ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is vital to the holistic development of young people. Regular participation in PA is associated with substantial benefits for health, cognitive function, and social inclusion. Recognizing the potential of PA in the context of the current peace process in Colombia, the purpose of this article is to present the methodology and results of Colombia's second Report Card on PA for children and youth. METHODS: A group of experts on PA graded 14 PA indicators based on data from national surveys and policy documents. RESULTS: National and departmental policy indicators received a grade of B, while organized sport participation, overweight, obesity, community influence, and nongovernment initiatives indicators received a grade of C. Overall PA levels, active transportation, sedentary behaviors, and school influence received a grade of D. Active play, low physical fitness, and family influence received an Incomplete grade. CONCLUSIONS: PA levels are low and sedentary behaviors are high in Colombian children and youth, with notable geographic differences. A broad policy framework translated into specific actions could provide unique opportunities to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice, and contribute to social integration goals in a postconflict setting.
Subject(s)
Exercise , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Motor Activity , Program Evaluation/methods , Adolescent , Child , Colombia , Consumer Advocacy , Environment Design , Female , Health Behavior , Health Policy , Health Surveys/methods , Humans , Male , Obesity , Overweight , Physical Fitness , Play and Playthings , Residence Characteristics , Schools , Sedentary Behavior , Social Conditions , SportsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Temperature and nutrient homeostasis are two interdependent components of energy balance regulated by distinct sets of hypothalamic neurons. The objective is to examine the role of the metabolic signal insulin in the control of core body temperature (CBT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of preoptic area administration of insulin on CBT in mice was measured by radiotelemetry and respiratory exchange ratio. In vivo 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake into brown adipose tissue (BAT) was measured in rats after insulin treatment by positron emission tomography combined with X-ray computed tomography imaging. Insulin receptor-positive neurons were identified by retrograde tracing from the raphe pallidus. Insulin was locally applied on hypothalamic slices to determine the direct effects of insulin on intrinsically warm-sensitive neurons by inducing hyperpolarization and reducing firing rates. RESULTS: Injection of insulin into the preoptic area of the hypothalamus induced a specific and dose-dependent elevation of CBT mediated by stimulation of BAT thermogenesis as shown by imaging and respiratory ratio measurements. Retrograde tracing indicates that insulin receptor-expressing warm-sensitive neurons activate BAT through projection via the raphe pallidus. Insulin applied on hypothalamic slices acted directly on intrinsically warm-sensitive neurons by inducing hyperpolarization and reducing firing rates. The hyperthermic effects of insulin were blocked by pretreatment with antibodies to insulin or with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that insulin can directly modulate hypothalamic neurons that regulate thermogenesis and CBT and indicate that insulin plays an important role in coupling metabolism and thermoregulation at the level of anterior hypothalamus.
Subject(s)
Body Temperature/physiology , Hyperthermia, Induced/methods , Insulin/pharmacology , Neurons/physiology , Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology , Animals , Body Temperature/drug effects , Hypothalamus/drug effects , Hypothalamus/physiology , Injections , Insulin/administration & dosage , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Preoptic Area/drug effects , Preoptic Area/physiology , TelemetryABSTRACT
Se presentan las caracteristicas clínicas y epidemiológicas de 244 mordeduras de serpientes, estudiadas durante un año, 190 Antioquia y 54 en Chocó, Colombia. La incidencia por 10.00 habitentes fue dos veces más altas en el Chocó y las mordeduras fuerón más frecuentes en agricultores jóvenes de sexo masculino (45.9 por ciento), 71 por ciento afectaban las extremidades inferiores, especialmente los pies (52.5 por ciento). El accidente bothropico fue el más común (89.4 por ciento); luego las morderuras por serpientes no venenosas (7 por ciento), por Lachesis muta (2 por ciento), por especies de Micrurus (corales) (0.8 por ciento) y por Crotatus durissis terificus (0.8 por ciento) en manipuladores de esta serpiente. La Bothrops (mapana) fue la especie prevalente (44.5 por ciento). El edema (97.2 por ciento) y la desfibrinacion (61.8 por ciento) fueron las caraterísticas clasicas del envenenamiento bothropico; la necrossis solo ocurrio en 9,2 por ciento de los pacientes y 35,8 por ciento no tienen envenenamiento sistémico. En las mordeduras por la L. muta los cinco pacientes tenían envenenamiento local y sistémico tres fueron séveros, pero las hemorragias en otras fueran raras, en contrarse con el envenenamiento bothropico en el cual fue frecuente la gingivorrigia (23 por ciento). La infeccion secundaria y la insificiencia renal aguda fueron fueron complicaciones en ambos accidentes (10.6 por ciento). En las mordeduras por C.d. terrificus, los signos locales fueron moderados y un paciente tuvo envenenamiento sistémico severo. En las mordeduras por Micrurus, los síntomas neurológicos fueron leves o moderados. Las mordeduras por Colubridae (cazadoras) no produjeron envenenamiento. Doce fallecieron (5.3 por ciento), 11 por Bothrops y uno por C.d. terrificus; 16 tuvieron secuelas (7 por ciento), 13 por Bothrops y tres por L. muta, principalmente por la necrosis. Hubo asociación estadistica (p<0,05) entre las prácticas de medicina tradicional y retardo de 6 o más horas en la consulta con envenenamiento bothrópico severo; y entre mortalidad y secuelas con demora de >= 12 horas en la consulta. Los primeros auxilios no modificaron el curso del envenenamiento.