Urinary calcium excretion in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Persistence of relative hypocalciuria after induction of hypoparathyroidism.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an autosomal dominant trait comprising hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, parathyroid hyperplasia, and unusually low renal clearance of calcium. We evaluated the role of parathyroid hormone in the relative hypocalciuria of FHH and characterized the renal transport of calcium in this disorder using three previously hypercalcemic FHH patients with surgical hypoparathyroidism and three controls with surgical hypoparathyroidism. Intravenous infusion of calcium chloride in two patients with FHH and in three controls increased serum calcium from a mean basal of 5.0 to a mean peak of 6.8 meq/liter in two FHH patients and from 4.2 to 5.7 in three control subjects. Urinary calcium in a third FHH patient was studied without calcium infusion during recovery from hypercalcemia of vitamin D intoxication. At all serum concentrations of calcium, calcium clearance was lower in FHH than in controls; at base-line serum calcium, the ratio of calcium clearance to inulin clearance (C(Ca)/C(IN)) in FHH subjects was 32% of that in controls and decreased to 19% during hypercalcemia. Calcium infusion increased the ratio of sodium clearance to inulin clearance in controls from a base line of 0.020 to 0.053 at peak concentrations of calcium in serum, but did not affect this parameter in FHH (0.017 at base-line serum calcium vs. 0.019 at peak). When calcium infusion studies were performed (in two patients with FHH and one control) during administration of acetazolamide, a drug whose principal renal action causes inhibition of proximal transport of solute, C(Ca)/C(IN) in the patients with FHH was 29 and 7% of that of the control at base-line and peak serum calcium, respectively. In contrast, ethacrynic acid, a diuretic that acts in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, increased C(Ca)/C(IN) more in the FHH patients than in the control subject; C(Ca)/C(IN) was 65% at base-line and 47% at peak serum calcium, compared with that of the control subject. The greater calciuric response to ethacrynic acid than to acetazolamide or calcium infusion alone in FHH indicates that a major renal locus of abnormal calcium transport in this disorder may be the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.Decreased clearance of calcium in patients with FHH and hypoparathyroidism when compared with hypoparathyroid controls indicates that relative hypocalciuria in FHH is not dependent on hyperparathyroidism. Since the parathyroid glands in FHH are not appropriately suppressed by calcium, this implies that FHH represents a disorder of abnormal transport of, and/or response to, extracellular calcium in at least two organs, parathyroid gland and kidney.

Correction of hypokalemia by magnesium repletion in familial hypokalemic alkalosis with tubulopathy.

The effect of magnesium treatment on serum potassium and potassium balance was examined in three siblings with a recently described syndrome of hypokalemic alkalosis with renal tubulopathy. Oral magnesium supplementation for 11 days in the three siblings increased mean serum potassium from 2.7 +/- 0.1 meq/liter to 3.3 +/- 0.2 meq/liter (p less than 0.05). In addition, urinary and fecal potassium excretion decreased by about 11 meq/day. Magnesium chloride did not affect plasma renin activity while the patients were supine or upright. In contrast, mean supine plasma aldosterone concentration increased from 5.3 +/- 1.5 ng/dl to 13.2 +/- 4.1 ng/dl (p greater than 0.1) and mean upright plasma aldosterone concentration increased from 17.4 +/- 3.8 ng/dl to 66.1 +/- 7.3 ng/dl (p less than 0.01). These findings suggest that hypokalemia and potassium loss in this disorder may be caused by abnormal magnesium metabolism. The increase in plasma aldosterone concentration may have been caused by the positive potassium balance or a direct effect of magnesium on aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland.