Treatment to External Labia and Vaginal Canal With CO2 Laser for Symptoms of Vulvovaginal Atrophy in Postmenopausal Women.

Background: Increasingly, women have sought alternatives to traditional options (lubricants, estrogen products, and hormone replacement therapy) for unwelcome vaginal changes of menopause. Objectives: This study evaluated whether a series of three monthly fractional CO2 laser treatments significantly improves and maintains vaginal health indices of elasticity, fluid volume, pH level, epithelial integrity, and moisture. Self-reported symptoms of vaginal atrophy were also measured. Biopsy samples after a series of three treatments were evaluated for histological changes to vaginal canal tissue. Methods: Forty postmenopausal women were treated extravaginally and internally with a fractional CO2 laser. Objective measurements of vaginal health index, as well as subjective measurements of symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), urinary incontinence, and sexual function were reported at baseline. Follow-up evaluations were at one, three, six, and 12 months after the third treatment. Results: Vaginal health index improved significantly after the first treatment and was maintained with mean improvement of 9.6 ± 3.3 (P < 0.001) and 9.5 ± 3.3 (P < 0.001) at the 6- and 12-month follow ups, respectively. Vaginal symptoms of dryness, itching, and dyspareunia improved significantly (P < 0.05) at all evaluations. Histological findings showed increased collagen and elastin staining, as well as a thicker epithelium with an increased number of cell layers and a better degree of surface maturation. Conclusions: Fractional CO2 laser treatments were well tolerated and were associated with improvement in vaginal health and amelioration of symptoms of VVA. Histological changes in the epithelium and lamina propria, caused by fractional CO2 laser treatments, correlated with clinical restoration of vaginal hydration and pH to premenopausal levels.

Actualización de las recomendaciones para la evaluación y tratamiento de la osteoporosis asociada a enfermedades endocrinas y nutricionales. Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la SEEN / Update of recommendations for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions. Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology

Objetivo: Actualizar las recomendaciones previas formuladas por el Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN) para la evaluación y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis asociada a diferentes enfermedades endocrinas y alteraciones nutricionales. Participantes: Miembros del Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la SEEN. Métodos: Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo al sistema Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) para establecer tanto la fuerza de las recomendaciones como el grado de evidencia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed de las nuevas acerca de cada enfermedad usando las siguientes palabras clave asociadas al nombre de cada proceso patológico: AND osteoporosis, fractures, bone mineral density, bone markers y treatment. Se revisaron artículos escritos en inglés con fechas de inclusión comprendidas entre el 18 de octubre de 2011 y el 30 de octubre de 2014. Tras la formulación de las recomendaciones estas se discutieron de forma conjunta por el Grupo de trabajo.Conclusiones: Esta actualización resume los nuevos datos acerca de la evaluación y tratamiento de la osteoporosis en las enfermedades endocrinas y nutricionales que se asocian a baja masa ósea o a un aumento del riesgo de fractura.(AU)

Objective: To update previous recommendations developed by the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition for the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to different endocrine and nutritional diseases. Participants: Members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. Methods: Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed) using the following terms associated to the name of each condition: AND "osteoporosis", "fractures", "bone mineral density", and "treatment". Papers in English with publication date between 18 October 2011 and 30 October 2014 were included. The recommendations were discussed and approved by all members of the Working Group. Conclusions: This update summarizes the new data regarding evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions.(AU)

Vitamina D: presente y futuro / Vitamin D: present and future

En los últimos años se ha producido un creciente interés por la vitamina D, no solo por su importante papel en el metabolismo mineral óseo, sino también por sus efectos extraóseos. La mayoría de las sociedades científicas consideran que los depósitos son suficientes si la concentración plasmática de 25-OH vitamina D está por encima de 30ng/ml y deficientes si están por debajo de 20ng/ml. La mayoría de los estudios encuentran que los suplementos de calcio más vitamina D tienen un efecto positivo en la reducción del riesgo de fractura en un 20% aproximadamente y del riesgo de caída en los ancianos, y las dosis deberían ser de 700-1.000 UI diarias. El tratamiento del déficit se puede realizar con vitamina D2, D3 o sus metabolitos activos como el calcidiol o el calcitriol. En ciertas patologías también puede utilizarse los activadores selectivos del receptor de la vitamina D (AU)

