits of TAO patients with compressive optic neuropathy than in those orbits without. Compressive optic neuropathy may partially result from an orbital compartment syndrome in some patients with TAO. Directly assessing orbital dynamics in vivo may prove useful as an adjunct in the clinical evaluation of patients with TAO and other orbital disorders.

Selegiline effects on cocaine-induced changes in medial temporal lobe metabolism and subjective ratings of euphoria.

To test the effect of selegiline, a specific monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, on the cerebral metabolic and euphorigenic effects of cocaine in experienced users, eight cocaine-dependent (CD) subjects were evaluated using a within-subjects design. Each subject participated in two pairs of [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scans (baseline scan followed 24 h later by a second scan obtained in conjunction with a 40-mg cocaine infusion) performed before and after a 1-week period of daily treatment with 10 mg selegiline administered orally. The hippocampus and amygdala were evaluated because of their hypothesized involvement in the addiction process, and the thalamus was evaluated as a comparison region. Following 7 days of selegiline treatment, the magnitude of the subjective euphoria ("high") produced by cocaine infusion was reduced by 40% (cocaine by selegiline interaction F = 7.15, df = 1.21, p = .014). Selegiline treatment also altered glucose utilization (normalized against whole brain counts) in the two limbic regions, but not the thalamus. In the amygdala, the effects of cocaine differed, depending upon whether or not patients were being treated with selegiline (cocaine by selegiline interaction F = 4.67, df = 1,19.8, p = .043). A different effect was observed in the hippocampus, where selegiline treatment decreased metabolic activity irrespective of whether cocaine was given (main effect F = 7.70, df = 1.20, p = .012). The concomitant changes in both the subjective experience of the "high" and normalized amygdala glucose utilization after selegiline treatment, suggest that a relationship exists between cocaine-induced euphoria and limbic metabolism. The data suggest that selegiline may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Inducible acid tolerance mechanisms in enteric bacteria.

Enteric micro-organisms have developed several inducible mechanisms for surviving transient periods of extreme acid stress. Salmonella typhimurium possesses an acid tolerance response (ATR) induced in minimal medium by short exposures to mild acid stress. More than 50 acid shock proteins (ASPs) are induced during adaptation. Eight ASPs are regulated by the major iron regulatory protein, Fur, in an unusual iron-independent manner. The two-component regulator, PhoP, is an autoinduced ASP that controls the induction of three additional ASPs. The stress sigma factor sigma S is an ASP that regulates induction of eight ASPs. Acid induction of sigma S is due to its decreased proteolytic turnover via the ClpXP protease in conjunction with the two-component-type response regulator MviA (RssB in Escherichia coli). Mutations in any of these three regulators leads to a defective ATR. Repair of pH stress-induced DNA damage appears to require the Ada protein (O6-methylguanine methyltransferase) since an ada mutant is both acid and alkaline sensitive. In contrast to S. typhimurium, E. coli and Shigella have acid resistance systems induced in complex media that include a glucose-repressed system protective at pH 2.5 without amino acid supplementation, a glutamate decarboxylase system that requires glutamate and an arginine decarboxylase system unique to E. coli.

Upper lid blepharoplasty.

Upper lid blepharoplasty is the most common cosmetic procedure performed in men and women. The eyes are the most important aesthetic facial unit and also a sensitive projector of facial aging changes. Patients will complain about tired eyes, sad eyes, or extra tissue around the eyes. Dermatochalasis, fat herniation or protrusion, brow ptosis, and eyelid ptosis secondary to disinsertion or dehiscence of the levator aponeurosis all contribute to a patient's perceptions of the need for upper lid blepharoplasty. In this article we discuss aging changes in the periocular region in Asian and Caucasian type eyelids and in male and female patients. Traditional upper lid blepharoplasty techniques, indications for surgery, psychological considerations in candidates for cosmetic surgery, and frequently encountered complications are also covered.

Cultural and spiritual meanings of childbirth. Orthodox Jewish and Mormon women.

This descriptive, phenomenological study investigated the cultural and spiritual meanings of the childbirth experience from the personal perspectives of 30 Canadian Orthodox Jewish and 30 American Mormon women. Fewer Jewish women had childbirth education and attendance of their partners during childbirth than did Mormon women. Participants in the study, having codified belief systems, expressed the primary importance of bearing children in obedience to religious law. Birth was articulated as a bittersweet paradox, often accompanied by a sense of empowerment. Women described the importance of personal connectedness with others and with God, the importance of childbearing, and the spiritual and emotional dimensions of their childbirth experiences. Religious beliefs help women define the meaning of childbirth and may provide coping mechanisms for the intensity of giving birth. It is essential for holistic nurses to value and acknowledge the cultural and spiritual dimensions of the childbirth experience.