In recent years has been a growing interest by vitamin D, not only for its important role in the bone mineral metabolism, but also by the extra-osseous effects. Most of the scientific societies consider that deposits are sufficient if the serum concentration of 25-OH vitamin D is above 30ng/ml and are considered deficient if levels are below 20ng/ml. The majority of studies found that supplements of calcium plus vitamin D have a positive effect in reducing the risk of fracture and the risk of falls in the elderly, although several specifies that doses should be 700-1.000 IU daily. The treatment of the deficit can be performed with vitamin D2, D3 as well as calcidiol or the active metabolite calcitriol. In certain pathologies also selective vitamin D receptor activators can be used (AU)

Vitamin D: present and future. / Vitamina D: presente y futuro.

In recent years has been a growing interest by vitamin D, not only for its important role in the bone mineral metabolism, but also by the extra-osseous effects. Most of the scientific societies consider that deposits are sufficient if the serum concentration of 25-OH vitamin D is above 30ng/ml and are considered deficient if levels are below 20ng/ml. The majority of studies found that supplements of calcium plus vitamin D have a positive effect in reducing the risk of fracture and the risk of falls in the elderly, although several specifies that doses should be 700-1.000 IU daily. The treatment of the deficit can be performed with vitamin D2, D3 as well as calcidiol or the active metabolite calcitriol. In certain pathologies also selective vitamin D receptor activators can be used.

Diabetes y osteoporosis: acción de las hormonas gastrointestinales sobre el hueso / Diabetes and osteoporosis: action of gastrointestinal hormones on the bone

Mujer de 62 años, que consulta para valoración de tratamiento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de 4 años de evolución, en tratamiento con metformina 850mg/12h, sin complicaciones crónicas asociadas. Presenta hipertensión y dislipemia. Tratada con candesartán/hidroclorotiazida 32/12,5mg/día y atorvastatina 40mg/día. Pesaba 92kg y medía 162cm (IMC:35,1kg/m2). En el último control analítico, glucemia basal 168mg/dl y HbA1c 7,5%. La microalbuminuria era negativa. Las cifras de presión arterial y el perfil lipídico se encontraban dentro de los objetivos terapéuticos. Hace 2 años tuvo una fractura de Colles no traumática en la muñeca izquierda motivo por el que toma un suplemento de calcio y vitamina D diariamente y bifosfonato alendronato una vez por semana. En resumen, nos encontramos ante una mujer con obesidad y DM2, con un control metabólico inadecuado, que además presenta antecedentes de fractura por fragilidad. ¿Cómo debe ser evaluada y tratada esta paciente?(AU)

A 62-year-old woman consulted for evaluation of treatment for her type 2 diabetes diagnosed four years ago. He had been received treatment with metformin 850mg twice, with no chronic associated complications. She had hypertension and dyslipidemia. She was being treated with candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide 32/12.5mg and atorvastatin 40mg. Her weight was 92kg and height 162cm (BMI, 35.1kg/m2). The last analysis showed fasting glucose 168mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin 7.5%, Microalbuminuria was negative. Blood pressure and lipid profile were within the therapeutic range. Two years ago she suffered a nontraumatic Colle's fracture in her left arm for which she was taking a daily calcium and vitamin D supplement and weekly alendronate. In summary, this is an obese female patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate metabolic control, She also has a history of fragility fracture. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?(AU)

Diabetes and osteoporosis: Action of gastrointestinal hormones on the bone. / Diabetes y osteoporosis: acción de las hormonas gastrointestinales sobre el hueso.