Chronic stimulation of the left vagal nerve in children: effect on swallowing.

PURPOSE: To learn whether stimulation of the left vagal nerve would influence swallowing. METHODS: Eight children receiving intermittent left vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) for their pharmacoresistant epilepsy underwent barium swallow studies with their generators off, on, and at maximally tolerated settings. RESULTS: Laryngeal penetration of barium was present in three patients without stimulation, and was caused by VNS in one other patient. Aspiration never occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Stimulation of the left vagal nerve under conditions used to treat epilepsy does not cause aspiration.

A randomized, placebo-controlled study of oral cimetidine as an immunopotentiator of parenteral immunization with a group B meningococcal vaccine.

Cimetidine (CIM) is an H2-receptor antagonist with a long history of clinical use in peptic ulcer disease. In addition to its inhibitory effect upon gastric acid secretion, CIM can also block histamine-mediated immunosuppression by inhibiting H2 receptors on suppressor T cells. CIM results in immunoaugmentation of both cellular and humoral immunity by this mechanism and has been used clinically in the treatment of chronic infectious and neoplastic diseases. We postulated that orally administered CIM, like an adjuvant, could augment the immunologic response to a parenteral vaccine. To test this hypothesis, a randomized placebo (PLB)-controlled, double-blinded study in 14 healthy volunteers was performed using a Group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccine administered twice, 6 weeks apart. Volunteers were randomized within pairs defined by their screening OMP antibody titers to receive either CIM or PLB which was administered for 5 days, beginning 2 days before each of the two immunizations. All 14 volunteers completed the study with excellent compliance. Sera were tested for anti-OMP and bactericidal antibodies. The groups were comparable in terms of gender distribution, age and baseline anti-OMP titers. Reactogenicity to the vaccine was mild and comparable between groups. There was little effect of CIM (over PLB) on anti-OMP or functional bactericidal antibody levels over time. Geometric means of maximum OMP antibody increase over baseline was 3.3-fold (95% CI: 1.8-6.3) for CIM and 2.4 for PLB (CI: 1.6-3.7). CIM had a corresponding 3.9-fold increase (CI: 1.9-8.3) in bactericidal antibody level compared to 2.2 for PLB (CI: 1.4-3.4). We conclude that oral CIM was not effective as an immunopotentiator of immunization with this group B meningococcal vaccine.

Distribution of cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus antigens in tissues of calves following acute experimental infection.

The distribution of cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in the tissues of colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves was investigated. Colostrum-fed (group A) and colostrum-deprived (group B) calves were experimentally infected with the BVDV isolate 80/1, which contains both BVDV biotypes. Colostrum-deprived calves were also experimentally infected with a noncytopathic BVDV (group C) or with a cytopathic BVDV (group D) cloned from the 80/1 isolate. All calves were sequentially euthanized, and a wide range of tissue samples were processed for immunofluorescent and virus isolation studies. In group A, consistent immunofluorescent staining for BVDV was detected in vascular smooth muscle of numerous blood vessels in the tissues examined, mainly at 11 and 13 days postinoculation. A predominance of samples containing cytopathic BVDV was observed in the calves of this group, following virus isolation studies. Both cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV were detected/recovered from a larger range of specimens in the calves in group B than from the calves in group A. In the calves in all the experimental groups, large amounts of BVDV antigen were detected mainly in tissue samples from the lymphoid and gastrointestinal systems, whereas only minimal amounts of BVDV were detected in the respiratory tract. Abundant noncytopathic BVDV antigen was also detected in pituitary gland and in Langerhans islets in pancreases of colostrum-deprived calves infected with the cloned noncytopathic BVDV. Noncytopathic BVDV was isolated from a wider range of tissues from calves in group C than in the colostrum-deprived calves infected with both BVDV biotypes. A cytopathic BVDV was isolated/detected in retropharyngeal, mesenteric, and abomasal lymph nodes and in thymus of 2 calves in group C. Cytopathic BVDV was detected/isolated mainly from mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the calves in group D.