A 62-year-old woman consulted for evaluation of treatment for her type 2 diabetes diagnosed four years ago. He had been received treatment with metformin 850mg twice, with no chronic associated complications. She had hypertension and dyslipidemia. She was being treated with candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide 32/12.5mg and atorvastatin 40mg. Her weight was 92kg and height 162cm (BMI, 35.1kg/m(2)). The last analysis showed fasting glucose 168mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin 7.5%, Microalbuminuria was negative. Blood pressure and lipid profile were within the therapeutic range. Two years ago she suffered a nontraumatic Colle's fracture in her left arm for which she was taking a daily calcium and vitamin D supplement and weekly alendronate. In summary, this is an obese female patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate metabolic control, She also has a history of fragility fracture. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?

[Anemia in critically ill and surgical patient: treatment with intravenous iron]. / Anemia del paciente crítico y quirúrgico: tratamiento con hierro intravenoso.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a common condition among surgical and critically ill patients and it is usually treated with allogenic blood transfusion (ABT). As ABT is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, alternative therapies for anemia in these patients are actively investigated. OBJECTIVES: To asses the potential usefulness of intravenous iron therapy in critically-ill or surgical patients with anemia. METHODS: Review of published papers with intravenous iron in these patients. Bibliographical search on database Medline (www.ncvi.nlm.nih.gov). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Treatment with intravenous iron is not sufficient to treat the anemia of critically ill patients. Its association with erythropoietin (EPO) may have an effect on the rate of ABT, but it has not been shown to improve morbidity, mortality or length of hospital stay. In gastrointestinal or trauma surgery there is no evidence to support the routine preoperative treatment with intravenous iron, although it may be beneficial when it is used with erythropoietin. Intravenous iron alone or in combination with EPO in the postoperative period has not been proved useful for rapid correction of anemia, reduction of hospital stay or mortality.

Anemia del paciente crítico y quirúrgico; tratamiento con hierro intravenoso / Anemia in critically ill and surgical patient; treatment with intravenous iron

Introducción: La anemia es la anomalía hematológica y analítica más frecuente entre los pacientes críticos y quirúrgicos. Habitualmente se trata con transfusión de sangre alogénica (TSA), la cuál está relacionada con aumento de la morbimortalidad, por lo que se plantea la búsqueda de alternativas para el tratamiento de la anemia grave. Objetivos: Valorar la posible utilidad de la terapia con hierro intravenoso en pacientes con enfermedad crítica oquirúrgica que presentan anemia. Métodos: Revisión de los trabajos publicados con hierro intravenoso en este tipo de pacientes. Búsqueda en la base de datos Medline (www.ncvi.nlm.nih.gov) y búsqueda manual. Resultado y discusión: El tratamiento con hierro intravenoso no es suficiente para tratar la anemia del paciente crítico. Su asociación a eritropoyetina sí puede tener un efecto sobre la tasa de transfusiones aunque no se ha demostrado que mejore la morbimortalidad ni la estancia hospitalaria. En cirugía digestiva o traumatológica no hay evidencia que apoye el tratamiento sistemático pericirugía con hierro intravenoso, pudiendo encontrarse beneficio cuando se utiliza junto con eritropoyetina. La utilización de hierro intravenoso solo o asociado a EPO en el postoperatorio no ha demostrado ser útil para una corrección rápida de la anemia, disminuir la estancia hospitalaria ni disminuir la mortalidad (AU)

Background: Anemia is a common condition among surgical and critically ill patients and it is usually treated with allogenic blood transfusion (ABT). As ABT is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, alternative therapies for anemia in these patients are actively investigated. Objectives: To asses the potential usefulness of intravenous iron therapy in critically-ill or surgical patients with anemia. Methods: Review of published papers with intravenousiron in these patients. Bibliographical search on data base Medline (www.ncvi.nlm.nih.gov).Results and discussion: Treatment with intravenousiron is not sufficient to treat the anemia of critically ill patients. Its association with erythropoietin (EPO) may have an effect on the rate of ABT, but it has not been shown to improve morbidity, mortality or length of hospital stay. In gastrointestinal or trauma surgery there is no evidence to support the routine preoperative treatment with intravenous iron, although it may be beneficial when it is used with erythropoietin. Intravenous iron alone or incombination with EPO in the postoperative period has not been proved useful for rapid correction of anemia, reduction of hospital stay or mortality (AU)